（精心整理）初中英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)詳解

1、初中英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)匯總一、什么叫時(shí)態(tài)？英語(yǔ)中不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作要用動(dòng)詞的不同形式來(lái)表示，這種動(dòng)詞的不同形式叫做時(shí)態(tài)。二、時(shí)態(tài)的種類常見(jiàn)的英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)有16種，但初中階段一般要求掌握9種。請(qǐng)見(jiàn)下表：（以動(dòng)詞work為例） 時(shí)態(tài)名稱例 句主語(yǔ)謂 語(yǔ)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)He worksevery day 一般過(guò)去時(shí)Heworkedyesterday 一般將來(lái)時(shí)Hewill workto morrow 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)Hesaid he would workthe next day現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)Heis workingnow過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)Hewas workingat that time現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)Hehas workedfo

2、r two hours過(guò)去完成時(shí)Hehad workedfor two hours by then現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)Hehas been working heresince 10 years ago時(shí)態(tài)往往和其時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有著密切的聯(lián)系?，F(xiàn)就常用9種時(shí)態(tài)及其常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等問(wèn)題分別簡(jiǎn)介于下：1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用來(lái)表示：a. 客觀事實(shí)和普遍真理；b. 習(xí)慣性的、反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；c. 主語(yǔ)現(xiàn)有的特征。常與下列時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用：（1）always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, ever, never等。如：It never snows in Australia

3、 in December.澳大利亞的十二月里從來(lái)不下雪。（2）once a year, twice a day, every day, every month, every other day(每隔一天)，every two days(每隔兩天)等。如：I hear from her every other week.我每隔一周收到她的來(lái)信。（3）有時(shí)可與表示未來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，表達(dá)按一定規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的情況，此類狀語(yǔ)有：at 11:30, tomorrow, tonight, now等。如：Where do we go now?我們現(xiàn)在到哪兒去？2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)或目

4、前階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與下列時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用：now, this month, today, at 7:30 等。如：Its raining now.現(xiàn)在正在下雨。Hes looking after his brother today.他今天在照看弟弟?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)多數(shù)情況下沒(méi)有具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，一般通過(guò)上下文顯示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。如：Who are you waiting for?你在等誰(shuí)？They are listening to an English talk.他們?cè)诼?tīng)一個(gè)英語(yǔ)報(bào)告。3.一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：（1）then, at that ti

5、me, at that moment, just now, just then, recently等。如：Tom was here just now.湯姆剛才在這兒。（2）yesterday, yesterday morning(afternoon, evening), last night, last week(month, year, Sunday, January)等。如：I wasnt last night.昨天晚上我不在家。（3）during the war, a few days(months, years) ago等。如：I went to the town a few days

6、 ago.幾天前我去了城里一趟。（4）由when, while, before, after, whenever等引導(dǎo)的表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句。如：When he came back, he found a note on his desk.當(dāng)他回來(lái)時(shí)，看見(jiàn)書桌上有一張字條。（5） “in(on或at)+一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間”,如in 1976, on the evening of May 4th, at 9:00等。如：She was born in 1968.她出生于1968年。4.一般將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常與表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：(1) tomorrow, t

7、oday, tonight;(2) next spring, next month;(3) during the holidays, during this term;(4) at 12:30;(5) by then, by Sunday;(6) first, next;(7) when I grow up等。如：Who is going to speak first?誰(shuí)先發(fā)言？He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.他長(zhǎng)大以后要當(dāng)醫(yī)生。5.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)指的是立足于過(guò)去某時(shí)，從過(guò)去的觀點(diǎn)看將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：(1) the

8、next day, that day(night);(2) the following week;(3) last week;(4) at 11:50;(5) by then;(6) first, next;(7) when he grew up, after is stopped raining等。如：We were going to have a football match that day, but it rained.那天我們準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)足球賽，但下雨了。6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻（候）正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：(1) at 8:00 last night, t

9、his time yesterday;(2) when I saw him, while I was reading a novel;(3) last year, yesterday morning;(4) from seven to nine等。如：What were you doing at ten yesterday?昨天十點(diǎn)鐘你在干什么？They were watching TV when I got there.我到那兒時(shí)他們?cè)诳措娨暋?.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果或影響，也可指過(guò)去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：(1) now, tod

10、ay, tonight, this week(year)等。如：I have had a clock now.我現(xiàn)在有一個(gè)鬧鐘了。(2)yet, already, just, recently等。如：Have you already posted the photos?你把照片寄走了嗎？(3)由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：Great changes have taken place in my hometown since liberation.解放以來(lái)，我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。(4)由for構(gòu)成的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。如：He has been away from Beiji

11、ng for two months.他已離開北京兩個(gè)月了。8.過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作或時(shí)間以前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，也可指從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始到過(guò)去另一時(shí)為止的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有： (1)before he came here, when I got there.等。如：The meeting had begun when we got there.我們到那兒時(shí)，會(huì)議已經(jīng)開始了。(2) by last month, by the end of last year(June)等。如：We had learned about 1,200 English words

12、 by the end of last term.到上學(xué)期期末為止，我們已學(xué)習(xí)了大約1，200個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。9.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1. 定義 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去。2. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“have/has+been+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成3. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本句型 肯定式疑問(wèn)式簡(jiǎn)略回答I have been working.Have you been working?Yes, I/we have.No, I/we havent.He/She/It has been working.Has he/she/it been wo

13、rking?Yes, he/she/it has.No, he/she/it hasnt.We/You/They have been working.Have they been working?Yes, they have.No, they havent.注： 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)基本上沒(méi)有否定結(jié)構(gòu)4 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的語(yǔ)法作用 （1）在強(qiáng)調(diào)指出動(dòng)作還未結(jié)束，還要繼續(xù)下去。如：Ive been reading this book for two hours, but I havent finished it. 這本書我已讀了兩個(gè)小時(shí)了，但我還沒(méi)讀完。Ive read this book.我已讀完這本書了

14、。（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)久或帶感情色彩。She has always been working like that.她一貫是這樣工作的。（3）動(dòng)作不包含持續(xù)意義的動(dòng)作，要表示延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。Theyve been building a ship.（在進(jìn)行）他們一直在造一艘船。（4）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)也可表示現(xiàn)在以前這段時(shí)間反復(fù)發(fā)生的事情。Weve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我們經(jīng)常見(jiàn)面。三、幾種常用時(shí)態(tài)的用法比較1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法比較(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用以說(shuō)明客觀事實(shí)或情況，或用于強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的

15、永久性、經(jīng)常性或反復(fù)性。而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，因此它不僅表示動(dòng)作是暫時(shí)的（即動(dòng)作的持續(xù)時(shí)間是有限的），而且這種動(dòng)作常含有未完成性。試比較：The old man writes childrens stories.那位老人是寫兒童小說(shuō)的。（說(shuō)明客觀事實(shí)）The old man is now writing a story.那位老人現(xiàn)在正在編寫一個(gè)故事。（描述正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作）She is kind.她很善良。（指她一貫心地善良）She is being kind.她現(xiàn)在顯得很善良。（表示暫時(shí)性，平時(shí)她并不善良）John types his own letters.約翰自己用打字機(jī)打信。（說(shuō)

16、明經(jīng)常性）John is typing his own letters today.約翰今天自己正在用打字機(jī)打信。（表示暫時(shí)性、未完成）(2)有些動(dòng)詞，如like, hate, want, believe, guess, know, mean, remember, hear, see, sound, seem等，不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，即使表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作也通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：I know her.我認(rèn)識(shí)她。（不能說(shuō)：*I am knowing her.）Mary likes this green coat.瑪麗喜歡這件綠大衣。（不能說(shuō)：* Mary is liking.）某些動(dòng)詞既可用于一

17、般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，又可用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，但意義有所不同。試比較：What are you thinking about?你在想些什么？I think youre right.我認(rèn)為你是正確的。He is smelling the meat.他正在聞肉。The meat smells bad.這肉有臭味了。某些表示身體感覺(jué)的詞（如hurt, ache, feel等），用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)沒(méi)有多大差別。如：How do you feel today? ?How are you feeling today?你今天感覺(jué)怎么樣？My head is aching.? My head aches.我頭疼。(3)

18、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用于說(shuō)明事實(shí)，一般不帶感情色彩；而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與always等詞連用時(shí)帶有感情色彩。如：He always asks questions.他經(jīng)常提問(wèn)題。（無(wú)感情色彩）He is always asking questions.他老愛(ài)提問(wèn)題。（表示厭煩）2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法比較(1) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)只單純表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系，它可以和確定的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示某一完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，所以它不能和確定的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。試比較：We have visited a power station.我們參觀了發(fā)電

19、站。（說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在對(duì)電站有所了解）We visited a power station last week.上周我們參觀了發(fā)電站。（只說(shuō)明上周參觀發(fā)電站這一事實(shí)）I have lost my pen.我把鋼筆丟了。（意為還沒(méi)找到）She lost her pen yesterday.她昨天把鋼筆丟了。（筆是昨天丟的，現(xiàn)在找到與否，沒(méi)有說(shuō)明）(2) 有些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如this morning, tonight, this month等，既可用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)，也可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但所表示的意義有所不同。用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)，而用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)則與“現(xiàn)在”無(wú)關(guān)。如：I have read thi

20、s book this April.我今年四月份看過(guò)這本書。（講話時(shí)仍然是四月份）I read this book this April.我今年四月份看過(guò)這本書。（講話時(shí)四月份已過(guò)）I have written two letters this morning.今天上午我寫了兩封信。（講話時(shí)仍然是上午）I wrote two letters this morning.今天上午我寫了兩封信。（講話時(shí)已是下午或晚上）3.一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法比較(1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，往往表示動(dòng)作已完成；而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，表示動(dòng)作的未完成性。試比

21、較：I read a book that evening.那天晚上我讀了一本書。（指讀完了整本書）I was reading a book that evening.那天晚上我在讀一本書。（指讀了書的一部分）Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.瑪麗昨晚給她的朋友寫了封信。（信寫完了）Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.瑪麗昨晚在給她的朋友寫信。（信不一定寫完）(2)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)都可表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，但過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)通常用來(lái)說(shuō)明短暫的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)，側(cè)重于動(dòng)

22、作持續(xù)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)度；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則只說(shuō)明過(guò)去發(fā)生了某事的事實(shí)。如：I often went to swim while I was living in Qingdao.我在青島住的時(shí)間經(jīng)常去游泳。I lived in Qingdao for ten years.我曾在青島住了十年。4.一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法比較(1) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在狀態(tài)，而過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在另一動(dòng)作之前時(shí)，常用此時(shí)態(tài)。試比較：The class had already begun when I came to scho

23、ol.當(dāng)我來(lái)到學(xué)校時(shí)，已經(jīng)開始上課了。He had gone home before I got to his office.我到達(dá)他的辦公室以前，他已經(jīng)回家了。(2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)都可以和確定的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，但側(cè)重點(diǎn)有所不同。試比較：They had done the work at five oclock.在五點(diǎn)鐘的時(shí)候他們已經(jīng)完成了那項(xiàng)工作。（本句中的at相當(dāng)于by）They did the work at five oclock.他們是在五點(diǎn)鐘做那項(xiàng)工作的。上述第一句只說(shuō)明工作在五點(diǎn)鐘已經(jīng)完成，并未說(shuō)明工作是什么時(shí)候做的；第二句就明確告訴我們，工作是五點(diǎn)鐘做的。 （

24、3）在帶有after或before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，由于從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，所以可以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：He called on me soon after he had returned.他回來(lái)不久便來(lái)拜訪我。也可以說(shuō)：He called on me soon after he returned.The train had left before I got to the station.我到車站時(shí)，火車已經(jīng)開走了。也可以說(shuō)：The train left before I got to the station.(4)對(duì)于一連串的過(guò)去動(dòng)作，

25、其發(fā)生的先后順序，有時(shí)可以由動(dòng)詞的詞匯意義來(lái)表示，無(wú)需再用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：She looked around but saw nothing.她環(huán)顧四周，但是什么也沒(méi)看到。He came in and said hello to everyone.他進(jìn)來(lái)向每一個(gè)人問(wèn)好。5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別（1）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性，它是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。試比較：Weve been living here for ten years.Weve lived here for ten years.我們?cè)谶@兒已經(jīng)住了十年了。（2）在不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行

26、。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去已結(jié)束。如： The students have been preparing for the exam.（還在進(jìn)行）學(xué)生們一直在準(zhǔn)備考試。The students have prepared for the exam.（已經(jīng)結(jié)束）學(xué)生們?yōu)榭荚囎髁藴?zhǔn)備。（3）有些表示狀態(tài)，感情，感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞如：have, like, hate, hear, know, sound等動(dòng)詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：Theyve known each other since 1970.自從1970年起他們就相互認(rèn)識(shí)了。四、時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間不一致的情況1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（1）在

27、時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示“將來(lái)”的動(dòng)作。如：I wont leave here until he comes back.他不來(lái)的話，我不會(huì)走的。I will go to town if it doesnt rain tomorrow.明天不下雨的話，我要到城里去。（2）表示預(yù)定的近期將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：The train starts out at 7:50 in the evening.火車在晚上7：50開車。We leave for Europe next Sunday.下星期天我們將動(dòng)身去歐洲。這種用法一般限于表示來(lái)往動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，如arrive, come, go, leave, s

28、et off, start, return等，同時(shí)句中一定有表示“將來(lái)”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如tomorrow, next week等。（3）有時(shí)用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：Here comes the bus!公共汽車來(lái)了！There goes the bell!鈴響了！2一般過(guò)去時(shí)（1）有時(shí)用來(lái)表示目前的動(dòng)作。如：Did you hear me?你聽(tīng)見(jiàn)我講話了嗎？I forgot to bring my umbrella with me.我忘記帶雨傘了。（2）表示目前非真實(shí)的情況或不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望（即虛擬語(yǔ)氣）。如：I wish I could fly to the moon in a spa

29、ceship one day.我希望有一天能坐上宇宙飛船到月球上去。Its time you went home.你該回家了。If I were you, I would go with him.我是你的話，我就跟他去。3現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（1） 表示近期安排好將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：We are leaving on Saturday morning.我們將于星期六早晨動(dòng)身。Are you staying here till next week?你準(zhǔn)備在這兒呆到下個(gè)星期嗎？這種用法僅限于表示行動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，如go, come, start, leave, return, arrive, stay等，常和表示

30、“將來(lái)”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。（2） 表示習(xí)慣性的、經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，往往帶有一定的感情色彩，句中常有always,often等詞。如：You are always giving me trouble.你總是給我添麻煩。He is always helping us.他總是幫助我們。4賓語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)態(tài)不一致的情況在下列情況下，如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，賓語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不因說(shuō)話的時(shí)間而受限制，仍可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 （1）當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表示的是科學(xué)真理、客觀事實(shí)、格言或其他不受時(shí)間限制、影響，客觀存在的事物時(shí)。如：Long ago people didnt know that the earth moves

31、 round the sun.很久以前人們不知道地球繞著太陽(yáng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。When she was a child, she knew that the Changjiang River is the longest river in China.她從小就知道長(zhǎng)江是中國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河流。She told her son that practice makes perfect.她對(duì)兒子說(shuō)，熟能生巧。（2）當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)解釋、表達(dá)科技內(nèi)容時(shí)。如：Our teacher told us that the attraction of the earth for all bodies is called gravit

32、y.老師告訴我們，地球?qū)σ磺形矬w的吸引叫萬(wàn)有引力。（3） 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或目前習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作時(shí)。如：He said he takes a walk after supper every day.他說(shuō)每天晚飯后他都去散步。（4）當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)仍在繼續(xù)，或表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻仍存在狀態(tài)時(shí)。如：She told me the other day that she is only eighteen.幾天前她告訴我她才十八歲。He said his father is attending a meeting in Beijing.他說(shuō)他父親目前正在北京開會(huì)。5其它從句，如比較

33、狀語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句等，不受時(shí)態(tài)的影響，應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際需要，選擇適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)。如：Last night I read the book which you are reading now.昨晚我讀了你現(xiàn)在正在讀的這本書。It was warmer yesterday than it is today.昨天比今天暖和。五、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與終止性動(dòng)詞英語(yǔ)按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式，動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)程的長(zhǎng)短，分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（Durative Verbs）和終止性動(dòng)詞（Terminative Verbs）。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作是一種延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久的影響。如：learn, work, stand, l

34、ie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live等。終止性動(dòng)詞亦稱非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞，表示的動(dòng)作不能延續(xù)，即動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束，產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果。在有了某種結(jié)果之后，動(dòng)作就不能再繼續(xù)下去。如：leave, start, set out, arrive, reach, get to, begin, stop, shut, turn off, marry, put, put on, get up, wake, fall, join, meet(碰見(jiàn)), receive, accept(接受), finish, end,

35、 complete(完成), become, come, go, die, open, close, break, give, jump, buy, borrow等。1終止性動(dòng)詞的用法特征延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)在使用上沒(méi)有多大的限制，比較容易掌握，但終止性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的用法值得注意：（1）終止性動(dòng)詞可用來(lái)表示某一動(dòng)作的完成，因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：The plane has arrived.飛機(jī)到了。Have you borrowed an English-Chinese dictionary?你借了一本英漢詞典嗎？（2）終止性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作極其短暫，不能持續(xù)，所以其現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（只限肯定式）不

36、能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，如for three years, since he came here等連用。請(qǐng)看下面的例句：a.他死了三年了。誤：He has died for three years.b.他來(lái)這兒三個(gè)月了。誤：He has come here for three months.a, b兩句的動(dòng)詞die和come均為終止性動(dòng)詞，它們可以用于完成時(shí)，但不能同表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)for three years(months)連用。那a, b兩句應(yīng)如何譯成英語(yǔ)呢？可采用如下的辦法：A 用能夠表示持續(xù)狀態(tài)的相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞替換句中的終止性動(dòng)詞。如：a. He has been dead fo

37、r three years.b. He has been here for three months.可用表示持續(xù)狀態(tài)的詞替換終止性動(dòng)詞的情況常見(jiàn)的有：arrive, come be here, be in； begin, start be on； buy have；die be dead； fall asleep（ill） be asleep(ill)； finish, end be over；get to know know；get up be up； go out be out join be in 或be a +名詞；leave, move be away, be out of等。B把

38、誤句中表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)改成表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，原動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)改為過(guò)去時(shí)，也可表示原句的意思。如：a. He died three years ago.b. He came here three months ago.C.用“It is+時(shí)間+since”句型也可表達(dá)原句的內(nèi)容。如：a. It is three years since he died.b. It is three months since he came here.注意：主句須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。以上兩個(gè)句子還可以這樣寫：a. It has been three years since he

39、 died.b. It has been three months since he came here.D.用“多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間+have(has) passed +since”句型，也可表達(dá)a b句的內(nèi)容。如：a. Three years has (have) passed since he died.b. Three months has(have) passed since he came here.(3) 終止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已成為一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)（如for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）連用。如：I havent heard from him for two weeks.我已兩個(gè)星期沒(méi)有收到他的信了。He hasnt left here since 1985.自從1985年以來(lái)，他一直沒(méi)有離開過(guò)這兒。（4）終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式（只能是否定式）同until一起連用，構(gòu)成“not+終止性動(dòng)詞+until(till)”句型，意為“直到才”。如：The students will not begin the meeting until(till) their teacher comes.學(xué)生們等老師一到就開始開會(huì)。（學(xué)生不開始開會(huì)這一狀態(tài)要持續(xù)到老師來(lái)的時(shí)候?yàn)橹?/p>