科普英語競賽輔導-科普閱讀的方法與實例(共14頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上科普英語競賽輔導資料 英語科普閱讀的方法與實例 一、考點描述科普類文章是 英語的常考題材，每年 都有所涉及，如2005年的江蘇卷在五篇閱讀文章中就有兩篇是關于科普文章的閱讀。因此，同學們在平時的學習中一定要對此引起高度的重視。二、材料特點這類文章的總體特點是：科技詞匯多，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復雜，理論性強，邏輯嚴謹。具體說來它有以下幾個特點：1. 文章中詞匯的意義比較單一、穩(wěn)定、簡明，不帶感情色彩，具有單一性和準確性的特點。這類文章通常不會出現(xiàn)文學英語中采用的排比、比喻、夸張等修辭手法，一詞多義的現(xiàn)象也不多見。2. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復雜，語法分析較困難。為了描述一個客觀事物，嚴密地表達

2、自己的思想，作者經(jīng)常會使用集多種語法現(xiàn)象于一體的長句。3. 常使用被動語態(tài)，尤其是一些慣用被動句式。三、命題特點科普類閱讀的主要命題形式有事實細節(jié)題、詞義猜測題、推理判斷題以及主旨概括題等，其中推理判斷題居多。四、應對策略1. 要想做好科普英語閱讀理解題，同學們就要注意平時多讀科普知識類文章，學習科普知識，積累常見的科普詞匯，從根本上提高科普英語的閱讀能力。2. 要熟悉科普類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點。科普類文章一般由標題(Headlines)，導語(Introductions)，背景( Background)，主體(Main body)和結(jié)尾(Ends)五部分構(gòu)成。標題是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括，

3、但根據(jù)歷年的 真題情況來看，這類閱讀理解材料一般不給標題，而要同學們選擇標題。導語一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一個事實的起因。主體則對導語概括的事實進行詳細敘述。這一部分命題往往最多，因此，閱讀時，同學們要把這部分作為重點。結(jié)尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并與導語相呼應，命題者常在此要設計一道推理判斷題。3. 在進行推理判斷時，同學們一定要以閱讀材料所提供的科學事實為依據(jù)，同時所得出的結(jié)論還應符合基本的科普常識。五、真題賞析江蘇卷Animals can move from place to place, but plants cannot. When an animal is under at

4、tack, it can run away or fight back. Plants certainly cannot run away, and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example, the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines(刺) that

5、discourage grass-eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach.Some plants, such as the oak tree, have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may

6、contain a sandy material; eating such grasses wears down the animal毛蟲多刺的) leaves, and each prickle contains poisonous venom (毒液). A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future.68. The holly plant has more spines on the lower leaves because most a

7、nimals_.A. are not tall enough      B. like the lower leaves onlyC. are not clever enough    D. can get the lower leaves easily69. To defend themselves, oak trees use_.A. chemoak treesical means        B. physical meansC. bit

8、ter chemicals        D. sandy materials70. How does tobacco protect itself against an attack from a caterpillar?A. Its leaves fight against the attack by physical means.B. Its roots send a messenger to discourage the caterpillar.C. Its roots increase the production

9、 of nicotine when it is attacked.D. Its leaves produce poisonous sand to drive the caterpillar away.71. What would be the best title for this passage?A. Plants and Animals       B. How Plants Defend ThemselvesC. Attacks and Defenses      D. How

10、Animals Eat Plant Leaves【答案與解析】本文主要介紹一些植物是如何通過物理和化學的方式保護自己不受外界侵害的。68. D。事: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">2段最后一句the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach可知答案。69. B。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第3段中的oak tree, have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat可推知，又厚又硬的樹葉屬于植物自我保護的物理手段

11、。70. C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段可知，tobacco保護自己不受毛蟲侵害的辦法是產(chǎn)生更多的nicotine。71. B。主旨概括題。因為整篇文章都在講植物是怎樣保護他們自己的，故選B。六、模擬訓練 AWalk through the Amazon rainforest today and you will find it is steamy, warm, damp and thick. But if you had been around 15, 000 years ago, during the last ice age, would it have been the same? For

12、 more than 30 years, scientists have been arguing about how rainforests like the Amazon might have reacted (反應) to the cold, dry cli?mates of the ice ages, but until now, no one has reached a satisfying answer.Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmos?phere and help

13、ing to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tons of CO2 each year: equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year. But how will the Amazon react to future climate change? If it gets drier, will it still survive and continue to draw down C

14、O2? Scientists hope that they will be able to learn in advance how the rainforest will manage in the future by understanding how rainforests reacted to climate change in the past.Unfortunately, getting into the Amazon rainforest and collecting information are very difficult. To study past climate, s

15、cientists need to look at fossilized pollen, kept in lake muds. Going back to the last ice age means drilling deep down into lake sediments(沉淀物) which requires specialized equipment and heavy machinery. There are very few roads and paths, or places to land helicopters and aero planes. Rivers tend to

16、 the easiest way to enter the forest, but this still leaves vast areas between the rivers com?pletely unsampled (未取樣). So far, only a handful of cores have been drilled that go back to the last ice age and none of them provide enough information to prove how the Amazon rainforest reacts to climate c

17、hange.1. The underlined phrase “mopping up” in the second paragraph means “_”. A. cleaning up    B. taking in    C. wiping out  D. giving out2. How will the Amazon rainforest react to future climate change? A. Itll get drier and continue to remove CO2.B. Itll remai

18、n steamy, warm, damp and thick. C. Itll get warmer and then colder and drier.D. There is no exact answer up to present.3. Whats the main idea of the last paragraph?A. Its important to drill deep down into lake sediments to collect information. B. Its impossible to prove how climate changes in the Am

19、azon rainforest. C. Its hard to collect information for studies of the past climate in the Amazon rainforest. D. Its necessary to have specialized equipment and machinery to study the past cli?mate.4. The best title for this passage may probably be _.A. Studies of the Amazon    &

20、#160;      B. Climates of the Amazon C. Secrets of the Rainforests       D. Changes of the Rainforests 【答案與解析】本文主要介紹了熱帶雨林對氣候的影響。1.B。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段中的 helping to slow global warming，同時結(jié)合化學知識可推知 mopping up 的意思是“吸入”mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New

21、Roman'">。另外，文章中的currently the trees in Amazon take in around 500 million tones of CO2 each year 也暗示 mop up 和 take in 的意思相同。2. D。事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第2段的內(nèi)容(尤其是最后一句話)尤其是最后一句話可推知此題最佳答案為D。3. C。主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的So far, only a handful of cores have been drilled 可知，資料收集不是很容易。4. C。主旨大意題。文章主要講的是亞馬孫熱帶雨林難以預料的

22、變化，所以選C為佳。為佳。(融化的) snow and gathering clouds may be signs of global warming. The average temperature on Earth for last year was the second warmest since written records began 140 years ago.The global average surface temperature in 2001 was 14.42 degrees centigrade, the World Meteorological Organizat

23、ion said. The record, set in 1998, was 14.58 degrees centigrade. “Temperatures are getting hotter, and they are getting hotter faster now than at any time in the past, ” said Michel Jarraud, a WMO official. Carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) produced from burning fuels is the most common of the so-called greenhou

24、se gases. The growing concentration(集中) in the atmosphere of these gases is thought to be warming the Earth. “Most of the causes of global warming are due to human action, ” said Ken Davidson, director of WMOs climate programme department.Every year, large amounts of gases produced by factories, car

25、s and burning trees hold in too much heat and cause global warming. Many scientists believe the warming, if not stopped, will cause extreme climate changes this century. MILY: 'Times NThroughout the world, the spreading of particular diseases and other threats(威脅) to human health depend largely

26、on local climates. Extreme temperatures can directly cause loss of life. Warm temperatures can increase air and water pollution, which in turn can harm human health. In the Earths atmosphere there are tiny amounts of gases called greenhouse gases. These gases hold in the heat that comes up from the

27、sun-warmed Earth. As cities have increased in size and population, factories and industries in the world have grown. People need more and more electricity, cars and other things. So more greenhouse gases have been added to the atmosphere. This causes more heat to be trapped than in the past. This is

28、 called the greenhouse effect.1. The subject discussed in the passage is _.A. the growing population of the worldB. the global average surface temperatureC. the increasing greenhouse effect D. the causes of air and water pollution2. According to a WMO official, it is _ that should be blamed for glob

29、al warming.A. modern factories impressive            B. mankindC. carbon dioxide                           

30、60;   D. burning fuels3. The rising of the earth temperature will finally result in _.A. the spreading of particular diseases  B. air and water pollutionC. extreme climate changes                 D. loss o

31、f life4. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Air and water pollution is caused by global warming.B. Greenhouse gases do no good to human beings C. With the air getting hotter, people need more and more electricity, cars and other things.D. The average temperature on Earth for

32、1998 was the warmest according to written records【答案與解析】本文向我們介紹了由于環(huán)境污染而引起的全球變暖的現(xiàn)象。1. C。主旨大意題。本文討論的是全球變暖的現(xiàn)象，而造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因是溫室效應，文章在最后也對溫室效應做了解釋，故答案為C。2. B。事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第四段中的 most of the causes of global warming are due to human action, said Ken Davidson, director of WMOs climate programme department可知答案為B。3.

33、D。事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第六段中的 Extreme temperatures can directly cause loss of life可知此題的最佳答案為D。4. D。事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段中的 The record, set in 1998, was 14.58 degrees centigrade可知答案D正確We have two daughters: Kristen is seven years old and Kelly is four. Last Sunday evening, we invited some people home for dinner. I dressed t

34、hem nicely for the party, and told them that their job was to join Mommy in answering the door when the bell rang. Mommy would introduce them to the guests, and then they would take the guests coats upstairs and put them on the bed in the second bedroom.The guests arrived. I introduced my two daught

35、ers to each of them. The adults were nice and kind and said how lucky we were to have such good kids.Each of the guests made a particular fuss over Kelly, the younger one, admiring her dress, her hair and her smile. They said she was a remarkable girl to be carrying coats upstairs at her age. I thou

36、ght to myself that we adults usually make a big “to do” over the younger one because shes the one who seems more easily hurt. We do it with the best of intentions.But we seldom think of how it might affect the other child. I was a little worried that Kristen would feel she was being outshined. I was

37、 about to serve dinner when I realized that she had been missing for twenty minutes. I ran upstairs and found her in the bedroom, crying.I said, “What are you doing, my dear?”She turned to me with a sad expression and said, “Mommy, why dont people like me the way they like my sister? Is it because I

38、m not pretty? Is that why they dont say le: exactnice things about me as much?”I tried to explain to her, kissing and hugging her to make her feel better.Now, whenever I visit a friends home, I make it a point to speak to the elder child first.1. The underlined expression “make a big to do over”(par

39、agraph 4) means _.   A. show much concern about         B. have a special effect on   C. list jobs to be done for       &-line-nbsp;       D. do good things for2. The guests pr

40、aised Kelly for carrying coats upstairs because of her _.   A. beautiful hair                            B. pretty clothes   C. lovely smile 

41、;                             D. young age3. Kristen felt sad and cried because _.   A. the guest gave her more coats to carry   B. she didn

42、t look as pretty as Kelly  C. the guests praised her sister more than her   D. her mother didn【答案與解析】文章主要講的是在一次聚會上作者的兩個女兒Kelly和Kristen的故事。選A。通讀全文，根據(jù)文章整體內(nèi)容以及當時聚會上人們對待兩個孩子的不同態(tài)度，可以推出此題最佳答案為A。2. 選D。根據(jù)文章第D3段中的 They said she was a remarkable girl to be carrying coats upstairs at her ag

43、e 可推知此題最佳答案為D。3. 選C。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第 3 段中的 why dont people like me the way they like my sister 可知此題最佳答案為 4. 選D。比較所給的四個選項，再結(jié)合文章中所發(fā)生的故事，用排除法可知選項D最佳。  三、全真模擬Dorothea Shaw is 71 years old and nearly blind, and she chose to live alone far away from people. She lives in Belizea country the size of Wales with

44、a population only that of Swansea. Her home is at Gales Point, a tiny village which can be reached only by sea or air: after a 10-mile walk into the hills one finally reaches a piece of land and two small houses so hidden in the thick over-grown forest that only a handful of people know Dorothea is

45、there. She lives happily and totally alone growing her vegetables, looking after her trees and dogs, cats and chickens. Once a month or so an old friend passed by with her food supplies and lettersusually including a letter from her sister in Scunthorpe and some bits of clothing from friends in Cana

46、da. Sometimes a local man will come and cut wood for her and a group of British soldiers will come across her and be greeted with the offer of a cup of coffee. At night she lies in her tiny sleeping room with the dogs on the floor, the cats on the table near the typewriter and one of the hens settle

47、d down in a corner of the bookshelf, and listens for hours to any Spanish, English, German or French broadcasts she can find on her radio. Sometimes she gets lonely but most of the time the animals and the radio are company enough. But recently the very things she had tried to get free from so well

48、have begun to catch up with her. The peace of the forest has been destroyed by the noise of earth moving machines not many miles away. What she once only heard of distantly on the radio is now on her doorstep. Things began to change 3 years ago. The new main north-south road in Belize was cut throug

49、h the forest only four or five miles away. “Now more and more people know Im here, ” she says, “I feel more and more uneasy each day.” 1. This passage mainly tells us _. A. how Dorothea lives alone in a lonely place B. why Dorothea lives in such a lonely placeC. what kind of place Dorothea lives in

50、D. what kind of person Dorothea is2. Dorothea spends a lot of her time _. A. growing vegetables                  B. raising chickensC. talking with the soldiers         &

51、#160; D. listening to the radio3. We can infer that Dorothea lives a _ life. A. wealthy and happy                  B. simple and easyC. hard but happy           

52、;            D. wealthy but uneasy 4. What makes Dorothea feel more and more uneasy?A. She is becoming older and older. B. Something is wrong with her eyes. C. The peace of the forest has been destroyed. D. Her living supplies are getting shorte

53、r and shorter. 【答案與解析】本文主要講述一位老人在一偏僻的地方過著清靜的生活，但最近這里將修建一條新路，老人因此感到不安。1.選A。通讀全文可知，文章主要講的是這位老人如何一個人過著安靜清閑的生活，因此最佳答案為A。通讀全文可知，文章主要講的是這位老人如何一個人過著安靜清閑的生活，因此最佳答案為。2. 選D。根據(jù)第3段最后一句話 Sometimes she gets lonely but most of the time the animals and the radio are company enough可知答案為D。3. 選B。根據(jù)文章最后一句話she says “I f

54、eel more and more uneasy each day.” 可知她原來的生活是簡單而快樂的，所以答案選B。4. 選C。根據(jù) The new main north-south road in Belize was cut through the forest only four or five miles away. “Now more and more people know Im here, ” she says, “I feel more and more uneasy each day.” 可知這與ur or five miles away. “Now more and mo

55、re people know Im here,她原來的生活完全不同，即平靜的生活被打亂了，故答案選C。1. 事實細節(jié)題。這類題主要考查考生對英語文章事實細節(jié)的掌握情況。它又分為兩種情況：一是詞語細節(jié)類，其答案幾乎可以直接從原文中找出來，考生只要根據(jù)題干中的關鍵詞與原文進行對照，就能找到答案；二是隱含細節(jié)類，這類題雖然不能直接從原文中的找到對應的詞或短語，但考生可以根據(jù)文章的隱含意義，如原因、前提或結(jié)果等仔細推敲出答案來。細節(jié)類試題的提問方式很多而且靈活，提問的對象涉及短文中的時間、距離、數(shù)量或原因、結(jié)果、方式等具體的細節(jié)，有的需要先進行計算才能得出答案，有的先要找出文章的相應部分才能得出答案，

56、也有的要把文章中所有的相關細節(jié)全部找出來才能得出答案。常用的提問句型有：What does the author say in?According to the passage, where / when / why / how / who?What is the reason for?Which of the following is (NOT) true?Which of the following is (NOT) mentioned?The writer mentioned all of the following EXCEPT2. 推理判斷題。這類題不僅考查考生對文章中某些句子字面意

57、思的理解，而且還考查對句子間邏輯關系的理解、對事物發(fā)展結(jié)果的推導。這方面的出題多、難度大，考生可得小心。其提問的常用方式有：What can be inferred / concluded from?What do you think3.詞義猜測題和語義理解題。這類題主要考查考生對英語文章中生詞的解釋意義、代詞的指代意義及短語或句子的含義。其常見的提問方式有：What does the word / phrase in Paragraphmean?Which of the following can replace the word / phrase “” in Paragraph“” is4

58、. 主旨大意題。這類題主要考查考生對文章中心思想、段落大意的歸納、總結(jié)及概括能力。其提問的方式常有：The title of this passage should beWhich this passage should beWhat is the main idea of this passage?What does the writer mainly tell us in this passage?5.  觀點態(tài)度題。這類題主要考查考生對作者在文章中所表露出來的觀點、感情、態(tài)度、目的、意圖的理解。考生要能夠從文章的用詞、語氣或?qū)δ硞€細節(jié)的陳述來推斷作者的態(tài)度、觀點等。其提問的常見

59、方式有：What is the opinion of the writer in this passage?What is the writers attitude towards?What does the writer think?What is the purpose of the writer in this passage? 英語閱讀理解長難句的處理技巧  一個英語句子之所以難以理解，有許多原因，其中一個主要原因是句子太長或者句子結(jié)構(gòu)復雜。句子過長或者復雜無非是該句除了主干之外還包含了一些附加部分，如插入語、同位語、分隔現(xiàn)象、各種從句或較長的非謂語動詞短語等等。這些附屬成分

60、常有逗號或分隔符號與句子隔開，且插在一個句子中間，使本來完整的句子被斷開，因而增加句意理解的難度。分析長難度的基本方法是：首先，判斷該句是簡單句、并列句還是復合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主語和謂語，再分清句子附屬成分。下面我們來談談幾種長難句的處理技巧。下面我們來談談幾種長難句的處理技巧。一、處理長難句的原則方法如果待處理的長難句為一個復雜的單句，可這樣處理：跳讀修飾成分，迅速找出主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。這樣一來，我們便可以將長句化為短句，將難句化為易句。具體步驟是：先跳讀修飾成分或附加成分，找出句子的主干并理解其意義；然后再分段理解修飾成分或附加成分。如果待處理的長難句為一個復雜的并列句，可這樣處

61、理：先找出其中的并列連詞，然后再根據(jù)并列連詞的意思理清句子前后是順連關系還是反連關系，是因果關系還是轉(zhuǎn)折關系等，最后再根據(jù)不同的語境關系正確理解句意。如果待處理的長難句為一個復雜的主從復合句，可這樣處理：先分清主句與從句，然后弄清從句的性質(zhì)，即弄清它是什么從句果待處理的長難句為一個復雜的主從復合句，可這樣處理：先分清主句與從句，然后弄清名詞性從句，還是狀語從句，或是定語從句。注意，弄清從句性質(zhì)對于理解復合句的意思至關重要。另外，有一點要提醒同學們，在處理長難句時，如果既能正確理解句意，又能將其準確地譯成中文，那是最好了。但是，對于有些長難句，要在較短時間內(nèi)（如在參加考試時）將其譯成中文比較困難

62、，此時只要能正確理解其意思就行了，如果硬要勉為其難地譯成中文，不僅會浪費時間，而且在許多情況也沒有必要。二、經(jīng)典 真題實例分析下面這篇文章共有194個單詞，卻只有9個句子，平均每個句子大約有22個單詞，是近幾年 英語閱讀理解中一篇比較典型的集中含有長難句的文章。 a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor S

63、t. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海軍上將) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.Coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned as the most distant islandis Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbour, Pitcairn Island, a