美國文學(xué)簡史-期末復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上i. The Colonial Period1. 關(guān)鍵詞: America Puritanism2. Calvinism特點: total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement, Irresistible grace, Perseverance of the saints3. Anne Bradstreet( P17 ): a Puritan poet be known as “The Muse”4. Thomas Paine: one of continual, unswerving fight f

2、or the rights of man.works: “Common Sense” “American Crisis” “The Rights of Man” “The Age of Reason”理性時代5. Phillip Freneau(P22): 美國文學(xué)史上的重要人物dawning nationalism 代表人物Poems: The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金銀花first modern American & the last medieval man6. Jonathan Edwards( Calvinism ) a critical role in shapin

3、g the First Great Awakeningworks: “The Freedom of the Will” 自由意志論 “The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended” 偉哉原罪論辯 “The Nature of True Virtue” “American Dream” “Self-made”7. Benjamin Franklin(puritanism)“Poor Richards Almance” “autobiography”新文學(xué)形式“18th century enlightenment”ii. Romanticism1. Was

4、hington Irving（1783-1859）titles: “the father of American literature” “the American Goldsmith”works: The Sketch Book (marked the beginning of American Romanticism and the beginning of short stories as a genre in American literature) Rip Van Winkle (P47P48)The Legend of Sleepy Hollow2. James Fenimore

5、Cooper（1789-1851）One of the first writer to write American Westward movement “The Leatherstocking Tales” (novel) first is “The Pioneers”-Plot:-theme conflict between Natty Bumppo and Judge Temple- -character: Natty Bumppo-innocent, simple, honest and generous, for freedom, against civilization, wild

6、erness is goodJudge Temple-just, reasonable, for civilization and lawWriting style:intriguing plotmajestic landscape descriptionsrich imaginationwooden characterizationnot authentic dialectiii. New England Transcendentalism-the culmination of American RomanticismBeginning of the Transcendentalism-18

7、36, Nature, Emerson (1830s the Civil War)Features：a:emphasizing on spirit or the Over-soul；b:stressing the importance of the individual；c:offering a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.1. Ralph Waldo Emerson：The founder of the Transcendentalist club and the editor for a time

8、of the journal the DialWorks: Nature - “the Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” “the Bible of New England”: The Poet (from Nature) The American Scholar - “Intellectual Declaration of Independence”2. Henry David ThoreauMasterpiece: Walden (Failure first, success in the 20th century)Content-a fai

9、thful record of his reflection in communicating with nature3. Nathaniel Hawthorne“The Scarlet Letter” Plot(P74)Theme: -(general theme) evil and sin exist in human heart and will be punished one day moral, emotional and psychological effect of the sin on the people in general-(specific theme) a hymn

10、on the moral growth of the woman Hester when sinned againstsymbolism象征主義: “A”Adulteryableangel “pearl”treasure 4. Herman Melvilleworks: Moby Dick (1851)-little response, famous until the 20th centuryContent: -(general content) an encyclopedia of everything-(specific content) a tragedy of man fightin

11、g against overwhelming power in an indifferent even hostile world5. Edgar Allan PoeTheme: The death of beautySense of lossWorks:Poem- “The Raven” “To Helen” “Annabel Lee”Writing style:MusicalRepetition of wordsParalleled structureMelancholy atmosphere(tone)Short story-The Fall of the House of UsherP

12、lot: (P112)Theme: the fall of the house-the annihilation (disintegration) and of person6. Emily DickinsonSubject and theme: (almost one third) Death and immortality “My life closed twice before its close” “Because I could not stop for death”theme: Everyone cant live forever. Only after death can we

13、get immortality (immortality of soul)“ I heard a Fly Buzz- When I died”theme: skeptical & ambivalent about death reluctance to death Love“Wild Nights-Wild nights” (P99) nature (both benevolent and cruel)“Ill tell you how the sun rose” emphasis of free will and human responsibility“To fight aloud” “A

14、 triumph may be” soul ( conviction of her sovereignty)“I know that He exists”“The Brain is wider than the sky”Theme: influence of TranscendentalismHuman beings mind (soul) is as divine as God beauty, truth and goodness are ultimately one“ I died for beauty-but was scare” “Tell all the truth but tell

15、 it slant” (P102)Writing style: emotional, original, against traditionChoice of words, verbal construction (capitalized and dash), spelling, full of fresh images, brief, direct, plain words but not easy to readInfluence: precursor to the Imagist movement7. Walt WhitmanWorks: “Leaves of Grass”草葉集(9 e

16、ditions from 1855 to 1892, Famous until the 5th edition)Poems in Leaves of Grass: “Song of Myself” (most famous one)“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” (1859)“When Lilacs紫丁香 Last in the Dooryard Bloomd” (1865)“O Captain My Captain!”Writing style: free verse( no regular rhyme, but musical)iv. 過渡時期H

17、arriet Beecher Stowework: Uncle Toms Cabin -The greatest manifesto of American anti-slavery (最有名的反奴隸制作品)Content: a faithful record of American black peoples miserable life.v. Realism 鍍金時代Gilded Age1. William Dean Howells豪厄爾斯title: “champion of literary realism in US” “first president of American Aca

18、demy of Arts and Letters”works:essay- Criticism and Fictionnovel-The Rise of Silas LaphamPlot: P120-121Character: Silas Lapham-common Bostonian of the late 19th century, average America happy with his family and proud of his success in the worldTheme: house-symbol of Laphams success (in material) an

19、d aspiration for the polite society the burning of the house-financial fall and moral rise2. Henry Jamesthemes: exchanges between Americans and Europeans美國和歐洲文化的沖突寫作手法：a. eliminates the author and gives the reader the illusion of being present at the scene of action讓讀者置身于情境中b. without comments or ex

20、planations: Dramatize, only dramatize, is his lesson作者只設(shè)定情境Three distinctive periods:a. 1865-1882 novelsThe American (1877) 美國人The Europeans (1878) 歐洲人The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 淑女本色 貴婦的肖像 Daisy Miller(1878) 短篇小說b.1882-1895 plays c.1895-1990 novelsThe Turn of the Screw(1898)短篇小說 碧廬冤孽（螺絲在旋緊）The Wi

21、ngs of the Dove (1902) 鴿之翼The Ambassadors (1903) 大使（奉使記）The Golden Bowl (1904) 金碗3. Mark Twain(Local Colorism)Works: The Adventure of Tom Sawyer The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn 湯姆索亞歷險記的續(xù)集，海明威稱贊“all modern American literature comes”theme: racism& slavery intellectual& moral education The hypocrisy

22、of civilized” societyreal name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens背景: Mississippi Rivervi. Naturalism(是現(xiàn)實主義的高級階段)Time: at the end of the 19th centurySubject of naturalist: detailed description of lives of the low and the abnormal, frank description of human passion and sexuality, and portrayal of men overwhel

23、med by natureTheme of naturalists: pessimistic, deterministic自然主義的起源：Emile Zola “surrounding and heredity遺傳 can decide ones destiny”寫作手法：ironic諷刺, less sympathy, more serious than realism, deterministic決定論 1. Stephen CraneWorks: (novels) Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) and The Red Badge of Cour

24、age (1895) (short stories) “The Open Boat” Writing style: psychological description, visual beauty with symbols2. Frank Norrisworks: (Novel) McTeague麥克提格(1899)首部全面展示自然主義的作品the Octopus章魚 (best work) (1901) railwayWriting style: rich materialfresh imagerypoetic mode of fiction precise and exact word(E

25、ssay of literary criticism) The Responsibilities of the Novelists (1903)3. O. Henry (a prolific American short-story writer)多產(chǎn)短篇小說家 Real name: William Porter The Gift of the Magi Writing style: short, interesting and clever plot, good-natured humor, surprising end, keen observation of details, slang

26、 and colloquial expressions4. Theodore Dreiser西奧多德萊塞works: Sister Carrie(1990)嘉麗妹妹Jennie Gerhardt (1911)珍妮姑娘（姐妹篇）The Financier (1912) 金融家“Trilogy of Desire” (欲望三部曲) The Titan (1914)巨頭 The Stoic(1947)斯多葛The Genius (1915) 天才-autobiographical novelAn American Tragedy-greatest and most successful Politi

27、cal commentary set5. Jack LondonWorks: -Reflection of his Involvement in the socialist movement: The Iron Heel, The People of the Abyss-Reflection of his belief in Darwinism:The Call of the Wild (1903)適者生存, The Sea Wolf (1904)-Reflection of the conflicting view :autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1

28、909) vii. ModernismTwo literary periods 1920s - The First World War (a decade of great joy and happenings ) 1930s- The Great Depression1. Ezra Pound- the founder of Imagist movement(深受中國文化的影響)works: translations of Lipos poems “The River- Merchants Wife” 翻譯李白的長干行In a Station of the MetroThe appariti

29、on of these faces in the crowd ;Petals on a wet, black bough. Ezra Pound2. T. S. EliotPoems The Waste Land (1922)-spiritual crisis of postwar Europe, like a manifesto of the “Lost generation”The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock (1917)- a poem with a notable modern emotional color，意識流，現(xiàn)代主義情感色彩3. Wallac

30、e StevensBasic theme: interrelationship between reality and art, power of imaginationWorks: “Anecdote of the Jar”古壇軼事4. William Carlos WilliamsWorks: Famous poem: Paterson 帕特森(194658). Subject: everyday circumstances of life and the lives of common people. Writing style: unusual meters and styles, e

31、asy and enjoyable to read 5. Carl Sandburg-One of The greatest poets in the “Chicago Renaissance” -Chicago Poems6. Robert FrostSubject: the people and landscape of New England. (Misconception of him as a lyric poet or as an authentic painter of local landscape)Theme: (universal and abstract) the com

32、plexity of human existence Works: poem collection： A Boys Will (1913), North of Boston(1914) New Hamphshire(1923), Collected Poems(1930), A Further Range(1936), A Witness Tree(1942)Some famous poems: “After Apple Picking”“Mending Wall”“Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening”“The Road not Taken”“Design

33、”“The Wood-Pile”Writing style: -form to retain traditional forms of poetry-themedeceptively simple (trivial subjects)-languagelucid, easy, fluent7. William Faulkner: one of the twentieth centurys greatest writers -one of the southern writers (fictional Yoknapatawpha County)-the Nobel Prize-winning n

34、ovelist(1949)-a famous short story writerWorks: 19 novels, 3volumes of short stories poem collection: The Marble Faun, 1924) Novel: The Sound and the Fury, 1929喧嘩與躁動 As I Lay Dying, 1930 Light in August, 1932 Absalom, Absalom!, 1936 Go Down, Moses, 1942 short story: “A Rose For Emily”Theme: general human situationW