水利水電工程專業(yè)英語教材

1、范文范例參考高等學(xué)校水利類統(tǒng)編教材水利專業(yè)外語遲道才 周振民 主編上傳人單位：華北水利水電學(xué)院水利系Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性3Lesson 2 the Hydrologic Cycle 水循環(huán) 5Lesson 3 hydrology 水文學(xué) 7Lesson 4 underground water 地下水 11Lesson 5 what causes flooding 洪水是怎樣形成的16Lesson 6 nature of water pollution水污染的性質(zhì)19Lesson 7 Planning for water resources dev

2、elopment 水資源開發(fā)規(guī)劃22Lesson 8 reservoirs 水庫 26Lesson 9 Properties of concrete 混凝土的特性30Lesson 10 basic concepts of reinforced concrete鋼筋混凝土基本概念35Lesson 11 dams 壩 38Lesson 12 embankment dams 土石壩 42巖基上的混凝土重力壩. 46Lesson 13 concrete gravity dam on rock foundationsLesson 14 Arch dams 拱壩 51Lesson 15 spillways

3、 溢洪道 56Lesson 16 design forces 設(shè)計作用力61入滲重要性Lesson 17 Significance of infiltration and process of infiltration及過程 65Lesson 18 evapotranspiration 騰發(fā)量 68Lesson 19 irrigation methods 灌溉方法71Lesson 20 irrigation canals 灌溉渠道79Lesson 21 land drainage 耕地排水83Lesson 22 methods of applications of drip irrigatio

4、n systems滴灌系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用方法 88Lesson 23 hydraulic turbines 水輪機(jī) 92Lesson 24 hydro-electric power 水力發(fā)電96Lesson 25 differential leveling水準(zhǔn)測量（微差水準(zhǔn)測量）102Lesson 26 construction and equipment 施工和設(shè)備107Lesson 27 engineering economy in water resources planning水利規(guī)劃中工程經(jīng)濟(jì)110Lesson 28 soil erosion and soil conservation土壤侵

5、蝕與土壤保持116Lesson 29 groundwater and climate change 地下水與氣候變化120Lesson 30 irrigation performance evaluation灌溉運行評價124Lesson 31 bidding, bid opening and award of contract招標(biāo)、開標(biāo)和授予合同127Lesson 32 how to write a scientific paper如何撰寫科技論文131完美 Word 格式整理版Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性Water is best known and

6、 most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring in relatively pure form on the earth s surface. Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of 89 percent in water. Water covers about three fourths of the earth's surface and permeates crack

7、s of much solid land. The Polar Regions （ 原文 polar regions） are overlaid with vast quantities of ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from 0.1 percent to 2 percent by weight. It has been estimated that the amount of water in the atmosphere above a square mile of lan

8、d on a mild summer day is of the order of 50,000 tons.在地球表面以相對純的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人們最熟悉的、最豐富的一種化合物。 在水中， 氧這種最豐富的化學(xué)元素與氫結(jié)合，其含量多達(dá)89%。 水覆蓋了地球表面的大約 3/4 的面積，并充滿了陸地上的許多裂縫。地球的兩極被大量的冰所覆蓋，同時大氣也挾帶有占其重量0.1%2%勺水蒸氣。據(jù)估計，在溫暖的夏日，每平方英里陸地上空大氣中的水 量約為 5 萬噸。All life on earth depends upon water, the principal ingredient of li

9、ving cells. The use of water by man, plants, and animals is universal. Without it there can be no life. Every living thing requires water. Mancan go nearly two months without food, but can live only three or four days without water.地球上所有的生命都有賴于水而存在，水是活細(xì)胞的基本組分（要素）。人類、植物和動物都得用水。沒有水就沒有生命。每一種生物都需要水。人可以接

10、近兩個月不吃食物而仍能活著，但不喝水則只能活三四天。In our homes, whether in the city or in the country, water is essential for cleanliness and health. The average American family uses from 65,000 to 75,000 gallons of water per year for various household purposes.在我們的家庭中，無論是在城市還是農(nóng)村，水對于衛(wèi)生和健康來說都是必不可少的。美國家庭的年平均用水量達(dá) 6.57.5萬加侖。Wa

11、ter can be considered as the principal raw material and the lowest cost raw material from which most of our farm produces is made. It is essential for the growth of crops and animals and is a very important factor in the production of milk and eggs. Animals and poultry, if constantly supplied with r

12、unning water, will produce more meat, more milk, and more eggs per pound of food and per hour of labor.水可以被認(rèn)為是最基本的和最廉價的原料。我們的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，大部分都是由它構(gòu)成的。水是農(nóng)作物和動物生長的要素，也是奶類和蛋類生產(chǎn)的一個很重要的因素。動物和家禽，如果 用流動的水來喂養(yǎng)，那么每磅飼料和每個勞動小時會生產(chǎn)出更多的肉、奶和蛋。For example, apples are 87%water. The trees on which they grow must have watered ma

13、nytimes the weight of the fruit. Potatoes are 75%water. To grow an acre of potatoes tons of water is required. Fish are 80% water. They not only consume water but also must have large volumes of water in which to live. Milk is 88% water. Toproduce onequart of milk a cow requires from 3.5 to 5.5 quar

14、ts of water. Beef is 77% water. To produce a pound of beef an animal must drink many times that much water. If there is a shortage of water, there will be a decline in farm production, just as a shortage of steel will cause a decrease in the production of automobiles.例如， 蘋果含87%的水分，蘋果樹就必須吸收比蘋果多許多倍的水分

15、；土豆含75%的水分，那么種植每英畝土豆就需要若干噸水；牛奶含水量為88%，為了生產(chǎn)每夸脫牛奶，母牛需要3.55.5夸脫的水；牛肉含 77%勺水，為生產(chǎn)1磅牛肉牛必須飲用許多磅水。如果缺水，就 會使農(nóng)產(chǎn)品減產(chǎn)，就像缺乏鋼會引起汽車產(chǎn)量下降一樣。In addition to the direct use of water in our homes and on the farm, there are many indirect ways in which water affects our lives. In manufacturing, generation of electric power

16、, transportation, recreation, and in many other ways, water plays a very important role.水除了直接為我們的家庭和農(nóng)場利用外，它還以許多間接的方式對我們的生活產(chǎn)生影響。在制造、發(fā)電、運輸、娛樂以及其他許多行業(yè)，水都起著很重要的作用。Our use of water is increasing rapidly with our growing population. Already there are acute shortages of both surface and underground waters

17、in manylocations. Careless pollution and contamination of our streams, lakes, and underground sources has greatly impaired the quality of the water which we do have available. It is therefore of utmost importance for our future that good conservation and sanitary measures be practiced by everyone.我們

18、對水的利用隨人口的增長而迅速增加。在許多地方，無論地面水或地下水都已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重短缺了。由于任意污染河流、湖泊和地下水源，已經(jīng)大大地?fù)p害了人們能夠利用的水的水 質(zhì)。因此，人人有責(zé)對水采取保護(hù)措施和衛(wèi)生措施，這對于我們?nèi)祟惖奈磥硎菢O端重要的。Lesson 2 the Hydrologic Cycle 水循環(huán)In nature, water is constantly changing from one state to another. The heat of the sun evaporates water from land and water surfaces, this water vapor

19、 (a gas), being lighter than air, rises until it reaches the cold upper air where it condenses into clouds. Clouds drift around according to the direction of the wind until they strike a colder atmosphere. At this point the water further condenses and falls to the earth as rain, sleet, or snow, thus

20、 completing the hydrologic cycle.在自然界中，水總是不斷地從一種狀態(tài)改變成另一種狀態(tài)。太陽熱使陸地和水面上的水蒸氣。這些水蒸氣(一種氣體)由于比空氣輕，會上升直至達(dá)到高空冷氣層，并在那里凝結(jié)成云。云層隨風(fēng)飄蕩，直至遇到更冷的大氣層為止。此時水便進(jìn)一步冷凝，并以雨、雹或雪 的形式落到地面。這樣便完成了水的循環(huán)。The complete hydrologic cycle, however, is muchmore complex. The atmosphere gains water vapor by evaporation not only from the oc

21、eans but also from lakes, rivers, and other water bodies, and from moist ground surfaces. Water vapor is also gained by sublimation from snowfields and by transpiration from vegetation and trees.然而，完整的水循環(huán)要復(fù)雜得多。由于蒸發(fā)作用，大氣不僅從海洋而且從湖泊、河流和其他水體，以及從潮濕的地表面獲得水蒸氣。也可從雪地中雪的升華和從植物與樹木的蒸騰 獲得水蒸氣。Water precipitation

22、may follow various routes. Much of the precipitation from the atmosphere falls directly on the oceans. Of the water that does fall over land areas, some is caught by vegetation or evaporates before reaching the ground, some is locked up in snowfields or ice-fields for periods ranging from a season t

23、o many thousands of years, and some is retarded by storage in reservoirs, in the ground, in chemical compounds, and in vegetation and animal life.降水可以有各種不同的途徑。大部分降水都直接落到海洋。落在陸地區(qū)域內(nèi)的水，有些被植物所攝取，或降至地面之前就蒸發(fā)了；有些被封凍在雪原或冰川中達(dá)一個季度乃至成千 上萬年；有些則因儲存在水庫、土壤、化合物以及動植物體內(nèi)而滯留下來。The water that falls on land areas may ret

24、urn immediately to the sea as runoff in streams and rivers or when snow melts in warmer seasons. When the water does not run off immediately it percolates into the soil. Some of this groundwater is taken up by the roots of vegetation and some of it flows through the subsoil into rivers, lakes, and o

25、ceans.降到陸地區(qū)域的水可能作為溪流與江河的徑流，或在溫暖季節(jié)融化的雪水直接回到海洋。當(dāng)降水不立即流走時，它會滲入土壤。這些地下水中有一些被植物的根吸收，有一些則通過 下層土壤流入河流、湖泊和海洋。Because water is absolutely necessary for sustaining life and is of great importance in industry men have tried in many ways to control the hydrologic cycle to their own advantage. An obvious example

26、 is the storage of water behind dams in reservoirs, in climates where there are excesses and deficits of precipitation (with respect to water needs) at differenttimes in the year. Another method is the attemptto increase or decrease natural precipitation by injecting particles of dry ice or silver i

27、odide into clouds. This kind of weather modificationhas had limited successthus far, but manymeteorologists believe that a significantcontrol of precipitationcan be achieved in the future.因為水對于維持生命來說絕對必要，在工業(yè)上也很重要，所以人們?yōu)榱俗陨淼睦嬖噲D以各種方式來控制水的循環(huán)。一個明顯的例子就是在一年中不同的時間根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)亟邓亩喙?(按對水的需要來說)將水儲存在水庫中。另一種方法是試圖將干冰或碘化

28、銀微粒射入云層 來增多或減少天然降雨量。雖然這種改造氣候(人工影響天氣)的方法迄今只取得了有限的 成功，但許多氣象學(xué)家都認(rèn)為，有效地控制降水在將來是可以做到的。Other attempts to influence the hydrologic cycle include the contourplowing ofsloping farmlands to slow down runoff and permit more water to percolate into the ground, the construction of dikes to prevent floods and so o

29、n. The reuse of water before it returns to the sea is another commonpractice. Various water supply systems that obtain their water from rivers may recycle it several times (with purification) before it finally reaches the rivers mouth.其他一些影響水循環(huán)的努力包括沿等高線耕作梯田，以使徑流減速，讓更多的水滲入地下；建筑堤壩以防洪水等。在水回歸大海之前將它重復(fù)使用，

30、也是一種常用的方法。自河道 取水的各種供水系統(tǒng)可將水在最終到達(dá)河口之前，經(jīng)過凈化，可重復(fù)使用多次。Men also attempt to predict the effects of events in the course of the hydrologic cycle. Thus, the meteorologist forecasts the amount and intensity of precipitation in a watershed, and the hydrologist forecasts the volume of runoff.人們還試圖預(yù)測水循環(huán)過程中一些事件的結(jié)

31、果。例如，氣象學(xué)家預(yù)報一個流域的降雨量 和降雨強(qiáng)度；水文學(xué)家預(yù)報徑流量等。Lesson 3 hydrology 水文學(xué)1 historyThe first hydraulic project has been lost in the mists of prehistory. Perhaps some prehistoric man found that pile of rocks across a stream would raise the water level sufficiently to overflow the land that was the source of his wil

32、d food plants and water them during a drought. Whatever the early history of hydraulics, abundant evidence exists to show that the builders understood little hydrology. Early Greek and Romanwritings indicated that these people could accept the oceans as the ultimate source of all water but could not

33、 visualize precipitation equaling or exceeding stream-flow. Typical of the ideas of the time was a view that seawater moved underground to the base of the mountains. There a natural still desalted water, and the vapor rose through conduits to the mountain tops, where it condensed and escaped at the

34、source springs of the streams. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (ca. 100 B. C.) seems to have been one of the first to recognize the role of precipitation as we accept it today.最早的水利工程在有史以前就已經(jīng)銷聲匿跡了。也許史前的人曾發(fā)現(xiàn)橫貫河流的一堆石頭就能提高水位，足以淹沒作為生長野生食用植物源泉的土地，而這樣在干旱季節(jié)就能給植 物澆水。不論水力學(xué)的早期如何，充分的的跡象表明，建造者們還不懂多少水文學(xué)知識。早 期的希臘和羅馬文獻(xiàn)說明這

35、些人承認(rèn)海洋是一切水的主要源泉，但是不能想象降雨量會等于 或超過河道徑流量。當(dāng)時典型的想法是海水從地下流到山脈底部，那兒有一個天然蒸餾器除 去水中的鹽分，水汽通過管道上升到山頂，在那里凝結(jié)，并從河流的源頭流走。M.V.波利歐(大約公元前100 年)看來就是像我們今天這樣認(rèn)識降水作用最早的人。Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was the next to suggest a modern view of the hydrologic cycle, but it remained for Pierre Perrault (1608-1680) to compare me

36、asured rainfall with the estimated flow of the Seine River to show that the stream-flow was about one-sixth of the precipitation. The English astronomer Halley (1656-1742) measured evaporation from a small pan and estimated evaporation from the Mediterranean Sea from these data. As late as 1921, how

37、ever, some people still questioned the concept of the hydrologic cycle.達(dá)芬奇(1452-1519 )是提出水文循環(huán)現(xiàn)代觀點的第二個人，但一直到P. 貝羅特( 1608-1680 )才把觀測的雨量與估算的塞納河的徑流量進(jìn)行比較，說明河川徑流量約為降雨 量的 1/6. 英國天文家哈羅(哈雷)從一個小盤子中測得的蒸發(fā)量，并且用這一資料估算地中海的蒸發(fā)量。然而直到1921 年，有一些人仍然對水文循環(huán)的概念表示懷疑。Precipitation was measured in India as early as the fourth

38、century B.C., but satisfactory methods for measuring stream-flow were a much later development. Frontinus, water commissioner of Rome in A.D. 97, based estimates of flow on cross-sectional area alone without regard to velocity. In the United States, organized measurement of precipitation started und

39、er the Surgeon General of the Army in 1819, was transferred to the Signal Corps in 1870, and finally, in 1891, to a newly organized U.S. Weather Bureau, renamed the National Weather Service in 1970.Scattered stream-flow measurements were made on the Mississippi River as early as 1848, but a systemat

40、ic program was not started until 1888, when the U.S. Geological Survey undertook this work. It is not surprising, therefore, that little quantitative work in hydrology was done before the early years of the twentieth century, when men such as Hortan, Mead, and Sherman began to explore the field. The

41、 great expansion of activity in flood control, irrigation, soil conservation, and related fields which began about 1930 gave the first real impetus to organized research in hydrology, as need for more precise design data became evident. Most of today s concepts ofhydrology date from 1930.印度早在公元前4 世紀(jì)

42、就測量降水量了，但是令人滿意的測量河道流量的方法很遲才得到發(fā)展。公元97 年，羅馬水利專員福朗堤努斯只按橫斷面面積估算流量，而不考慮流速。在美國， 有組織地測量降水量是1819 年在陸軍軍醫(yī)總監(jiān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下開始的，1870 年移交給通信兵團(tuán)，最后， 在 1891 你那移交給新改組的美國氣象局，該局于 1970 年改名為國家氣象局。早在 1848年密西西比河上就進(jìn)行分散的河道流量測量了，但是，直到1888 年美國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局承擔(dān)這項工作時，才開始實施系統(tǒng)的觀測計劃?；舻隆⒚椎潞椭x爾曼等人在20 世紀(jì)早期剛開始對這一領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行探索，因此，在這時期之前，在水文方面沒有進(jìn)行什么定量工作是不足為奇的。大約從 19

43、30 年起，由于在防洪、灌溉、土地改良和有關(guān)領(lǐng)域中開展了大量活動，第一次為有組 織地研究水文學(xué)提供了真正的動力，因為需要更精確的設(shè)計資料，這已是十分明顯的事了。大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代水文學(xué)的概念從1930 年就開始有了。2 hydrology in engineering 水文學(xué)在工程中的應(yīng)用Hydrology is used in engineeringmainly in connection with the design andoperation of hydraulic structures. What flood flows can be expected at a spillway or hi

44、ghway culvert or in a city drainage system ? What reservoir capacity is required to assure adequate water for irrigation or municipal water supply during droughts? What effects will reservoirs, levees, and other control works exert on flood flows in a stream? These are typical of questions the hydro

45、logist is expected to answer.在工程上，水文學(xué)主要用于水工建筑物的設(shè)計和運行，溢洪道、公路涵洞、或者城市排水系統(tǒng)會期望有什么樣的洪水流量？需要多大的水庫庫容才能保證干旱季節(jié)里有足夠的灌溉 水量或城市供水呢？水庫、堤壩或其他控制工程對河流洪水流量有什么影響？這些典型的問 題等待水文學(xué)家去解答。Large organization such as federal and state water agencies can maintain staffs of hydrologic specialists to analyze their problems, but sma

46、ller offices often have insufficient hydrologic work for full-time specialists. Hence, many civil engineers are called upon for occasional hydrologic studies. It is probable that these civil engineers deal with a larger number of projects and greater annual dollar volume than the specialists do. In

47、any event, it seems that knowledge of the fundamentals of hydrology is an essential part of the civil engineer s training.像聯(lián)邦和州轄水利機(jī)構(gòu)這樣的大型組織，擁有一批水文專家來分析他們的問題，但較小的單位往往沒有足夠的水文工作給專職水文專家做。因此，許多土木工程師們應(yīng)邀進(jìn)行臨時 的水文研究。這些土木工程師處理的工程和年費用可能比水文專家還多。無論如何，水文學(xué) 的基礎(chǔ)知識看來是培訓(xùn)土木工程師所必不可少的一部分。3 subject matter of hydrology 水文學(xué)

48、研究的主要內(nèi)容Hydrology deals with many topics. The subject matter as presented in this book can be broadly classified into two phases: data collection and methods of analysis. Chapter 2 to 6 deals with the basic data of hydrology. Adequate basic data are essential to any science, and hydrology is no excep

49、tion. In fact, the complex features of the natural processes involved in hydrologic phenomena make it difficult to treat many hydrologic processes by rigorous deductive reasoning. One can not always start with a basic physical law and from this determine the hydrologic result to be expected.Rather,

50、it is necessary to start with a mass of observed facts, analyze these facts, and from this analysis to establish the systematic pattern that governs these events. Thus, without adequate historical data for the particular problem area, the hydrologist is in a difficult position. Most countries have o

51、ne or more government agencies with responsibility for data collection. It is important that the student learn how these data are collected and published, the limitations on their accuracy, and the proper methods of interpretation and adjustment.水文學(xué)研究很多問題。本書所介紹的主要內(nèi)容可大致分成兩個方面：收集資料和分析方法。26章研究水文學(xué)的基本資料。

52、充足的基本資料是任何一個一門科學(xué)所不可少的，水文 學(xué)也不例外。事實上，水文現(xiàn)象中也包含著許多自然過程的復(fù)雜特征，用嚴(yán)密的推理來處理許多水文現(xiàn)象是困難的。人們并不總是能夠從基本的自然法則出發(fā)，并由此來推求預(yù)期的水文結(jié)果。相反，從大量觀察的事實出發(fā)，分析這些事實，并根據(jù)分析建立控制這些事件的系 統(tǒng)模型確實十分必要的。因此，對于沒有足夠歷史資料的特殊疑難地區(qū)，水文學(xué)家就將陷入 困境。大多數(shù)國家有一個或更多的政府機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)收集資料，重要的是要讓學(xué)生學(xué)會這些資料 是如何收集和刊出的，了解這些資料的精確度的局限性，學(xué)會整理分析和校正這些資料的專 門的方法。Typical hydrologic problem

53、s involve estimates of extremes not observed in a small data sample, hydrologic characteristic at locations where no data have been collected (such locations are much more numerous than sites with data), or estimates of the effects of man s actions on the hydrologic characteristics of an area. Gener

54、ally, each hydrologic problem is unique in that it deals with a distinct set of physical conditions within a specific river basin. Hence, quantitative conclusions of one analysis are often not directly transferable to another problem. However, the general solutionfor most problems can be developed f

55、rom application of a few relatively basicconcepts.典型的水文問題包括估算小的數(shù)據(jù)樣本中無法觀測到的極值及估算無資料地區(qū)(這種地區(qū)比有資料的地區(qū)多得多)的水文特征值，或者估算人類活動對該地區(qū)水文特征值的影響。 一般來說，每一個水文問題都是不同的，因為它涉及到特定流域內(nèi)特有的自然條件。因此， 某種分析所得的定量結(jié)論常常不能直接移用到另一個問題上。然而，應(yīng)用一些比較基本的概 念可以得出大多數(shù)問題都適用的一般解決方法。Lesson 4 underground water 地下水Of all the earth s water 97% is found

56、in the oceans, 2% in glaciers and only 1% on land. Of this 1% almost all (97%) is found beneath the surface and called sub-surface or underground water. Most of this water eventually finds its way back to the sea either by underground movementor by rising into surface streams and lakes.地球上的總水量中，97%在

57、海洋，2%在冰川，只有1%在陸地上。陸地上的水幾乎全部( 97%)埋藏在地面一下，稱為地下水。大部分地下水或通過地下流動，回到海洋；或先進(jìn)入河流或 湖泊，最終又回到海洋。These vast underground water deposits provide much needed moisture for dry areas and irrigated districts. Underground water acts in similar ways to surface water, also performing geomorphic work as an agent of grada

58、tion.這些廣闊的地下含水層為干旱地區(qū)和灌溉區(qū)域提供了迫切需要的水分。地下水的作用和 地表水的作用類似，也以均夷作用塑造著地貌。Even though man has been aware of sub-surface water since earliest times, its nature, occurrence, movement and geomorphic significance have remained obscure. Recently, however, some answers have been found to the perplexing questions about underground water s relationship to the hydrological cycle.盡管人類自古以來就知道地下水，但對它的特性、發(fā)生、運動和地貌意義還不清楚。然而，近來關(guān)于地下水和水文循環(huán)關(guān)系的這些錯綜復(fù)雜的問題已找到了一些答案。1 source of underground water 地下水資源Since the days of Vitruvius at th