印建坤英語語法速成講義

1、定語從句（上）一、定語從句的概念 什么是定語從句？ 例: A rich person is not the one who has the most, but is the one who needs the least.用來修飾前面的名詞或者代詞的具有完整的主謂結構的句子就叫著定語從句。有兩個必備的基本元素。一個是先行詞；一個是關系詞。1.名詞或代詞做先行詞。例：He laughs best who laughs last.2.短語做先行詞。Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends o

2、r colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.3.用句子做先行詞。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.I am a student which you all know

3、.當先行詞與關系詞被割裂時是如何表現(xiàn)的。如：Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might - surprise! - fall off.找先行詞的方法。反證法。把它帶進去。哪一個是通順的，哪一個就是先行詞。1. 翻譯定語從句。2. 結合先行詞的結構特點和位置特征在關系詞之前尋找與定語從句的意思的有邏輯關系相符合的詞。定語從句（下）二、定語從句里面的關系代詞的用法。1.常用的關系代詞：which, that, who, whom。Whom現(xiàn)在用的很

4、少。前面有介詞只能用which，不能用that。2. 關系代詞在考試中的特殊情況。What:1)它是子母同體。相當于一個關系代詞以及一個先行詞。What前面不應該在出現(xiàn)先行詞。 如果前面已經(jīng)偶一個關系詞，就不能用what來引導。例如：You can have everything what you like. what=all that,所以這兒不能用what.All-is a continuous supplying of the basic necessities of lifeA. what is the needB. the things needC. for our needsD.

5、that is need2)what單獨使用，后面不加名詞。例如：She is not what she used to be.3)what 后面加名詞例如：What money I have has been given to you.1997年考題：_he knows about it is out of date and in accurateA. What littleB. So muchC. How muchD. So littleas1. like2. 作為3. when4. 引導定語從句。即可引導限制性定語從句，也可以引導非限制性定語從句。引導限制性定語從句一般式固定用法。如as

6、as, suchasas引導非限制性定語從句例如：I was a boy which you know. which可以用as替換。 As is so often pointed out knowledge is a two edge weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.as引導限制性定語從句考試中往往考固定搭配。例如：Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.than 作為關系代詞可以引導定語從句More families consist of one parent

7、 households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home _ was common in the traditional family structure .A.than B.that C.which D.as特點：1) than作為關系代詞引導詞在從句中一般必須做主語或者作賓語。2) than 前面的主句必須要有比較級3) 比較級所修飾的名詞就是than指代的對象三、關系副詞When引導的定語從句。1)先行詞必須是表示時間的名詞。Or so th

8、e thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes.2)如何區(qū)分when引導的定語從句和狀語從句。用句子表示狀語就是狀語從句。例如：When I go to school, I will work hard.從兩方面區(qū)分：When 引導的定語從句前一定有表示時間的名詞；When 引導的狀語語從句前沒有有表示時間的名詞。從翻譯的角度看如果是引導的定語從句可以不翻譯。如果是狀語從句就必須翻譯成當時候。Whe

9、n=on whichWherewhere=in whichwhere引導的從句先行詞必須是表示地點的名詞。例如：I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.先行詞表示地點,不一定用where來引導。例如：I have never been to Beijing ,but its the place _.A.where Idlike to visitB.in which Id like to visitC.I most want to visitD.thar I want to visit it most名詞從句 講五個問

10、題：一、名詞從句的本質。1. 概念：就是把一個完整的句子當一個名詞來使用。那么從句就具備了名詞所具備的所有性質。主語、賓語、表語、同位語。2. 引導名詞從句常用的連詞。有三類：1）that; 2)whether,if; 3)when,where ,how等連接副詞或what,who,whose等連接代詞。That引導的名詞性從句不能做任何句子成分。what一定在從句中充當主語或者賓語。Which 和whose 后面必須接名詞。例如：Concerns were raised _witness might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in c

11、ourt to ensure guilty verdicts.A.what B.when C.which D.that3)多重的名詞從句現(xiàn)象。例如：I realized that what I said was not exactly what meant to say.考題：Prof. Lees book will show you _ can be used in other contexts.A that you have observedB that how you have observedC how that you have observed（D）D how what you h

12、ave observed二、名詞從句中的主語從句主語從句有如下幾種表示方式：1.用which, that放在句首引導主語從句。例如：That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.3.用it is +ved+that例如：It is believed that you are good boy.3. 用whether引導主語從句。例如：Whether the eyes are the windows of the soul is debatable.三、賓語從句需要掌握的幾點：及物動詞后面的賓語從句。2005年例句：Do

13、you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us?四、表語從句就是一句話做另一個句子的表語。就是把從句放在系動詞的后面。1997年例句：A report consistently brought back by visits to the US is how friendly, cautious and hopeful most Americans were to them.五、同位語從句就是用來補充說明同位語的名詞成分的句子。結構是：名詞+that+從句。同位語從句與賓語從句和定語從句

14、的區(qū)別：引導賓語從句和定語從句的的that, which可以省略，而引導同位語從句的that不能省略。定語從句中的that必須在從句中扮演主語或者賓語。同位語從句的that不扮演任何成分。例如：There is a popular saying that family instability causes social instability. that不做句子成分。狀語從句 （上）第三講 狀語從句（上）一、 狀語從句的本質。就是用一個句子來作另外一個句子的狀語。狀語從句的分類：時間狀語、地點狀語、原因狀語、結果狀語、目的狀語、條件狀語、讓步狀語、比較狀語、方式狀語。2005年例句 Stran

15、gely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, _ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.A. when B. since C. for D. whereas 難點：1.When?？嫉木湫停篐ardlywhen; when it comes that; when it comes to ;1991年例句：_to speak when the audience interrupted him. A. Hardly had h

16、e begun B. No sooner hardly had he begun C. Not until he begin D. Scarcely had he begin1998年例句：Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _ it comes to classroom tests. A. before B. as C since D. when 2.地點狀語從句 Where 引導地點狀語一般總是放在主句的后面。例如：A driver should

17、 slower down where there are schools. 3.原因狀語從句Since從起；因為比較特殊的連詞：in that因為的意思。例句：The girl is like her mother in that she also has very delicate feeling.Now that因為；given that4. 目的狀語從句lest 唯恐，害怕;for fear當心，害怕引導的是虛擬語氣。謂語是should +動詞原形。should常省略。5.結果狀語從句 有兩種引導法sothat; so that; suchthat; such that2001年例句：C

18、onversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to _ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.A. as B. which C. that D. what把sothat; so that; suchthat; such that中的so或such放在句首形成倒裝句。例如：So fast does light travel that it is difficult for

19、us to imagine its speed.to the extent (that)表示結果to some extent 表示在之內(nèi)。在某種程度上6.條件狀語從句 用unless； if 引導難點：only if ; if only only if是“只有”的意思; if only是“只要”意思。2000年例句：He can continue to support himself and his family _ he produces a surplus.A. only if B. much as C .long before D. ever since要記住：supposing (th

20、at);provided (that);on condition that例如：He will surely finished job on time _he has left to do it in his own way.A.in that B.in case C.as far as D.so long as狀語從句 （下）7.讓步狀語從句 although; though; even if; even though 1997年例句：_ _ its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation

21、of part timers and temporary workers.A. Even though B. Now that C. If only D. Provided that2004年例句：All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, _ _ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.A. provided B. since C. although D. supposing表示

22、讓步轉折的介詞：in spite of; despite 例如：_what he achieved in medicine he remained modest.A. Despite B. Although C. If D. WhereasHowever; nevertheless; nonetheless 1998年例句：This view; _,is generally thought to be wrong.A. however B. meanwhile C. therefore D. more overWhile當時候；然而，但是重點：與as有關的讓步狀語從句由as 引導的倒裝句adj

23、.,adv.,分詞，名詞，短語+as+主語+謂語。例如：Child as he is, he can remember a lot of things.as 或so+adj+as+主謂結構例如：As much as John hates to do it, he must stay at home and study tonight.8.比較狀語從句重點講倍數(shù)為題1.倍數(shù)+比較級A is three times bigger than B.2.倍數(shù)+asas 結構。A is three times as big as B.3.倍數(shù)+名詞結構A is Three times the size o

24、f B.No more than 特點：1. No more than=not any more than2.從功能上看往往表示兩個事物之間的類比關系。3.從意義上看是和一樣。Not so much as 結構上有兩種1. Not A so much as B.2.not so much as B.與其說A，不如說B。例如：It wasnt so much that I disliked her _ that I just wasnt interested in the whole business. A. rather B. so C. than D. as并列句一、并列句并列句的結構要從后

25、面往前找。例如:I like apples from Japan and bananas.and 可以連接兩個并列的詞語、短語、句子成分、從句以及句子。1. 有and 就肯定有并列。有并列就一定要弄清楚并列的成分。2. and 有并列。但并列在考研中有幾十種情況。要根據(jù)每一種不同的并列進行不同的處理。3. 有and 的并列就要從and 的后面往前找，而不是從前面往后找。二、定語后置She is a beautiful girl.一個形容詞定語就相當于一個of引導的名詞作后置定語。上句可寫成She is a girl of beauty.插入語插入語 能夠從句子中拿出來而不影響整個句子主謂結構的

26、部分就是插入語。插入語與同謂語的區(qū)別：插入語往往是插在主謂之間。例如：I am an ugly man.可換成I am a man who is ugly.還可換成I ，who is a man , am ugly.1. 從命題角度來看插入語的兩個逗號就相當于兩個括號。表示對插入語前面的解釋和說明。2. 從長難句的處理角度來看。插入語扮演的角色就是可以作為整體提出來放到一邊最后處理，就是直接把插入語翻譯后放在括號里。分詞現(xiàn)象 主要有四種考法。（略） 插入語 語法應用上考研中不一定專門考語法。主要是應用語法知識進行閱讀、完型、寫作等等。關鍵就是運用語法處理長難句。 例如：She ,who is

27、her mothers daughter ,is a girl of beauty which is envied by lily who is of ugliness which we all know.剝洋蔥似的分析句子的方法和步驟：1. 以句號為單元判斷這個句子中有幾個洋蔥。1）看句號句子中有沒有and和or。還要看它們連接的是不是句子。如果是詞和短語那么and前后就不是獨立的洋蔥。只有當兩個句子并列的時候才是連個洋蔥。例如：I like apples and bananas.其中的apples and bananas是賓語并列。再如：I am 22 and Jim is 23.這時就是

28、兩個洋蔥。2） 看句號里有沒有but.有but 也不一定就是兩個洋蔥。例如：But I am a boy.3） 看句號里有沒有特殊的標點符號。冒號“：”從命題的角度看如果問題出在冒號的前面，答案一般出現(xiàn)在冒號的后面。如果問題出在冒號的后面，答案大多數(shù)情況下出現(xiàn)在冒號的前面。 從長難句解讀角度看冒號前后是獨立的。破折號“”考研英語中破折號“”等于冒號“：”功能是一樣的。分號“；”分號前后獨立各自成為一個洋蔥。2. 對每一個洋蔥分別剝皮。每一個洋蔥的第一層皮就是這個句子的核心內(nèi)容。此后從第二層開始，每一層皮就表示一個語法現(xiàn)象。3. 把每一層皮分別翻譯成中文。4. 在剝皮處設問。用設問的方式把每一層

29、皮連接在一起。這就是化整為零，再從零到整。語法應用下綜合運用以前所獎的語法知識。繼續(xù)講解利用剝洋蔥的方法在考研的長難句中的應用。1994年真題第一篇文章。Passage I The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for

30、those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen , striving to make profits , produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive , operating under competitive pressures , largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, i

31、n the American eoonomic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor i

32、n a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by s

33、eller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand , the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-produ

34、cers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system . The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private progeny) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of prod