初中英語(yǔ)_句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和類型講解、練習(xí)

1、一句子成分句子一般由兩個(gè)部分組成：主語(yǔ)部分（ subject group）謂語(yǔ)部分（ predicate group）句子成分（1）S - subject 主語(yǔ) ：句子的主體，全句述說(shuō)的對(duì)象。一般由名詞,主格代詞,動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)名詞或從句擔(dān)任,常置于句首。I like football.The boy needs a pen. （2）VVerb INO=Indirect Object(間接賓語(yǔ));DO=Direct Object(直接賓語(yǔ));謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。常置于主語(yǔ)后。The train leaves at 6 oclock.I want a ticket.（3）

2、O - object 賓語(yǔ)：表示vt.的動(dòng)作對(duì)象或prep.所聯(lián)系的對(duì)象。由n.或相當(dāng)于n.的詞擔(dān)任。置于vt.或prep.后。He won the game. On the deskTome lost his life in the big fire.（4）P - predicative 表語(yǔ)1、用以表述主語(yǔ)的特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。由n.或adj.擔(dān)任。置于系動(dòng)詞之后。He is a student.2、除了be 系動(dòng)詞外，還有一些動(dòng)詞也可以用作系動(dòng)詞，1)表感官的動(dòng)詞: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2) 表轉(zhuǎn)變變化的動(dòng)詞:

3、become, get, grow, turn, go,等3)表延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。（5）Attri.-attribute 定語(yǔ)：對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，漢語(yǔ)中常用的表示,通常位于被修飾的成分前。The black bike is mine.說(shuō)明1：當(dāng)定語(yǔ)修飾不定代詞如：nothing , anything ,everything , something 等時(shí)，定語(yǔ)要放在其后作后置定語(yǔ) 我告訴他一些有趣的事情。 I tell him something interesting . 2：不定式、短語(yǔ)或從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，也放在

4、被修飾的名詞之后。 這間屋子里的男孩子們是10班的。 The boys in the room are in Class Ten. (6)Adv.- adverb 狀語(yǔ)：用以修飾adj. /v. /adv.及全句,位置靈活。通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語(yǔ)一般位于句子兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首，一些表示不確定時(shí)間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語(yǔ)通常位于be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞之前。(7)Oc - object complement 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的情況 。由n. /adj. /介

5、賓 /分詞 /不定式等擔(dān)任。They made him king.I consider the book too expensive.I am very sorry.We often help him. When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . （從句作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)) 練習(xí)一1句子成分判斷：A. 指出下列句中主語(yǔ)的中心詞1）The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. 2）There is an old man coming here. 3）To do tod

6、ay's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. B. 選出句中謂語(yǔ)的中心詞1）I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't                    B. like       

7、;         C. picture       D. wall 2）The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get                       B. l

8、onger            C. days   D. summer 3）Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do                       B. usually  

9、          C. go               D. bus 4）There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be             

10、60;    B. meeting          C. the library  D. afternoon 5）Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did                     

11、B. twins              C. have   D. breakfast C. 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)1）My brother hasn't done his homework. A             B      C   

12、          D 2）People all over the world speak English. A     B                C             

13、60;       D 3）You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. A         B            C           D 4）Some of the students

14、in the school want to go swimming, how about you? A                                         

15、60;   B              C             D 5）They didn't know who "Father Christmas " really is. A        &

16、#160;  B          C                     D D. 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1） She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. A  

17、;         B                      C D 2） He asked her to take the boy out of school. A     B       &#

18、160;    C                   D 3） She found it difficult to do the work. A     B    C            

19、;   D 4） They call me Lily sometimes. A   B   C       D 5） Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? A         B          

20、               C                     D 2. 劃出句中的直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)1)）Please tell us a story. 2）My father bought a new bike for me last

21、week. 3）Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. 4）Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. 5）Did he leave any message for me.二、句子類型（1）簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型1、S(主） + Vi（不及物動(dòng)詞）（謂語(yǔ)） 主謂結(jié)構(gòu):謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,本身能表達(dá)完整的意思,后面不需跟賓語(yǔ),但有時(shí)可跟副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等作狀語(yǔ)。例如：Time flies. 1）S + V + 副詞（狀語(yǔ)）例如：Birds sing beautifully.2）S + Vi + 介詞短語(yǔ)（狀語(yǔ)）例如：He we

22、nt on holiday. 3）S + Vi + 不定式（狀語(yǔ)）例如：We stopped to have a rest. 4）S + Vi + 分詞（狀語(yǔ)）例如：I'll go swimming. 小練習(xí)1). 學(xué)生們學(xué)習(xí)很努力。_2). 她再次向我道歉。 _3). 事故是昨天晚上發(fā)生的。 _2、S (主）+ Vt （及物動(dòng)詞）（謂語(yǔ)）+ O（賓語(yǔ)）主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：此句型的特點(diǎn)是:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞,不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須跟有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。例如：We like English. 1）S + Vt + 名詞/代詞例如：I like music. 2）S + Vt + 不定式 例如：I wa

23、nt to help him. 說(shuō)明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：decide, hope, learn, need, promise, want, 等。 3）S + Vt + 疑問(wèn)詞 + 不定式 例如：I don't know what to do. 說(shuō)明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：ask, decide, find out, forget, know等。 4）S + Vt + 動(dòng)名詞例如：I enjoy living here. 說(shuō)明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有： advise, enjoy, finish, mind, practise等。 5）S + Vt + 賓語(yǔ)從句例如：I don'

24、;t think (that) he is right. 說(shuō)明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有： hope, know, notice, think, wonder等。 小練習(xí)1、我昨天看了一部電影。_.2、You place me in a difficult situation._。3、They finally managed to get along with us. _。4、They have _ _ _ of the children這些孩子他們照看得很好。5、I dont like being treated like this._?！倦y點(diǎn)】3、S (主）+ V（謂語(yǔ)）( 系動(dòng)詞）+ P（表

25、語(yǔ)）主系表結(jié)構(gòu)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是連系動(dòng)詞,不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須加上一個(gè)表明主語(yǔ)特征、身份、狀態(tài)的表語(yǔ)。例如：We are Chinese. 1）S + V + 名詞/代詞 例如：He is a boy. 2）S + V + 形容詞 例如：She is beautiful. 3）S + V + Adv 副詞 例如：Class is over. 4）S + V + 介詞短語(yǔ)例如：He is in good health. 5）S + V+ 分詞例如：He is excited. 說(shuō)明 .除了be 系動(dòng)詞外，還有一些動(dòng)詞也可以用作系動(dòng)詞，表感官的動(dòng)詞，feel, smell, taste, sound

26、, look, seem 等。表轉(zhuǎn)變變化的動(dòng)詞，become, get, grow, turn, go,等。 表延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞 keep, seem等。表瞬時(shí)的動(dòng)詞 come, fall等。.表語(yǔ)也就是主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。小練習(xí) 1、Don't have the food. _.不要吃那種食物，它已經(jīng)變質(zhì)了2、The fact _ _.      這個(gè)事實(shí)證明是正確的。3、We should _ _ any time.    我們?cè)谌魏螘r(shí)候都應(yīng)該保持謙虛。4、這種食物嘗起來(lái)很糟糕。_.【難點(diǎn)】4、S (主）+ Vt（

27、謂語(yǔ)）+ In O（間接賓語(yǔ)）+ D O（直接賓語(yǔ)）主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明 間接賓語(yǔ)前需要加to 的常用動(dòng)詞有： bring, give, lend, pass, pay, read, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。 S + Vt + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ) 例如：I sent him a book. 小練習(xí)1、Yesterday her father _ _ _ _ as a birthday        present.   昨天她父親給她買了一輛

28、自行車作為生日禮物。2、The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March._ _。間接賓語(yǔ)前需要加for 的常用動(dòng)詞有： buy, get, make 等。 S + Vt + 直接賓語(yǔ)+ To/for + 間接賓語(yǔ) 例如：He sent a book to me. 小練習(xí)1、 Please show me your picture. =Please _ _ _ _ _.   請(qǐng)把你的畫給我看一下。2、I'll offer you a good chance as long as you don

29、 t lose heart. =I'll offer _ _ _ _ _ as long as you don't lose heart.只要你不失去信心，我會(huì)給你提供機(jī)會(huì)的。5、S (主）+ Vt（謂語(yǔ)）+ O（賓語(yǔ)） + O C（賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）主謂賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞雖然跟有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ),但意思還不完整,必須加上另外一個(gè)成分(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))對(duì)賓語(yǔ)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明?？梢杂米髻e語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的有:名詞、形容詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等。例如：I make you clear. 強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間通常具有邏輯主謂關(guān)系。1）S + Vt + 賓語(yǔ) + 名詞 例如：We named our

30、 baby Tom. 說(shuō)明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：call, find, make, name等。 2）S + Vt + 賓語(yǔ) + 形容詞 例如：He painted the wall white. 說(shuō)明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：cut, find, keep, leave, make, see, wash等。 3）S + Vt + 賓語(yǔ) + 介詞短語(yǔ)例如：She always keeps everything in good order. 4）S + Vt + 賓語(yǔ) + 不定式例如：I wish you to stay. 說(shuō)明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：不定式帶to的詞： ask, invite,

31、 tell, want, warn, wish等。不定式不帶to的詞：have, know, let, make, notice, see, watch等。 5）S + Vt + 賓語(yǔ) + 分詞 例如：I heard my name called（表示被動(dòng)）. I feel something moving（表示進(jìn)行）. 說(shuō)明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有： notice, observe, see, watch等。 6）S + Vt + 賓語(yǔ) + 疑問(wèn)詞 + 不定式例如：He show me how to do it. 說(shuō)明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：ask, show, teach, tell等。小練

32、習(xí)1、 Keep _, please. 請(qǐng)讓孩子們安靜下來(lái)。2、 他把墻漆成白色。_.3、 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。_.練習(xí)二1、判斷下列各句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。 1）Mr. Black is English. SVC 2）The teacher taught us some new words. _ SVOO 3）The temperature dropped. _SV 4）They turned to the right. _SV 5）I would like to be your pen-friend. _SVO 6）I have short black hair and brown eyes

33、. _SVO 7）I have a brother called Edwin. _SVOC（2）簡(jiǎn)單句種類一、陳述句：用來(lái)說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)的句子叫陳述句。它有肯定式和否定式兩種形式。陳述句的肯定式：He is a middle school student.（他是個(gè)中學(xué)生。） I have a hammer in my hand.（我手上有把錘子。） She teaches us geography.（她教我們地理。） The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.（新的話劇非常好大家都喜歡。）陳述句的否定

34、式：1)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),在它們的后面加“not”。如： My brother is not a teacher.（我的弟弟不是教師。） He does not have a cousin.（他沒有堂兄弟。） I will not go there tomorrow.（明天我不去那兒。） My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen.（我母親現(xiàn)在不在廚房里做飯。） You must not make such mistakes again.（你不該再犯類似錯(cuò)誤了。）

35、60;We havent discussed the question yet.（我們還沒有討論那個(gè)問(wèn)題呢。）2)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果沒有上述詞語(yǔ)而是其他動(dòng)詞時(shí)，須在它的前面加do not(dont)、does not(doesnt)、did not(didnt)。如： I dont know anything about it.(此事我一無(wú)所知。) Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.（李明不在農(nóng)村養(yǎng)豬。） We didnt expect to meet her right here.（我們沒指望著在這里見到她。）

36、 We didnt have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我們沒有開會(huì)。)3)如果“have”作“有”講，也可以在它后面加not構(gòu)成否定式，其形式與have got的否定式相同。如： I havent (got) any brothers or sisters.（我沒有兄弟姐妹。） I havent been to China before.（我以前沒有去過(guò)中國(guó)。）注意句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等詞時(shí)，用not一般構(gòu)成部分否定；如果要完全否定，則通常使用none、neither、notat

37、all等；All of them went there.None of them went there.（他們?nèi)既チ四抢锼麄內(nèi)紱]去那里。）句子中含有l(wèi)ittle、few、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等詞時(shí)，則視為否定句。如： Few people live there because life there is very hard.（幾乎沒有人生活在那里因?yàn)槟抢锏纳钐D難了。）陳述句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其他)在口語(yǔ)中可以直接表示疑問(wèn),表示驚訝或明知故問(wèn)。如：  Thats your boss?（那就是你的老板？）陳述句一般情況下應(yīng)使用正常的

38、語(yǔ)序，即：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其他。但是有時(shí)會(huì)倒裝，如: The old man Here you are.（給你。） Laughed the monkey and away he went.（猴子笑著離開了。）所有的從句一律使用陳述句語(yǔ)序，即在連接詞后采用“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其他”的順序。如： The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home. （老人告訴我說(shuō)他還要在這兒住幾年然后回家。） Could you tell me who you sa

39、w at the party last night?（能告訴我在聚會(huì)上你都看見了誰(shuí)嗎？）2、疑問(wèn)句：一般疑問(wèn)句： 用“yes”或“no”來(lái)回答的疑問(wèn)句叫做一般疑問(wèn)句。1)一般疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成：句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是to be、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),則將它們(提前)放到主語(yǔ)前面。如：Is he an engineer?（他是工程師嗎？） Have you got todays newspaper? （你有今天的報(bào)紙嗎？） Shall we go to see a film this evening? （我們今晚去看電影好嗎？） Can you explain it ?（你能解釋它嗎

40、？） Is there any fish for supper?（晚飯有魚嗎？） Would you like to go out for a walk?（你想出去散步嗎？）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果沒有上述詞語(yǔ)而是其他動(dòng)詞時(shí)，則在主語(yǔ)前面加助動(dòng)詞do / does / did, 原來(lái)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為原形。如： Do you get up at six every morning?（你天天早晨六點(diǎn)起身嗎？） Does she study hard?（她學(xué)習(xí)努力嗎？） Did you go there yesterday?（昨天你去那兒了嗎？）2)一般疑問(wèn)句的回

41、答：一般疑問(wèn)句通常用簡(jiǎn)略形式來(lái)回答。如：Will you join us in playing basketball?（你加入我們打籃球好嗎？）  Yes, we will.（是的我們會(huì)。）/ No, we wont.（不我們不會(huì)。）Have you got todays newspaper?（你有今天的報(bào)紙嗎？）  Yes, I have .（是的有。）/ No, I havent.（不沒有。）回答時(shí)所用的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)和問(wèn)句里的時(shí)態(tài)一致。3)一般疑問(wèn)句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)(即否定形式的一般疑問(wèn)句)表示驚奇、責(zé)怪、建議、看法等,只要將“not”置于主語(yǔ)之后或者將“not”放到主語(yǔ)之前與be

42、, have等助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞合并在一起就可以了。如： Will he not come?（他難道不來(lái)嗎？） Isnt your sister a Party member?（你的姐姐不是黨員嗎？） Havent you any brothers?（你沒有哥哥嗎？） Dont you like the play?（你難道不喜歡這個(gè)話劇嗎？） Cant we walk a little farther?（我們不能走遠(yuǎn)些嗎？） Wont you sit down?（你不想坐下嗎？） Hasnt she heard of the

43、matter?（她沒聽說(shuō)過(guò)這事兒？）這種否定結(jié)構(gòu)的疑問(wèn)句的回答與漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定結(jié)構(gòu)”；如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定結(jié)構(gòu)”。(情況與反意問(wèn)句類似。)如：Cant he answer the question? (他不能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎？)Yes,he can.(不,他能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。) No,he cant. (是的,他不能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。) 3特殊疑問(wèn)句：要求具體回答的問(wèn)句。1)特殊疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)是： 疑問(wèn)代詞 +一般疑問(wèn)句+？除who以外的疑問(wèn)代詞短語(yǔ)疑問(wèn)副詞 如：What do you want?（你要什么？） &

44、#160; Who(m) are you looking for ?（你在找誰(shuí)？）   Whose magazine is this?（這是誰(shuí)的雜志？）   Which class are you in?（你在哪班？）   When did you get up this morning?（你今早什么時(shí)候起身的？）   Where have you been?（你到哪兒去了？）   Why did he go to bed so early?（他為什么這么早睡覺？）   Ho

45、w did you go there?（你是怎么去的那兒？）但是,“who”引出的詢問(wèn)主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)部分相關(guān)詞的特殊疑問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu)與陳述句詞序相同：如：   Who is dancing over there?（誰(shuí)在那邊跳舞？）有時(shí)“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出與陳述句詞序相同的特殊疑問(wèn)句。如：   What is on the wall?（什么東西在墻上？/墻上有什么？）   Which is yours?（哪個(gè)是你的？）   Whose book is in your bag?（誰(shuí)的書在你的書

46、包里？）注意從陳述句改為特殊問(wèn)句時(shí)，先將句子改為一般問(wèn)句，再將(劃線)提問(wèn)部分更改為疑問(wèn)詞置于句首，特別要注意助動(dòng)詞的使用！如果只對(duì)主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的修飾詞提問(wèn)，那么只需要將疑問(wèn)部分改為疑問(wèn)詞即可。2)常用疑問(wèn)代詞和疑問(wèn)副詞：    疑問(wèn)代詞： who, whom, whose, which, what,    疑問(wèn)副詞： when, where, why, how,    how構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)：how many (多少個(gè)) (獨(dú)立用；或跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù))，how much (多少) (獨(dú)立用；或跟不可數(shù)名詞)，ho

47、w old (多大年紀(jì))，how far (多遠(yuǎn))，how often (多久一次，問(wèn)頻率)，how long (多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間)，how soon (多久以后)，how many times (多少次)，等等。3)特殊疑問(wèn)句有時(shí)也用否定式。如：   Why dont you ask Jim instead?(?？s略為Why not?) (你為什么不轉(zhuǎn)請(qǐng)Jim呢？)4) 特殊疑問(wèn)句疑問(wèn)部分有時(shí)可以有兩個(gè)以上的疑問(wèn)詞。如：   When and where were you born? (你是何時(shí)何地出生的？)5) 疑問(wèn)詞如果是介詞的賓語(yǔ),則該介詞可以在句首,也

48、可以在句尾。如：   What do you want a computer for? = For what do you want a computer?   (你干嘛要一臺(tái)電腦呢？) 反意疑問(wèn)句： 反意疑問(wèn)句表示對(duì)陳述句所說(shuō)的事實(shí)提出相反的疑問(wèn)，要求對(duì)方用“yes”或“no”來(lái)進(jìn)行回答。1) 構(gòu)成：由兩部分組成：前一部分是陳述句，后一部分是疑問(wèn)句，它是由be ,have, 助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如果陳述句是肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，反意疑問(wèn)句須用否定結(jié)構(gòu)；反之，陳述句如果是否定結(jié)構(gòu)，反意疑問(wèn)句須用肯定結(jié)構(gòu)。反意疑問(wèn)句的兩部分，必須保持人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的一致

49、；反意疑問(wèn)句的回答有時(shí)會(huì)和漢語(yǔ)不同。 陳述句部分附加問(wèn)句部分注 意 點(diǎn)肯定陳述句否定的簡(jiǎn)短一般問(wèn)句當(dāng)陳述句部分含有“是”動(dòng)詞、(“有”動(dòng)詞)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞時(shí),簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句中沿用該詞；否則就使用do/does/did.否定陳述句肯定的簡(jiǎn)短一般問(wèn)句如：He is old, isnt he? (他老了不是嗎？)      The man went away, didnt he? (那個(gè)男人走開了不是嗎？)     He isnt old, is he? (他不老是嗎？)    He

50、 never went there, did he? (他從沒有去過(guò)那里是嗎？)2) 反意問(wèn)句的回答：無(wú)論哪種形式的反意問(wèn)句，回答時(shí)要遵循：“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式”    如：The man went away, didnt he? (那人走開了,不是嗎？)          Yes, he did. (是的,他走了。) /No, he didnt. (不,他沒有走。)      The man never went there, did he? (這人從來(lái)不去那里,是嗎？)  &