交通運(yùn)輸與物流專業(yè)英語(Unite-7)中英文

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上Unit Seven Introduction to LogisticsText A The definition of logisticsThe term “Logistics” originates from a Greek word “l(fā)ogos”, which refers to reasoning. The term “l(fā)ogistics” was first used in a military sense in the early 19th century. This term then encompassed transport organizatio

2、n, army replenishments and material maintenance.“Logistics”來源于希臘詞語中的”logos”，指的是合理的意思，最早于19世紀(jì)早期軍事術(shù)語中使用，隨后它的意義得到擴(kuò)充，包含了交通運(yùn)輸組織、軍事補(bǔ)給和物資供應(yīng)。In the business world, the concept of “l(fā)ogistics” was applied solely to “Material Replenishment Programs” (MRP) and was confined to the manufacturing sector at the beg

3、inning, which is called the first party logistics nowadays. Therefore the extension of the concept to involve company operations is a relatively new one.在商業(yè)世界, ”logistics” 僅指物料補(bǔ)充計劃，并且最開始僅限于制造業(yè)，被稱為第一方物流，所以”logistics”從概念上加以擴(kuò)充由此包含了企業(yè)運(yùn)營的意思還是相對較新的概念。The introduction of containers and the development of i

4、nformation technology have brought about the improvement of logistics activities. Containerization has helped accelerate the transportation process; information technology has enabled information to be acted upon in real time thus speeding up the flow of transportation and delivery.集裝箱的引進(jìn)和信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展帶動了

5、物流活動的改善提高，集裝箱化促進(jìn)了交通運(yùn)輸?shù)陌l(fā)展，信息技術(shù)使得信息能夠?qū)崟r傳播，加快了交通運(yùn)輸和發(fā)貨的速度。Logistics starts with the provision of raw materials and semi-finished goods for the manufacturing process, and finishes up with the physical distribution and after sales service of the products.物流從原材料的供給開始，隨后是半成品的生產(chǎn)過程，最后是（貨物）的配送以及產(chǎn)品的售后服務(wù)等。Econom

6、ically, this creates a new source of profit characterized by the development of mass distribution and attention to service quality. The two basis objectives in practicing business logistics, cost reduction and time saving, have enabled companies to profit not only in performance and quality but also

7、 in customer satisfaction.從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)意義上講，（在物流領(lǐng)域）快速發(fā)展集中運(yùn)輸、專注于服務(wù)質(zhì)量已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造出了一項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)收益來源。實(shí)現(xiàn)商業(yè)化物流的兩個基本目標(biāo)減少成本和節(jié)約時間不僅使公司從高性能和高質(zhì)量中獲得利潤，而且還提高了客戶滿意率。There are various definitions of different editions. The term was defined as follow:不同書刊版本對物流的定義不同，其定義有如下幾種：Logistics is the procurement, maintenance, distribution, and repl

8、acement of personnel and material.物流就是采購、供給、配送以及人員物資的更換。Logistics is the science of planning, organizing and managing activities that provides goods or services.物流就是通過科學(xué)地規(guī)劃、組織和管理以提供貨物及服務(wù)。Logistics is defined as a business-planning framework for the management of material, service, information and ca

9、pital flows. It includes the increasingly complex information, communication and control systems required in todays business environment.物流被定義為對物料、服務(wù)、信息和資金流進(jìn)行管理的商業(yè)計劃體系，它包括了當(dāng)今商業(yè)環(huán)境中日益復(fù)雜的信息、交流和控制系統(tǒng)。Logistics is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost effective flow an

10、d storage of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of meeting customer requirements.物流是一個過程，它包括了計劃，實(shí)施，控制效率、成本效益流、原材料的存儲、工序內(nèi)存貨、產(chǎn)成品、從產(chǎn)地到消費(fèi)地的相關(guān)信息等以滿足客戶需求。From these definitions logistics can be briefly de

11、scribed like this: “Logistics means having the right thing, at the right place, at the right time.” At its heart, logistics deals with satisfying the customer.從以上定義中可將物流簡要的描述為：物流指的是使正確的東西在正確的時間位于正確的地點(diǎn)，其核心是滿足消費(fèi)者的需求。In a more practical sense, logistics refers to the systematic management of the variou

12、s activities required to move benefits from their point of production to the customer. But logistics encompasses much more than just the transport of goods.從更切實(shí)際意義角度講，物流指的是對各種活動進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的管理，以使（產(chǎn)品本身的）價值從其生產(chǎn)地轉(zhuǎn)移到消費(fèi)者手中。物流所包含的意思遠(yuǎn)非貨物運(yùn)輸。The concept of benefits goes beyond the product or service itself to includ

13、e issues regarding timing, quantity, supporting services, location and cost. So a basic definition of logistics is the continuous process of meeting customer needs by ensuring the availability of the right benefits at the right time and right place for a right price for the right customer. These con

14、cepts apply equally well to for-profit industries and non-profit organizations.（對消費(fèi)者而言）“價值”這一概念超越了產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)本身，更包括了與時間、數(shù)量、配套服務(wù)、地點(diǎn)和成本相關(guān)的問題。所以，物流的一個基本定義是指不斷滿足消費(fèi)者需求，保證（貨物）價值在正確的時間、正確的地點(diǎn)以正確的價格到正確的顧客手中。這一概念同時適用于盈利組織與非盈利組織。However, logistics can mean different things to different organization. Some organizatio

15、ns are more concerned with production of the benefits; so their management focuses on the flow of raw materials into the production process rather than on delivering the final goods to the user. Alternatively, some organizations are much more concerned with the flow of finished goods from the end of

16、 the production line to the ultimate customer. Finally, some organizations view logistics as embracing both materials management and physical distribution.然而，物流對于不同的組織而言意味著不同的東西。一些組織更關(guān)心產(chǎn)品收益，所以他們在管理上更注重原材料流入生產(chǎn)過程，而非將最終產(chǎn)品送到消費(fèi)者手中。另一種情況是，一些組織更注重最終產(chǎn)品從生產(chǎn)線終點(diǎn)流入最終客戶手里。還有一些組織將物流視為物料管理和實(shí)體配送的結(jié)合。Logistics, in thi

17、s regard, integrates material management and physical distribution tasks into a single supply chain that links the customer with all aspects of the organization. This comprehensive view of logistics sometimes referred to as supply chain management, can lead to lower costs and/or better service.在這一點(diǎn)上

18、，物流把物料管理和實(shí)體配送結(jié)合到同一條供應(yīng)鏈上來，而供應(yīng)鏈把客戶和該組織的其他所有方面聯(lián)系了起來。物流從更廣泛的角度看有時指的是供應(yīng)鏈管理，它能夠降低成本，提供更好的服務(wù)。Text B The work of logisticsLogistics exists to move and position inventory to achieve desired time, place, and possession benefits at the lowest total cost. To realize the maximum strategic benefit of logistics, t

19、he full range of functional work must be integrated. Decisions in one functional area will impact cost of all others. It is this interrelation of functions that challenges the successful implementation of integrated logistical management. Work related to these functional areas combines to create the

20、 capabilities needed to achieve logistical value.物流的出現(xiàn)在于以最低的總成本移動和存放庫存從而保證按時將（指定的貨物）放在正確的地方，實(shí)現(xiàn)財產(chǎn)收益。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)物流戰(zhàn)略價值的最大化，必須將各種工作職能整合到一起。在某一職能區(qū)域做出的決定勢必影響到其它職能區(qū)域的成本開支，正是這種職能區(qū)域之間的相互關(guān)系對實(shí)現(xiàn)物流一體化管理提出巨大的挑戰(zhàn)，而各職能區(qū)域的相互結(jié)合才能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)物流的價值。Order processingWhile many aspects of information are critical to logistics operations,

21、 the process of orders is of primary importance. Failure to fully understand this importance resulted from a failure to understand how distortion and dynamics impact logistical operations. The more responsive the system, the greater the importance is of accurate and timely information regarding cust

22、omer purchase behavior.許多方面的信息對于物流運(yùn)作來說都很關(guān)鍵，但訂單處理是最重要的。系統(tǒng)越是反應(yīng)靈敏，準(zhǔn)確、及時（傳遞）有關(guān)顧客購買行為的信息就越重要。Current information technology is capable of handling the most demanding customer requirements. When desired, order information can be obtained on a real time basis.當(dāng)前信息技術(shù)能夠處理顧客最苛刻的要求，一旦（顧客）有需求，訂單信息就能夠?qū)崟r被（供給商）獲取。

23、The benefit of fast information flow is directly related to work balancing. Data transmission or Web-based communication of orders direct form the customers office combine with slower, less costly surface transportation may have achieved even faster overall delivery service at a lower total cost. Th

24、e key objective is to balance components of the logistical system. 快速信息流的優(yōu)點(diǎn)直接與各工作之間的平衡性相關(guān)，數(shù)據(jù)傳輸或者訂單傳輸來源于下游的客戶，低成本的地面運(yùn)輸也能以更低的成本完成更快的配送服務(wù)，其關(guān)鍵目標(biāo)在于保持物流系統(tǒng)中各部分的平衡性。InventoryThe inventory requirements of a firm are directly linked to the family network and the desired level of customer service. Theoreticall

25、y, a firm could stock every item sold in every facility dedicated to servicing each customer. Few business operations can afford such a luxurious inventory commitment because the risk and total cost are prohibitive. The objective in inventory strategy is to achieve desired customer service with the

26、minimum inventory commitment.一個公司的庫存要求與其設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)和客戶服務(wù)等級直接相關(guān)。理論上，一個公司可以在每個地點(diǎn)儲備所有在售物品以服務(wù)客戶，但很少有公司能夠承擔(dān)起如此昂貴的庫存成本，（原因在于）風(fēng)險和成本通常高得（讓企業(yè)）無法承擔(dān)，庫存策略的目標(biāo)在于以最少的庫存實(shí)現(xiàn)期望的客戶服務(wù)。Logistical strategies should be designed to maintain the lowest possible financial investment in inventory. The basic goal is to achieve maximum

27、 inventory turnover while satisfying service commitments. A sound inventory strategy is based on a combination of five aspects of selective deployment: (1) core customer segmentation, (2) product profitability, (3) transportation integration, (4) time-based performance, and (5) competitive performan

28、ce.合理的物流策略應(yīng)該維持盡可能低的庫存投資，其基本目的是在滿足服務(wù)承諾的同時，獲得最大的庫存周轉(zhuǎn)率。一個合理的庫存策略是基于以下五個方面的優(yōu)化組合（1）核心客戶劃分（2）產(chǎn)品收益（3）運(yùn)輸整合（4）時基性（5）競爭能力Every enterprise that sells to a variety of different customers confronts uneven opportunity. Because highly profitable customers constitute the core market of every enterprise, inventory s

29、trategies need to focus on them. The key to effective logistical segmentation rests in the inventory priorities dedicated to support core customers.客戶群體多樣化的企業(yè)都會面臨著客戶條件不均等的問題，高收益的客戶構(gòu)成了企業(yè)的核心市場，庫存策略更應(yīng)關(guān)注這部分客戶，高效的物流分配其關(guān)鍵在于保有特定庫存以滿足核心客戶。Most enterprises experience a substantial variance in the volume and

30、profitability across product lines. If no restrictions are applied, a firm may find that less than 20 percent of all products marketed account for more than 80 percent of total profit. For obvious reasons, an enterprise wants to offer high availability and consistent delivery of its most profitable

31、products.大部分企業(yè)對于一個產(chǎn)品系列在（生產(chǎn)）數(shù)量和盈利上會經(jīng)歷很大的變化，如果沒有任何限制，企業(yè)很可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)比例低于20%的產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)造了超過80%的總收益，一個顯而易見的原因是，企業(yè)為其收益最大的產(chǎn)品提供了很高的可得性和可靠性配送服務(wù)。A firm is typically more desirable to do business with, than competitors, if it can promise and perform rapid and consistent delivery. Therefore, it may be necessary to position

32、inventory in a specific warehouse to gain competitive advantage even if such commitment increases total cost. Selective inventory deployment policies may be essential to gain a customer service advantage or to neutralize a strength that competitor currently enjoys.一個企業(yè)如果能夠提供更快更穩(wěn)定的配送服務(wù)，通常會比其競爭對手更有希望（

33、與客戶）交易，因此，將庫存放置在特定地點(diǎn)，即使以增加總成本為代價也要獲得競爭優(yōu)勢就顯得很有必要，庫存優(yōu)化配置對于獲得競爭優(yōu)勢、使對手競爭優(yōu)勢失效尤其必要。TransportationTransportation is the operational area of logistics that geographically moves and positions inventory. Because of its fundamental importance and visible cost, transportation has traditionally received consider

34、able managerial attention.交通運(yùn)輸是物流系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行部分，它包括了地理位置的移動和庫存存放，由于它在功能上的重要性和顯而易見的成本，因而交通運(yùn)輸受到大量關(guān)注。Transportation requirements can be satisfied in three basic ways. First, a private fleet of equipment may be operated. Second, contracts may be arranged with dedicated transport specialists. Third, an enterpri

35、se may engage the services of a wide variety of carriers that provide different transportation services on a per shipment basis. From the logistical system viewpoint, three factors are fundamental to transportation performance: (1) cost, (2) speed, and (3) consistency.運(yùn)輸需求可從以下三個方面得到滿足：（1）配備自有運(yùn)輸車隊(duì)，（2

36、）與專業(yè)運(yùn)輸公司簽訂合同，（3）企業(yè)針對每次運(yùn)輸情況雇傭提供相應(yīng)運(yùn)輸服務(wù)的運(yùn)輸商。以物流的觀點(diǎn)來看，交通運(yùn)輸?shù)男阅苤饕苋齻€因素的影響（1）成本（2）速度和（3）一致性。The cost of transport is the payment for shipment between two geographical locations and the expenses related to maintaining in-transit inventory. Logistical systems should utilize transportation that minimizes tota

37、l system cost.運(yùn)輸成本是指在兩地之間的運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用，費(fèi)用的多少與在途庫存相關(guān)，物流系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該使用使總的系統(tǒng)成本最低的運(yùn)輸方式。Speed of transportation is represented by the time required to complete a specific movement. Speed and cost of transportation are related. Thus, a critical aspect of selecting the most desirable mode of transportation is to balance s

38、peed and cost of service.速度表示完成一次具體運(yùn)輸所需花費(fèi)的時間。運(yùn)輸速度與運(yùn)輸成本相關(guān)聯(lián)，因此，選擇最合理輸運(yùn)方式的關(guān)鍵在于平衡速度和服務(wù)的成本。Consistency of transportation refers to variations in time required to perform a specific movement over a number of shipments. Consistency is the most important attribute of quality transportation. With the advent

39、of new information technology to control and report shipment status, logistics managers have begun to seek faster movement while maintaining consistency.運(yùn)輸?shù)囊恢滦允侵冈诖罅枯斶\(yùn)過程中，每次運(yùn)輸在時間上的變化情況。一致性對于優(yōu)質(zhì)的運(yùn)輸服務(wù)來講是最重要的，物流經(jīng)理們通常使用最新信息技術(shù)對運(yùn)輸狀態(tài)進(jìn)行控制和反饋，在保證一致性的同時提高運(yùn)輸速度。In designing a logistical system, a delicate balance

40、 must be maintained between transportation cost and service quality. Finding and managing the desired transportation mix across the system is a primary responsibility of logistics.在設(shè)計物流系統(tǒng)的過程中，必須確保運(yùn)輸成本與服務(wù)質(zhì)量的平衡，通過物流系統(tǒng)，尋求并管理所需的運(yùn)輸組合模式是物流的主要任務(wù)。Warehousing, materials handling, and packagingThe fourth func

41、tionality of logistics-warehousing, materials handling, and packaging-also represents an integral part of a logistics operates solution. They are an integral part of other logistics areas. For example, inventory typically needs to be warehoused at selected times during the logistics process. Transpo

42、rtation vehicles required materials handling for efficient loading and unloading.物流的第四部分包括倉儲、貨物搬運(yùn)以及包裝是整個物流運(yùn)行系統(tǒng)不可或缺的一部分，它對于其它物流功能部分同樣必不可少，例如，在整個物流過程通常需要把庫存在特定的時間內(nèi)存儲起來、運(yùn)輸車輛需要進(jìn)行貨物搬運(yùn)以高效地完成裝車和卸車過程。When distribution facilities are required in logistical system, a firm can choose between the services of a

43、warehouse specialist or operating their own facility. The decision is broader than simply selecting a facility to store inventory since many value adding activities may be performed during the time products are warehoused. Examples of such activities are sorting, sequencing, order selection, transpo

44、rtation consolidation, and in some cases, product modification and assembly.當(dāng)物流系統(tǒng)需要用到配送設(shè)備時，企業(yè)可以選擇能夠提供專業(yè)倉存服務(wù)的公司，也可以配備自有的設(shè)施設(shè)備。許多能附加價值的活動可以在產(chǎn)品倉儲期間進(jìn)行，例如分類、排序、訂單選擇、合并運(yùn)輸?shù)?，并且在某些情況下進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品修飾和裝配，所以在做決定時比起僅是選擇一處倉儲設(shè)施（選擇的范圍）廣泛得多。Within the warehouse, materials handling is an important activity. Products must be re

45、ceived, moved, stored, sorted, and assembled to meet customer order requirement. When performed in an inferior manner, materials handling can result in substantial product damage. A variety of mechanized and automated devices exist to assist materials handling.在整個倉儲過程中，貨物搬運(yùn)是相當(dāng)重要的一項(xiàng)活動，貨物接收、移動、儲存、分類、裝配等（都需要貨物搬運(yùn)）以滿足消費(fèi)者的訂單需求，操作不當(dāng)時，還有可能導(dǎo)致物品損壞，（如今）大量的機(jī)械和自動化設(shè)施已用于協(xié)助人們進(jìn)行貨物的搬運(yùn)。Facility networkIn business operations, however, th