大學(xué)體驗英語綜合教程4課文翻譯和課后翻譯

1、Unit 1 The Unsung Heroes: What About Working Dads?On our first "date" after our twin daughters were born, my husband and I went to see the movie Toy Story. We enjoyed it, but afterward my husband asked, "Where was the dad?" At first, it seemed petty to criticize an entertaining f

2、amily movie because of one small point. The more I thought about it, however, the more glaring an omission it seemed. Not only was dad not around, he wasn't even mentioned despite the fact that there was a baby in the family, so dad couldn't have been that long gone. It was as if the presenc

3、e or absence of a father is a minor detail, not even requiring an explanation.This is only one example of the media trend toward marginalizing fathers, which mirrors enormous social changes in the United States. David Blankenhorn, in his book Fatherless America, refers to this trend as the "unn

4、ecessary father" concept.We are bombarded by stories about the struggles of working mothers (as opposed to non-working mothers, I suppose). Meanwhile, a high proportion of media stories about fathers focus on abusive husbands or deadbeat dads. It seems that the only time fathers merit attention

5、 is when they are criticized for not helping enough with the housework (a claim that I find dubious anyway, because the definition of "housework" rarely includes cleaning the gutters, changing the oil in the car or other jobs typically done by men) or when they die. When Mr. Blankenhorn su

6、rveyed fathers about the meaning of the term "good family man," many responded that it was a phrase they only heard at funerals.One exception to the "unnecessary father" syndrome is the glowing media attention that at-home dads have received. I do not mean to imply that at-home d

7、ads do not deserve support for making this commitment. I only mean to point out the double standard at work when at-home dads are applauded while at-home mothers and breadwinner fathers are given little, if any, cultural recognition.The very language we use to discuss men's roles (i.e., deadbeat

8、 dads) shows a lack of appreciation for the majority of men who quietly yet proudly fulfill their family responsibilities. We almost never hear the term "working father," and it is rare that calls for more workplace flexibility are considered to be for men as much as for women. Our society

9、 acts as if family obligations are not as important to fathers as they are to mothers as if career satisfaction is what a man's life is all about.Even more insulting is the recent media trend of regarding at-home wives as "status symbols" like an expensive car flaunted by the supposedl

10、y few men who can afford such a luxury. The implication is that men with at-home wives have it easier than those whose wives work outside the home because they have the "luxury" of a full-time housekeeper. In reality, however, the men who are the sole wage earners for their families suffer

11、 a lot of stresses. The loss of a job or even the threat of that happening is obviously much more difficult when that job is the sole source of income for a family. By the same token, sole wage earners have less flexibility when it comes to leaving unsatisfying careers because of the loss of income

12、such a job change entails. In addition, many husbands work overtime or second jobs to make more money needed for their families. For these men, it is the family that the job supports that makes it all worthwhile. It is the belief that having a mother at home is important to the children, which makes

13、 so many men gladly take on the burden of being a sole wage earner.Today, there is widespread agreement among researchers that the absence of fathers from households causes serious problems for children and, consequently, for society at large. Yet, rather than holding up "ordinary" fathers

14、 as positive role models for the dads of tomorrow, too often society has thrown up its hands and decided that traditional fatherhood is at best obsolete and at worst dangerously reactionary. This has left many men questioning the value of their role as fathers.As a society, we need to realize that f

15、athers are just as important to children as mothers are not only for financial support, but for emotional support, education and discipline as well. It is not enough for us merely to recognize that fatherlessness is a problem to stand beside the grave and mourn the loss of the "good family man&

16、quot; and then try to find someone to replace him (ask anyone who has lost a father to death if that is possible). We must acknowledge how we have devalued fatherhood and work to show men how necessary, how important they are in their children's lives.Those fathers who strive to be good family m

17、en by being there every day to love and support their families those unsung heroes need our recognition and our thanks for all they do. Because they deserve it無名英雄：職業(yè)父親意味著什么？在我們的孿生女兒出生后的第一次"約會”時，我和丈夫一起去看了一部名為玩具故事的電影。我們很喜歡這部片子，但隨后我丈夫問道："父親在哪兒呢？”起初我還認(rèn)為因為一個小小的失誤而批評一部很吸引人的家庭影片似乎是太偏狹了?？珊髞碓较朐接X得這

18、一疏忽太嚴(yán)重了。父親不僅沒有出現(xiàn)，他甚至沒有被提到 盡管家中有嬰兒，說明他不可能離開太長時間。影片給人的感覺是，父親出現(xiàn)與否似乎是個極次要的細(xì)節(jié)，甚至不需要做任何解釋。 新聞媒體傾向于把父親的邊緣化，這只是一個例子，它反映了在美國發(fā)生的巨大的社會變化。大衛(wèi)·布蘭肯霍恩在無父之國一書中將這種傾向稱之為"無需父親”觀念。 職業(yè)母親（我想這應(yīng)是與無職業(yè)母親相對而言的）奮斗的故事從媒體上無盡無休地轟擊著我們。與此同時，媒體上絕大多數(shù)有關(guān)父親的故事又集中表現(xiàn)暴力的丈夫或沒出息的父親?？雌饋硭坪醺赣H惟一值得人們提及的時候是因為他們做家務(wù)太少而受到指責(zé)的時候（我懷疑這一說法的可靠性，因為

19、"家務(wù)”的定義中很少包括打掃屋頂?shù)挠晁疁稀⒔o汽車換機油或其它一些典型地由男人們做的事），或者是在他們?nèi)ナ赖臅r候。當(dāng)布蘭肯霍恩先生就"顧家的好男人”一詞的詞義對父親們進(jìn)行調(diào)查時，許多父親都回答這一詞語只有在葬禮上聽到。這種"無需父親”綜合癥的一個例外是家庭全職父親所受到的媒體的贊揚。我并非暗指這些家庭全職父親作出的承諾不值得人們的支持，我只是想指出在實際生效的雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：家庭全職父親受到人們的贊揚，而家庭全職母親和養(yǎng)家活口的父親，所得到文化上的認(rèn)同卻很少，甚至完全得不到。 我們用來討論父親角色（即沒出息的父親）的話語本身就顯示出人們對大多數(shù)男人默默無聞而自豪地履行對家

20、庭承擔(dān)的責(zé)任缺乏賞識。我們幾乎從來沒聽到"職業(yè)父親”這一說法，在人們呼吁應(yīng)該考慮給予工作者在工作地點上更大的靈活性時，很少有人認(rèn)為這種呼吁不但適用于女子，同樣也適應(yīng)于男子。我們這個社會表現(xiàn)出似乎家庭職責(zé)對父親來說并不象對母親那么重要 似乎事業(yè)上的滿足就是男人生活的全部。更讓人感到侮辱的是最近媒體的這種傾向，即把家庭主婦看成是一種"地位的象征” 就像一輛名貴的汽車，只有據(jù)說少數(shù)男人才享受得起這種奢侈與豪華。這暗示家里有家庭主婦的男人比那些妻子在外工作的男人日子過得更舒適，因為他們擁有全職管家這種"奢侈品”。然而，實際上作為家庭惟一掙錢者的男人要承受很多壓力。當(dāng)他們的

21、那份工作是家庭收入的惟一來源的時候，失業(yè)，或者甚至只不過是受到失業(yè)的威脅，對他們來說顯然構(gòu)成更大的困難。同樣，家庭惟一的工資收入者在想辭去不太滿意的工作時，其靈活程度也要小一些，因為這種工作變換會使他們失去收入。此外，為了給家庭掙更多的錢，許多丈夫超時工作或兼做第二職業(yè)。對于這些男人來說，正是這份工作所支撐的家庭，使得他們值得付出努力。很多男人相信母親呆在家里對小孩十分重要，這種信念使得他們樂意地?fù)?dān)起家里惟一掙錢人的擔(dān)子。目前，研究者們普遍認(rèn)為家庭中沒有父親會對小孩 因此對整個社會 帶來嚴(yán)重的問題。然而，我們這個社會并沒有把"普通”父親作為正面角色為未來的父親樹立榜樣，相反地，卻常常

22、持放棄態(tài)度，認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)的父道從最好的方面說是已經(jīng)過時，從最壞的方面講就是危險的反動。這使得許多男人對他們作為父親的角色的價值提出疑問。 作為一個社會，我們需要認(rèn)識到對于孩子來說，父親是與母親同等重要的，不僅僅在經(jīng)濟(jì)支持上，而且在感情依靠、教育和紀(jì)律訓(xùn)導(dǎo)方面都是如此。我們僅僅意識到?jīng)]有父親是一個問題是不夠的，也不能只是站在墳?zāi)古赃叞У?quot;顧家好男人”的去世，隨后又找一個人來替代他（請問一問已失去父親的人，這是否可能）。我們必須承認(rèn)我們是如何貶低了父道的價值，我們必須努力向男人們顯示，他們在孩子們的生活中是多么不可缺少，多么重要。 那些每天都在努力去愛和支撐他們的家庭，力求做一個顧家好男人的

23、父親，那些無名英雄，需要我們的承認(rèn)，他們所付出的一切需要我們的感謝，因為他們值得我們的認(rèn)同和感激。 1.隨著職務(wù)的提升，他擔(dān)負(fù)的責(zé)任也更大了。With his promotion,he has taken on greater responsibilities.2.他感到他沒有必要再一次對約翰承擔(dān)這樣的責(zé)任了。He felt he did not have to make such a commitment to John any more.3.閑暇時瑪麗喜歡外出購物，與她相反，露西卻喜歡呆在家里看書。Mary likes to go shopping in her spare time, a

24、s opposed to Lucy,who prefers to stay at home reading.4.說好聽一點,可以說他有抱負(fù)，用最糟糕的話來說，他是一個沒有良心或沒有資格的權(quán)力追求者。At best hes ambitious,and at worst a power-seeker without conscience or qualifications.5.我們已經(jīng)盡全力想說服他，但是卻毫無進(jìn)展。We have striven to the full to convince him ,but we have made no headway.Unit 2 Why Digital

25、Culture Is Good for You?The news media, along with social and behavioral scientists, have recently sent out a multitude of warnings about the many dangers that await us out there in cyberspace. The truth of the matter is that the Web is no more inherently dangerous than anything else in the world. I

26、t is not some amorphous entity capable of inflicting harmful outcomes on all who enter. In fact, in and of itself, the Web is fairly harmless. It has no special power to overtake its users and alter their very existence. Like the old tale that the vampire cannot harm you unless you invite it to cros

27、s your threshold, the Internet cannot corrupt without being invited. And, with the exception of children and the weak-willed, it cannot create what does not already exist.(1)Like alcohol, the Web simply magnifies what is already there: Experts are concerned that the masking that goes on online poses

28、 a danger for everyone who is a part of the Digital Culture. Before we know it, the experts tell us, we will all use fake identities, become fragmented, and will no longer be sure of just who we are. Wrong. The only people who feel compelled to mask, and otherwise misrepresent themselves online are

29、the same people who are mysterious and unfrank in "real life”.the Net just gives them one more tool to practice their deceit.As for the rest of us, getting taken in by these people is a low probability. We know who these folks are in the "real world”. The Internet does not "cause” peo

30、ple to disguise as something they are not. As for the Digital Culture getting cheated by these dishonest folks, well, there are just as many "cues” online to decipher deception as there are in the "real world”. The competent WebHead can recognize many red flags given off by the online beha

31、vior of others. Oftentimes the intentions of fellow users is crystal clear, especially over time.When someone is trying to deceive us online, inconsistencies, the essence that they are trying "too hard” or are just plain unbelievable, often come through loud and clear. Likewise, just like in th

32、e "real world”, a host of other unacceptable tendencies can be readily recognized online. Narcissism (its all about "meeeee”), those people who have nothing but negativity or unpleasant things to say about others, and those who feel compelled to undermine others and who think they must blo

33、w out the other guys candles in order for their own to shine can be spotted a cybermile away.(2)The Web can bring out the best in people: Gregarious, frank folks in "real life” usually carry these same traits over to their online life. Most are just as fun-loving online if not more so, as they

34、are at a party, at work, or at the local bar. Though admittedly, some are not quite as much fun to be around without a stiff drink.Shy folks have a "safer” environment online than in the "real world” and can learn to express themselves more freely on the Net (youve never seen anyone stutte

35、r on e-mail, have you?) allowing them to gain confidence and communication skills that can eventually spill over into other aspects of their lives. Helpful people in "real life” are often just as willing to come to someones assistance online as anywhere else.(3) People are judged differently on

36、 the Web: On the Internet people are judged by their personality, beliefs and online actions, NOT by their physical appearance. This is good. It not only gives ugly folks an aid, but causes Beautiful People to have to say something worth listening to in order to get attention.(4) People open up more

37、: Many people are opening up a whole lot more these days since they are not required to use their real name and provide their real identity in the Internet.(5) Were connected: Members of the Digital Culture know full well that there is a wealth of important information and life-changing opportunitie

38、s out there in cyberspace. The Web has opened doors for many of us that otherwise would never have been an option. Research possibilities and networking are just two such opportunities.(6) We Learn the Power of Words and to be Better Listeners: With no facial expressions, body language, or physical

39、appearance to distract us, members of the Digital Culture have learned the power of words . both their own, and others. We know very well how a simple string of words can harm, hurt and offend, or how they can offer humor, help, support and encouragement. Most experienced members of the online cultu

40、re have learned to become wordsmiths, carefully crafting the words they use to convey exactly what they mean so as not to be misunderstood.Many of us have also learned to become far better listeners thanks to the Internet. Not only do we choose our words more carefully but we (especially those who c

41、ommunicate via email as opposed to chat rooms) are forced to wait until the other person finishes before we can speak or respond.為什么數(shù)字文化對你有好處?最近，新聞媒體以及社會學(xué)家和行為學(xué)家們都發(fā)出大量警告指出：網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間危險重重。其實，萬維網(wǎng)與世界上其它任何事物一樣并非天然地有害。它并非某種看不見摸不著的實體，能使危險降臨進(jìn)入它的每一個人。實際上，網(wǎng)絡(luò)就其本身而言是相當(dāng)無害的，它沒有超越其使用者并改變他們的存在的特殊功能。正如古老的傳說指出的一樣，吸血鬼不請不會自入

42、家門來傷害你，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)也不會不請自來地使你墮落。除孩子和意志薄弱者外，它不可能造成本來就不存在的東西 （1）如同酒精的作用一樣，網(wǎng)絡(luò)僅僅是將已有的事物放大： 專家們擔(dān)心，網(wǎng)上盛行的隱藏裝假對參與數(shù)字文化的人來說是危險的。他們告訴我們，我們不知不覺地全都會使用假身份，一個個變得殘缺不全面目全非，以至于連自己都不敢肯定自己究竟是誰。全錯。只有那些在"現(xiàn)實生活”中表現(xiàn)得詭秘莫測，毫不坦誠的人，才感到被迫要在網(wǎng)上偽裝自己并用其它方法提供虛假情況。網(wǎng)絡(luò)只不過為他們增添了一種實施欺騙的工具。 因為我們了解現(xiàn)實生活中的這些人，所以被這些人欺騙的可能性很小。因特網(wǎng)并不會"引起”人們?nèi)パb扮成另

43、一些人。至于數(shù)字文化中人被這些不誠實的家伙欺騙的問題，就如同"現(xiàn)實”生活中一樣，網(wǎng)上同樣有許多"信號”會揭露他們的騙術(shù)。有水平的網(wǎng)迷能識別在線人行為所發(fā)出的很多危險信號。尤其是經(jīng)過一段時間之后，別的用戶的意圖常常是非常清楚的。 有人試圖在網(wǎng)上欺騙我們時，常常會明白無誤地表現(xiàn)為自我矛盾，這是力求取信而過分涂抹，甚至說話虛假、令人難信的必然跡象。同樣，與在"現(xiàn)實世界”中一樣，許多其它令人討厭的傾向在網(wǎng)上也都能很容易地識別出來。孤芳自賞（一切圍繞"我我我”）在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上也老遠(yuǎn)就會被發(fā)現(xiàn)，因為他們都是些只說別人反話或壞話的人，認(rèn)為只有吹滅他人的蠟燭自己才能閃光的人。

44、 （2）網(wǎng)絡(luò)能讓人展現(xiàn)其最好的一面："現(xiàn)實生活”中愛好交往和直率的人在網(wǎng)上也會展現(xiàn)相同的個性。多數(shù)人網(wǎng)上和網(wǎng)下都一樣愛找樂趣，即使不是有過之而無不及，也與他們平時在聚會上、在工作中和在當(dāng)?shù)氐木瓢衫镆粯酉矚g尋找樂趣。然而無可否認(rèn)，有些人沒有烈性酒作伴，你和他們在一起就不會那么歡樂。 害羞的人在網(wǎng)上比在"現(xiàn)實世界”中會得到更為"安全的”環(huán)境，并且在網(wǎng)上能學(xué)會更自由地表達(dá)自己（你從未見到過有人會在電子郵件上結(jié)結(jié)巴巴地說話，對嗎），網(wǎng)絡(luò)會使他們增強信心，獲得交際技能，而這些又最終會擴大到他們生活的其它方面?，F(xiàn)實生活中喜歡幫助他人的人常常在網(wǎng)上也愿意盡力幫助他人。 （3）網(wǎng)

45、上評價人的方式不同： 在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，對人的評價是看他們的個性、信念和網(wǎng)上行為，而不是看他們的外表長相。這很好，因為它不僅會給其貌不揚的人機會，也會使長相漂亮的人必須要說話值得一聽才會引起別人注意。 （4）人們更加坦率： 由于在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上不必使用真名并提供真實身份，許多人近日來更加坦誠，暢吐心曲。 （5）我們聯(lián)到一起了:參與數(shù)字文化的人都非常了解，網(wǎng)上有大量重要信息，并能提供許多改變他們生活的機遇。網(wǎng)絡(luò)為我們中間的許多人打開了許多大門，這種選擇是他們在其它面所不能得到的。從事研究的可能和上網(wǎng)與人聯(lián)系就是兩個這樣的機會。 （6）我們懂得了語言的威力并學(xué)會了更善于傾聽：沒有面部表情、身體語言或外表長相的

46、干擾，數(shù)字文化的成員已學(xué)會了詞語的威力，包括他們自己的和他人的詞語。我們透徹地懂得將詞語簡單地組合起來就能損害、傷害和冒犯他人，也可以表現(xiàn)幽默和提供幫助、支持和鼓勵。多數(shù)富有經(jīng)驗的網(wǎng)絡(luò)成員已經(jīng)修煉成為語言大師，他們慎重地措詞，準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)自己的意思以避免被人誤解。 由于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的緣故，我們中的許多人已經(jīng)學(xué)會更好地傾聽。我們不但要更慎重地斟詞酌句，我們（尤其是那些通過電子郵件而不是聊天室交流的人）還必須等待，等待他人結(jié)束后我們才能說話或者回答。1.要是他適合當(dāng)校長，那么哪個學(xué)生都可以當(dāng)。He is no more fit to be a headmaster than any schoolboy w

47、ould be. 2.至于她的父親，她不敢肯定他是否會接收她和她的小孩。As for her father ,she is not sure whether he will accept her and her baby.3.晚睡會損害健康而早睡早起有益于健康。Staying up late will undermine ones health while going to bed early and getting up early will benefit it.4.大使親自向總理轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)了總統(tǒng)的問候。The ambassador personally conveyed the preside

48、nts message to the premier.5.這個女孩決定敞開心扉，把她看到的一切都告訴警方。The girl decided to open up and told the police what she had seen.Unit 3 10 Big Myths About Copyright1)"If it doesnt have a copyright notice, its not copyrighted.” This was true in the past, but today almost all major nations follow the Berne

49、 copyright convention. For example, in the USA, almost everything created privately and originally after April 1, 1989 is copyrighted and protected whether it has a notice or not. The default you should assume for other peoples works is that they are copyrighted and may not be copied unless you know

50、 otherwise. There are some old works that lost protection without notice, but frankly you should not risk it unless you know for sure.2) "If I dont charge for it, its not a violation.” False. Whether you charge can affect the damages awarded in court, but thats the main difference under the law

51、. Its still a violation if you give it away and there can still be serious damages if you hurt the commercial value of the property. There is an exception for personal copying of music, which is not a violation, though courts seem to have said that doesnt include wide-scale anonymous personal copyin

52、g as Napster. If the work has no commercial value, the violation is mostly technical and is unlikely to result in legal action.3) "If its posted to Usenet its in the public domain.” False. Nothing modern is in the public domain anymore unless the owner explicitly puts it in the public domain. E

53、xplicitly, as you have a note from the author/owner saying, "I grant this to the public domain.”4) "My posting was just fair use!” The "fair use” exemption to (U.S.) copyright law was created to allow things such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education about copy

54、righted works without the permission of the author. Thats important so that copyright law doesnt block your freedom to express your own works. Intent and damage to the commercial value of the work are important considerations. Are you reproducing an article from the New York Times because you couldn

55、t find time to write your own story, or didnt want your readers to have to pay for the New York Times web site? They arent "fair use”. Fair use is usually a short excerpt.5) "If you dont defend your copyright you lose it.” "Somebody has that name copyrighted!” False. Copyright is effe

56、ctively never lost these days, unless explicitly given away. You also cant "copyright a name” or anything short like that, such as almost all titles. You may be thinking of trademarks, which apply to names, and can be weakened or lost if not defended. Like an "Apple” computer. Apple Comput

57、er "owns” that word applied to computers, even though it is also an ordinary word. Apple Records owns it when applied to music. Neither owns the word on its own, only in context, and owning a mark doesnt mean complete control.6)"If I make up my own stories, but base them on another work, m

58、y new work belongs to me.” False. U.S. Copyright law is quite explicit that the making of what are called "derivative works” works based on or derived from another copyrighted work is the exclusive province of the owner of the original work. This is true even though the making of these new work

59、s is a highly creative process. If you write a story using settings or characters from somebody elses work, you need that authors permission.7)"They cant get me, defendants in court have powerful rights!” Copyright law is mostly civil law. If you violate copyright you would not be charged with a crime, but usually get sued.8) "Oh, so copyright violation isnt a crime or anything?” Actually, recently in the USA commercial copyright violation involving more than 10 copies and value over $2500