新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)新要求--談獲得高分的高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)特性

1、新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)新要求-談獲得高分的高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)特性 新頒行的普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（實(shí)驗(yàn)稿）明確指出，寫作教學(xué)的目的是通過(guò)對(duì)學(xué)生激活靈感、激發(fā)興趣、整理思路、組織素材、規(guī)劃結(jié)構(gòu)、遣詞造句等基本寫作技能的培養(yǎng)，使他們能表達(dá)事實(shí)、觀點(diǎn)、情感、想象力、交流信息，培養(yǎng)規(guī)范的寫作習(xí)慣。與以往的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱中規(guī)定的能在日常生活中，寫簡(jiǎn)單的書信和通知，書寫格式和行文，以及詞語(yǔ)無(wú)嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤的要求相比，新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的寫作要求提高了一個(gè)新的層次，更加突出了對(duì)謀篇布局，遣詞造句，情感表達(dá)的要求。本文依據(jù)新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)寫作提出的新要求，并結(jié)合實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)，談?wù)劔@得高分的高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)五大特性： 一、條理性 條理性是指要合理布局

2、文章結(jié)構(gòu)，首先，在文章思路、組織材料、敘述順序等方面要有一定的條理性。例如：題目要求寫一篇敘述文，可以按照事情發(fā)展的先后順序來(lái)寫，若介紹某一場(chǎng)所，可按照空間順序來(lái)安排行文順序；若是一篇議論文，就應(yīng)該按照所議論觀點(diǎn)順序來(lái)安排結(jié)構(gòu)。全文結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)注意首尾呼應(yīng)，前后相聯(lián)。其次，根據(jù)需要安排好段落，各段之間要層次分明，每一段落的開頭和結(jié)尾也要重視，開頭語(yǔ)往往是總起句，結(jié)尾往往是總結(jié)句。 例如：2001年高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)范文:Dear Dick, How nice to hear from you again. You want to know what is going on in schools in

3、China? In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce the learning load. I don't know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have more free time, I can follow my own interests such as re

4、ading books, visiting museurns, and taking computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. What's more, I can go to bed earlier. As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.Li Hua 二、準(zhǔn)確性 準(zhǔn)確性是指要求寫出語(yǔ)法正確的句子，包括對(duì)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、用詞和句法等，但是不少考生由于受漢語(yǔ)思維習(xí)慣的影響，在

5、寫作時(shí)自覺不自覺地產(chǎn)生不規(guī)范的表達(dá)。要做到準(zhǔn)確。地道地表達(dá)文章，首先必須要牢記掌握一些常用句型或習(xí)慣表達(dá)，避免中文式英語(yǔ)，在實(shí)踐中不斷總結(jié)中英表達(dá)差異，養(yǎng)成用英語(yǔ)思維寫作的習(xí)慣。試體會(huì)下面句子漢英表達(dá)上的差異。 （1）我等待著你的到來(lái)。 錯(cuò)誤或失誤: I'm waiting for you to come. 修改意見: I'm looking forward to your arrival. （NMET 2003范文） （2）現(xiàn)在我詳細(xì)地給你介紹屋子的情況。 錯(cuò)誤或失誤:Now I am going to introduce the room to you carefully.

6、 修改意見:Now I am going tog give you a detailed description of the room.（NMET 2003范文） （3）工人們熱烈歡迎我們來(lái)參觀農(nóng)場(chǎng)。 錯(cuò)誤或失誤:The worker welcomed us to visit the farm. 修改意見:The worker gave us a warm welcome. （NMET 1998范文） 其次，要多讀多背，在精讀中汲取營(yíng)養(yǎng)，對(duì)于好的句子最好背誦下來(lái)，適時(shí)用于寫作訓(xùn)練中。其中，英語(yǔ)中的一些常識(shí)性語(yǔ)句就是非常典型的背誦材料。如:在寫通知時(shí)， 開頭語(yǔ):Attention, pleas

7、e./May I have your attention, please?/I'll have an announcement to make. 結(jié)尾語(yǔ):Don't forget the time and the address./I'm sure you'll have a lot of fun./That's all, thank you. 在寫參觀歡迎詞時(shí),開頭語(yǔ):Welcome to our city./Now let me tell you something about our school. 結(jié)尾語(yǔ):I'm sure you'

8、;ll have a good trip. That's all. Thank you. 寫(回)信時(shí)，開頭語(yǔ):I am glad to hear from you.I'm writing to tell you something aboutHow are you getting along with your studies?I really don't know how to thank you for your 結(jié)尾語(yǔ):Please give my best regards toI'm looking forward to hearing from yo

9、u soonRemember me to your parents等。 正確牢記這些慣用語(yǔ)，無(wú)疑可以增添句子表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性，減少不必要的錯(cuò)誤，從而提高書面表達(dá)的檔次。 三、流暢性 流暢性是指根據(jù)整篇文章意思的需要，有效采用不同的連接手段，以使文章層次清晰，行文連貫。關(guān)聯(lián)詞就是常用的連接手段之 1.表示平行、對(duì)等或選擇關(guān)系 and，bothand，as well as，neithernor，also，not only.but also but，yet, however，nevertheless，in spite of，although，otherwise，while on the contrary

10、，instead of, on the other hand，just like，unlike so，for，therefore，as a resut，because，owing to，due to，thanks to，on account of 5.表示時(shí)間、順序關(guān)系 shorty after, first, second, then, next, finally, for one thing, for another thing, in the end, eventually 6.表示遞進(jìn)、強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系 besides，furthermore，what's more，inadditio

11、n, moreover，worse still, above all，to make matters worse 7.表示解釋、說(shuō)明關(guān)系 namely, actually, such as, for example, for instance，that is to say，in other words，and so on，to tell you the truth，according to this in short，in brief，in a word, in general，as you know，as far as I know，on the whole 這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞的恰當(dāng)使用無(wú)疑能使全文

12、過(guò)渡自然，令讀者對(duì)后續(xù)的句子產(chǎn)生心理的期待和準(zhǔn)備，增強(qiáng)句子間的邏輯性和緊湊性。本文前面刊載的NMET 2001書面表達(dá)范文，就使用了許多關(guān)聯(lián)詞（見范文劃線處）。 四、簡(jiǎn)潔多樣性 簡(jiǎn)潔性就是做到語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔，不重復(fù)。多樣性就是能隨情景內(nèi)容的變化寫出句式多樣的語(yǔ)句。新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中寫作的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)了語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的能力:語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯要豐富。因此，在確保行文準(zhǔn)確流暢的前提下，需要文字清新簡(jiǎn)潔，語(yǔ)句靈活多變，使文章的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)更加豐富多彩。我們可以采用以下幾種方式： 1.合理利用介詞或名詞代替動(dòng)詞，能有效降低句子的復(fù)雜性，在令句子通順自然的同時(shí)，也能減少語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。試體會(huì)下面黑體部分被括號(hào)內(nèi)詞語(yǔ)替代后的效果。 (

13、1)The flat has an area of 25 square metres and there is a bedroom, a bathroom, and a kitchen, (with) (2)1 was pleased to hear from you and am writing to tell you something that has taken place in our school, (about) (3)1 have a surprise to give you. (for) 2.使用短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化或合并短句。常用的結(jié)構(gòu)由介詞短語(yǔ)、名詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)

14、構(gòu)、同位語(yǔ)等結(jié)構(gòu)。 (1) The young man pointed to a policeman not far away and said, "He stopped us an hour ago and told us to catch the offender". 修改意見: Pointing to a policeman not far away, the young man explained, "He stopped us an hour ago and told us to catch the offender. "(NMET 1997范

15、文) (2) My brother was riding the bike and I sat on the seat behind him. 修改意見:My brother was riding the bike with me sitting on the seat behind. (NMET1997) 3. 通過(guò)合句，將意義相關(guān)的幾個(gè)句子，用一定的連接方式連接起來(lái)，或通過(guò)緊縮，去掉一些多余的成分可以避免冗長(zhǎng)累贅，松散無(wú)力，使句子凝煉，層次清晰。 (1) I was walking along Park Road towards the east. At that time, an eld

16、erly man came out of the park on the other side of the street. 修改意見 :I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street. (NMET 2000 范文) (2) The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street. It is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. 修改意

17、見 : The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. (NMET 2003 范文) (3) I can follow my own interests. I can read books, visit museums and take computer lessons. 修改意見:I can follow my own interests. Such as reading books, visiting museums and taking computer

18、lessons. (NMET 2001范文) 4.嘗試改變句子的開頭方式，不要一味地都是主語(yǔ)開頭，接著是謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，最后再加一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)。要靈活運(yùn)用諸如倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、主從復(fù)合句、分詞短語(yǔ)等，這樣能增加文章的節(jié)奏和韻律美。 (1) We met at the school gate and went there together early in the morning. 修改意見: Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together.(NMET 1998范文) (2) We had to stand the

19、re to catch the offender. 修改意見 :What we had to do was stand there to catch the offender. (NMET 1997范文) (3)Our brave Ah Fu had saved my little sister. 修改意見: It was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister. (NMET 1993 范文) 5. 思想性 新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)寫作的要求，增加了情感因素，在準(zhǔn)確流暢表達(dá)寫作要點(diǎn)的同時(shí)，適當(dāng)增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，是文章讀起來(lái)親切，完全達(dá)到與

20、讀者進(jìn)行交流的目的。如: (1) Do you think you'll like it? If not, I can try and find another flat for you. (NMET 2001 范文) (表現(xiàn)了作者對(duì)朋友盡職盡責(zé)的心情，回信由此充滿了感情色彩) (2) As far as I know, everyone is happy about the arrangement of things. (NMET 2001范文) (表現(xiàn)了作者對(duì)減負(fù)后的喜悅心情) (3) I hope you can come to China to watch the Olympi

21、c Games in 2008. Then I'II be very happy to be your guide. (NMET 2002北京春季范文) (表現(xiàn)了作者對(duì)朋友的深厚的友誼) 五、1997-2004年春書面表達(dá)真題再現(xiàn)： 2004北京春招：請(qǐng)按照下面6幅圖的提示和所提供的主題句，寫一篇題為"Changes in Our Life"的英語(yǔ)短文。詞數(shù)100左右。Changes in Our LifeOver the past twenty years or so, great changes have taken place in our life. Tak

22、e my family for example. _ One possible versionChanges In Our Life Over the past twenty years or so, great changes have taken place in our life. Take my family for example. My parents contacted others mainly by sending them letters in the past, but now we call long distance at home. And once my pare

23、nts listened to the radio for news and other information, but now we watch the news and other programs on TV. Another big change is in the housing conditions. When they got married about twenty years ago, my parents lived in a small room crowded with furniture, but now we have moved into a big new t

24、hree-room apartment. In short, changes in our life in the past twenty years have brought us comfort and convenience. 2003 NMET：假設(shè)你是李華，你的英國(guó)筆友Bob將于九月到你所在城市的建新華文學(xué)校學(xué)中文，來(lái)信請(qǐng)你在學(xué)校附近為他找一套住房。請(qǐng)根據(jù)圖畫提供的信息，寫信介紹住房的情況，并告知住房面積為25平方米，月租500元。注意：1詞數(shù)：100左右。 2參考詞匯：房租-rent(n .)。Dear Bob:I'm so glad to learn that you&#

25、39;re coming in September. I've found a place for you. It's a small flat of 25 square metres, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. In the bedroom there is a bed, a sofa, a desk and a chair. The rent is 500 Yuan per month. The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far fro

26、m Jianxin Chinese School. Bus No. 11 Can take you straight to the school. In fact, it is only one stop. Do you think you'd like it? If not, I can try and find another place for you. Just let me know.Yours,Li Hua 2003北京春招：為了響應(yīng)38年前毛主席提出的"向雷鋒同志學(xué)習(xí)"的號(hào)召，配合北京迎"奧運(yùn)"宣傳活動(dòng)，光明中學(xué)組織了一次到某汽車站

27、的學(xué)雷鋒活動(dòng)。請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下6幅圖畫，用英語(yǔ)寫一篇日記。注意：1詞數(shù)100左右； 2日記的開頭與結(jié)尾已為你寫好。生詞：奧運(yùn)知識(shí)競(jìng)賽：general knowledge quiz on the Olympic Games Tuesday, March 5, 2002 Fine Thirty-eight years ago, the late Chairman Mao called on us to learn from Lei Feng. To mark the occasion, we organized an activity at a nearby bus station today. _ T

28、oday's activity has taught us the new meaning of the spirit of Lei Feng: Sharing with others what you have - your time, energy, or knowledge - makes you feel warm in your heart. It has truly made a difference in how I feel about myself. One possible version:Tuesday, March 5, 2002 Fine Thirty-eig

29、ht years ago, the late Chairman Mao called on us to learn from Lei Feng. To mark the occasion, we organized an activity at a nearby bus station today. At 8 o'clock in the morning, we arrived at the 712 bus station, where we were warmly welcomed by the drivers and conductors. Then we broke up int

30、o several groups. Some of us taught some drivers and conductors English, while others cleaned the buses. Still others directed traffic at the crossroads near the bus station and helped the elderly cross the street. Staff members of the bus station and our classmates then took part in a general knowl

31、edge quiz on the Olympic Games in the afternoon, which was great fun for both sides. Around four o'clock, we said goodbye to one another, and felt very happy on the way home. Today's activity has taught us the new meaning of the spirit of Lei Feng: Sharing with others what you have-your time

32、, energy, or knowledge-makes you feel warm in your heart. It has truly made a difference in how I feel about myself. 2002 北京：你和李明參加了一次野外生存訓(xùn)練。以下5幅圖畫表現(xiàn)了野外訓(xùn)練活動(dòng)的過(guò)程，請(qǐng)根據(jù)圖示寫一篇英文日記。注意：1、詞數(shù)100左右；2、日記的開頭與結(jié)尾已為你寫好。生詞：指南針:compass n.手電筒:flashlight n.急救包:first-aid kit宿營(yíng)地:campsite n.Saturday, May 4, 2002 Li Ming an

33、d I took part in a wilderness survival program yesterday, and it has been one of the most unforgettable experiences since high school._ The two of us spent the night in the forest. We learned to use knowledge gained in classroom training to solve problems. It was quite an experience for us both, whi

34、ch I'll never forget for the rest of my life.一、內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)：1. 出發(fā)2. 背包中的物品3. 爬山4. 過(guò)河5. 找路6. 宿營(yíng)二、說(shuō)明：1. 內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)可用不同方式表達(dá)。2. 對(duì)緊扣主題的適當(dāng)發(fā)揮不予扣分。三、One possible version:Saturday, May 4, 2002-7-9 cloudy Li Ming and I took part in a wilderness survival program yesterday, and it has been one of the most unforgettable e

35、xperiences since high school. Early in the morning, we set out. Li Ming was carrying a compass and a tent in his backpack, and in mine there was a flashlight, a map, a knife, a first-aid kit, some matches, candles, food, and clothing. On the way to the campsite, we climbed a hill, and then we swam a

36、cross a river, pushing the backpacks on a large piece of wood we had found by the river. As we got into a forest, we lost our way. Luckily, we found the right direction with the compass. By the time we arrived at the campsite, it had already been dark. Li Ming then put up the tent, and I made a fire

37、 and started cooking.NMET 2002: 最近，你校同學(xué)正在參加某英文報(bào)組織的一場(chǎng)討論。討論的主題是：公園要不要收門票？請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下表提供的信息，給報(bào)社寫一封信，客觀地介紹討論情況。60%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為40%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為1、不應(yīng)收門票2、公園是公眾休閑的地方3、如收票,需建大門、圍墻,會(huì)影響城市形象1、應(yīng)收門票，但票價(jià)不宜高2、支付園林工人工資3、購(gòu)新花木注意:1、信的開頭已為你寫好。 2、詞數(shù)：100左右。 3、參考詞匯：門票：entrance fee。Dear Editor, I'm writing to tell you about the discussion w

38、e've had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks._Yours truly, Li HuaOne possible version:Dear Editor,I'm writing to tell you about the discussion we've had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.Opinions are divided on the question. 60% of the studen

39、ts are against the idea of entrance fees. They believed a public park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do har

40、m to the appearance of a city.On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers and to buy plants and young trees. They suggest, however, fees should be charged low. Yours truly, Li HuaNMET 2001: 假設(shè)你是李華，你的澳大利亞朋友Dick次聽說(shuō)中國(guó)的中小學(xué)正在減輕學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)

41、，來(lái)信詢問有關(guān)情況。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)了表提供的信息，寫一封回信，談一談減負(fù)給你的學(xué)習(xí)和生活帶來(lái)的變化。注意：l詞數(shù)100左右； 2開頭已為你寫好。生詞：減輕學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)一reduce learning load*Dear Dick, How nice hear from again . Best wishesLi Hua One possible version:Dear Dick, How nice to hear from you again. You want to know what is going on in schools in China? In short, things have be

42、gun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. J don't know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have more free time. I can follow my own interests such as reading books, visiting museums, and

43、taking computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. What's more, I can go to bed earlier. As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things. Best wishes,Li Hua2001北京安徽春招:假定你是李華，你所在的學(xué)校擬在下個(gè)月舉力美國(guó)電影節(jié)（American Film Festival）。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)以下要點(diǎn)給你的美國(guó)朋友Peter寫

44、一封短信，邀請(qǐng)他給學(xué)生做一次講座。信的主要內(nèi)容包括：1講座目的：使學(xué)生對(duì)美國(guó)電影有所了解；2講座內(nèi)容：簡(jiǎn)要介紹美國(guó)電影（制片）業(yè)的歷史；3講座時(shí)間：1小時(shí)30分鐘左右。注意：1可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，使結(jié)構(gòu)完整；2詞數(shù)100左右。*Dear Peter，_Yours, Li HuaOne possible version： Dear Peter， Our school is planning to hold an American Film Festival next month. I'm writing to ask you to come and give a talk on Ameri

45、can films and filmmaking industry. It will help us understand how the industry has developed into big business as it is today. This understanding should go a long was toward increasing their knowledge of American culture in general. Do yiou think one and a half hours will be enough? Please let me kn

46、ow as soon as possible so that I can make arrangements. I'm looking forward to seeing you and enjoying the talk. With best wishes，Yours，Li Hua2000 北京安徽春招：為了豐富外國(guó)留學(xué)生的生活,你校學(xué)生會(huì)將舉辦一次音樂周活動(dòng)。請(qǐng)你以組織者的身份寫一個(gè)書面通知書。有關(guān)內(nèi)容如下:時(shí)間:5月第1周 活動(dòng):1.演唱歌曲:流行歌曲 2.器樂演奏:古典和民間音樂 3.音樂比賽:聽歌曲片斷,然后猜出處 地點(diǎn):屆時(shí)通知 參加者請(qǐng)于4月20日前報(bào)名。注意：1.書面通

47、知應(yīng)寫成一篇連貫的短文; 2.可以適當(dāng)增減細(xì)節(jié); 3.詞數(shù)100左右; 4.通知格式已為你寫好; 5.生詞:古典 - classical 民間 - folk 樂器 - musical instruments 比賽 - contest * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * April 10,2000Dear students,_ Come to the great fun!One possible version:Dear students, The Students Union has dec

48、ided to organise a music week. It will be held in the first week of May. The activities include singing pop songs and playing classical and folk music. Bring your own musical instruments, please. A music contest will be included, too. The students taking part in the contest will listen to part of a

49、song or a piece of music, and then guess where it comes from. If you'd like to take part in the music week, please come and sign up for it before April 20th. The place for the activities will be announced later. Come to the great fun! Students UnionNMET2000：假設(shè)你是李華，在美國(guó)探親。2000年2月8日清晨，你的目擊一起交通事故。警察

50、局讓你寫一份材料，報(bào)告當(dāng)時(shí)所見情況。根據(jù)下列圖畫寫出報(bào)告。注意：1、目擊者應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)確報(bào)告事實(shí)； 2、詞數(shù)100左右； 3、結(jié)尾已為你寫好。_About two minutes later I stopped a passing car and took the old man to the nearest hospital. Li HuaOne possible version:It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8,2000. It was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly

51、 man came out of the park on the other side of the street. Then I saw a yellow car drive up Third Street and make a right turn into Park Road. The next moment the car hit the man while he was crossing the road. He fell with a cry. The car didn't stop but drove off at great speed heading west. I noticed the driver was a young woman and the plate number was AC864. About two minutes later I stopped a passing car and took the old man to the nearest hospital.Li HuaNMET1999: 假設(shè)你是李華，在一所中學(xué)讀書。最近收到美國(guó)朋友Smith先生的來(lái)信：他三年前參觀過(guò)你校。聽說(shuō)現(xiàn)在變化很大，希望了解有