軟件工程考試-參考題目(共11頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上一、比較分析題1、 Software is the differentiating characteristic in many computer-based products and systems. Provide examples of two or three products and at least one system in which software, not hardware, is the differentiating element.答：常用的軟件產(chǎn)品有Windows XP 、Windows2000、CAD制圖軟件、asp網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計軟件，以及瑞

2、星，卡巴斯基殺毒軟件等等。計算機軟件分為系統(tǒng)軟件和應(yīng)用軟件。Windows XP，Windows2000屬于系統(tǒng)軟件，CAD制圖軟件、asp網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計軟件、瑞星，卡巴斯基殺毒軟件是常用的應(yīng)用軟件.系統(tǒng)軟件是管理、監(jiān)控和維護電腦資源，使電腦能夠正常高效地工作的程序。包含有：操作系統(tǒng)、語言處理程序、數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)等。其中操作系統(tǒng)是計算機軟件中最基礎(chǔ)的部分，它是用戶與客戶機之間的接口，其作用是使用戶更方便地使用計算機，以提高計算機的利用率，它主要完成以下四個方面的工作：對存儲器進行管理和調(diào)度；對CPU進行管理和調(diào)度；對輸入輸出設(shè)備進行管理； 對文件系統(tǒng)及數(shù)據(jù)庫進行管理。 應(yīng)用軟件是為針對某一特定的問題

3、或需要而開發(fā)的實用程序。如文字處理軟件、圖片處理軟件、音像處理軟件，以及一些游戲軟件等。2、比較原型模型、線性順序模型、RAD模型、增量模型、螺旋模型、構(gòu)件組裝模型、并發(fā)開發(fā)模型等模型的優(yōu)缺點，并分別解釋其適用性。答：原型模型優(yōu)點：1、如果客戶和開發(fā)者達成一致協(xié)議：原型被建造僅為了定義需求，之后就被拋棄或者部分拋棄， 那么這種模型很合適了；2、迷惑客戶搶占市場，這是一個首選的模型。缺點：1、沒有考慮軟件的整體質(zhì)量和長期的可維護性；2、大部分情況是不合適的操作算法被采用目的為了演示功能，不合適的開發(fā)工具被采用僅僅為了它的方便，還有不合適的操作系統(tǒng)被選擇等等；3、由于達不到質(zhì)量要求產(chǎn)品可能被拋棄，

4、而采用新的模型重新設(shè)計。線性順序模型 優(yōu)點：1、它提供了一個摸板，這個摸板使得分析、設(shè)計、編碼、測試和支持的方法可以在該摸板下有一個共同的指導(dǎo)；2、雖然有不少缺陷但比在軟件開發(fā)中隨意的狀態(tài)要好得多。缺點：1、實際的項目大部分情況難以按照該模型給出的順序進行，而且這種模型的迭代是間接的，這很容易由微小的變化而造成大的混亂；2、經(jīng)常情況下客戶難以表達真正的需求，而這種模型卻要求如此，這種模型是不歡迎具有二義性問題存在的；3、客戶要等到開發(fā)周期的晚期才能看到程序運行的測試版本，而在這時發(fā)現(xiàn)大的錯誤時，可能引起客戶的驚慌，而后果也可能是災(zāi)難性的；4、會經(jīng)常在過程的開始和結(jié)束時碰到等待其他成員完成其所依

5、賴的任務(wù)才能進行下去，有可能花在等待的時間比開發(fā)的時間要長。稱之為“堵塞狀態(tài)”。RAD模型優(yōu)點：1、開發(fā)速度快，質(zhì)量有保證；2、對信息系統(tǒng)特別有效。缺點：1、只能用于信息系統(tǒng)；2、對于較大的項目需要足夠的人力資源去建造足夠的RAD組；3、開發(fā)者和客戶必須在很短的時間完成一系列的需求分析， 任何一方配合不當(dāng)都會導(dǎo)致RAD項目失??；4、這種模型對模塊化要求比較高，如果有哪一功能不能被模塊化，那么建造RAD所需要的構(gòu)件就會有問題5、技術(shù)風(fēng)險很高的情況下不適合這種模型。增量模型優(yōu)點：1、人員分配靈活，剛開始不用投入大量人力資源，當(dāng)核心產(chǎn)品很受歡迎時，可增加人力實現(xiàn)下一個增量；2、當(dāng)配備的人員不能在設(shè)定

6、的期限內(nèi)完成產(chǎn)品時，它提供了一種先推出核心產(chǎn)品的途徑，這樣就可以先發(fā)布部分功能給客戶，對客戶起到鎮(zhèn)靜劑的作用； 3、具有一定的市場。缺點：1、至始至終開發(fā)者和客戶糾纏在一起，直到完全版本出來。螺旋模型優(yōu)點：1、對于大型系統(tǒng)及軟件的開發(fā)，這種模型是一個很好的方法。開發(fā)者和客戶能夠較好地對待和理解每一個演化級別上的風(fēng)險。缺點：1、需要相當(dāng)?shù)娘L(fēng)險分析評估的專門技術(shù)，且成功依賴于這種技術(shù)；2、很明顯一個大的沒有被發(fā)現(xiàn)的風(fēng)險問題，將會導(dǎo)致問題的發(fā)生，可能導(dǎo)致演化的方法失去控制；3、這種模型相對比較新，應(yīng)用不廣泛，其功效需要進一步的驗證。構(gòu)件組裝模型優(yōu)點：1、構(gòu)件可復(fù)用。提高了開發(fā)效率；2、采用了面向?qū)ο?/p>

7、的技術(shù)。缺點：1、過分依賴于構(gòu)件，構(gòu)件庫的質(zhì)量影響著產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。并發(fā)開發(fā)模型優(yōu)點：1、可用于所有類型的軟件開發(fā)，而對于客戶/服務(wù)器結(jié)構(gòu)更加有效；2、可以隨時查閱到開發(fā)的狀態(tài)。缺點：暫時沒有。二、簡述分析題3. Why is there often tension between a software engineering group and an independent software quality assurance group? Is this healthy?答：軟件質(zhì)量是許多質(zhì)量屬性的綜合體現(xiàn)，各種質(zhì)量屬性反映了軟件質(zhì)量的方方面面。人們通過改善軟件的各種質(zhì)量屬性，從而提高軟件的整體

8、質(zhì)量.設(shè)計質(zhì)量：是指設(shè)計者為一件產(chǎn)品規(guī)定的特征。材料等級、耐久性、及性能的規(guī)約都屬于設(shè)計質(zhì)量。如果產(chǎn)品能夠依照規(guī)約進行制造，則產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計質(zhì)量便會提高。符合質(zhì)量：是指在制造過程中符合設(shè)計規(guī)格的程度。同樣，符合程度越高，符合質(zhì)量也就越高。在軟件開發(fā)時，設(shè)計質(zhì)量包括系統(tǒng)的需求、規(guī)約和設(shè)計。符合質(zhì)量則主要關(guān)注實現(xiàn)問題。如果實現(xiàn)了符合設(shè)計、得到的系統(tǒng)滿足系統(tǒng)需求和性能目標(biāo)，則符合質(zhì)量較高.對于一個特定的軟件而言，我們要首先判斷：什么是質(zhì)量要素，才能給出提高質(zhì)量的具體措施;而不是一股腦地想把所有的質(zhì)量屬性都做好;否則不僅做不好，還可能得不償失。質(zhì)量保證的目標(biāo)是為管理層提供有關(guān)軟件項目的過程和產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量信息

9、所需的數(shù)據(jù)，從而獲得產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量是否符合預(yù)定目標(biāo)的一定的可見性。軟件質(zhì)量保證（Quality Assurance）的目的是為管理者提供有關(guān)軟件過程和產(chǎn)品的適當(dāng)?shù)目梢曅浴Ｋㄔu審和審核軟件產(chǎn)品及其活動，以驗證其是否遵守既定的規(guī)程和標(biāo)準，并向有關(guān)負責(zé)人匯報評審和審核的結(jié)果。簡而言之，質(zhì)量保證活動就是檢查軟件項目的“工作過程和工作成果”是否符合既定的規(guī)范。過程質(zhì)量與產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量存在某種程度的因果關(guān)系，通?！昂玫倪^程”產(chǎn)生“好的產(chǎn)品”，而“差的過程”將產(chǎn)生“差的產(chǎn)品”。假設(shè)企業(yè)已經(jīng)制定了軟件過程規(guī)范，如果質(zhì)量保證人員發(fā)現(xiàn)某些項目的“工作過程以及工作成果”不符合既定的規(guī)范，那么馬上可以斷定產(chǎn)品存在缺陷。反之，

10、如果質(zhì)量保證人員沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)不符合既定規(guī)范的東西，那么也可以斷定產(chǎn)品是合格的。符合既定規(guī)范的東西并不意味著質(zhì)量一定合格，僅靠規(guī)范無法識別出產(chǎn)品中可能存在的大量缺陷。一般而言,質(zhì)量保證的技術(shù)含量是比較低，只能檢查出膚淺的缺陷，不能對付有技術(shù)難度的缺陷。所以單獨的“質(zhì)量保證”其實并不能“保證質(zhì)量”。質(zhì)量保證對于保證質(zhì)量而言只是必要的手段，而不是充分的手段。4. 交通項目管理系統(tǒng)介紹 答：（1） 系統(tǒng)背景 近年來，交通部把研究推進公路建設(shè)項目投資人招標(biāo)制、項目代建制和設(shè)計施工總承包三項改革，建立重點工程項目科學(xué)管理制度，探討項目管理的新理念、新方法、新手段，樹立項目典型，全

11、面提高項目管理水平等各項工作列入重點。由此可見，效率極低的傳統(tǒng)交通項目管理方式與信息化時代的高效率信息化管理方式越來越不相適宜，勢必會被高效率的信息管理系統(tǒng)所取代。 席卷全球的項目管理熱潮代表著現(xiàn)代管理學(xué)的最新發(fā)展趨勢！項目管理已廣泛應(yīng)用于建筑、國防、航天、電子、通訊、計算機、軟件開發(fā)、制藥、會展、金融、學(xué)校以及政府機關(guān)和社會團體等各個領(lǐng)域。微軟、摩托羅拉、杜邦、華為等企業(yè)的成功，無不與采用項目管理直接相關(guān)。 美國財富雜志預(yù)測，項目管理將成為21世紀的首選職業(yè)。為了滿足國內(nèi)眾多企事業(yè)單位、個人對提升項目管理效率的要求，項目管理系統(tǒng)軟件應(yīng)運而生。 重慶市準點軟件有限

12、公司經(jīng)過對交通局項目管理要求的全面了解而精心設(shè)計研發(fā)的便捷式項目管理系統(tǒng)取得成功運用。該系統(tǒng)克服了各交通局在傳統(tǒng)模式下項目管理上存在的諸多問題，真正實現(xiàn)了交通項目管理的科學(xué)化、規(guī)范化、高效率的發(fā)展目標(biāo)。 （2） 系統(tǒng)簡介 準點交通項目管理系統(tǒng)是用于管理交通項目中，計劃修建(改造)或正在修建(改造)的各類項目，可以管理上報市級的報表以及下達給各區(qū)縣的任務(wù)報表。是一種能夠集中存儲的、共享的、快速檢索的高效率信息管理系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)的主要信息管理內(nèi)容包括計劃管理、計劃統(tǒng)計、合同管理、合同統(tǒng)計、危橋登記、通達通暢指標(biāo)、文件管理、用戶管理、單位管理等。該系統(tǒng)以項目的成本動態(tài)控制為

13、核心，以進度控制為龍頭， 以合同管理為線索，以客戶（業(yè)主）滿意度為目標(biāo)；注重數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計和分析，尊重人性化的管理指標(biāo)。實現(xiàn)了資金控制、質(zhì)量控制和進度控制的最簡潔化。   （3） 系統(tǒng)功能及特點 全面管理各類計劃項目及合同項目 各合同段分段管理 資金拔附進行流水管理 計劃可根據(jù)上報或下達進行分類管理 方便、全面的各類計劃項目、合同項目的統(tǒng)計分析 數(shù)據(jù)字典定義各類子項目 可以對危橋進行圖片保存 方便的導(dǎo)出Excel文件功能 對各類上報或下達報表進行統(tǒng)一管理

14、60;上報下達報表的備份功能 根據(jù)有同用戶可增加其它功能 三、分析設(shè)計題56、使用OOD，為上述PHTRS系統(tǒng)做一個設(shè)計。不要試圖實現(xiàn)它。PHTRS: Pothole Tracking and Reporting SystemSRS: Software Requirements SpecificationPothole location: The location in the street of the pothole. Currently allowed values are: near the curb, and near the middle of the

15、 street.Pothole repair state: The condition of the pothole in terms of what stage of repair it is in. Allowed values are: not repaired, work in progress, temporary repair, and repaired.Pothole severity: A ranking, on a scale of one to ten, of the size of a pothole.The Pothole Tracking and

16、Reporting System (PHTRS) provides a way for citizens of a large city to report potholes and to report damage they have experienced as the result of a pothole. The PHTRS keeps track of the potholes and damage and creates work orders for repair crews. The repair crews use the PHTRS to record

17、 information about their effort to repair potholes. Authorized users of the system can receive a report on potholes and their repair status and on reported damage.The PHTRS is an on-line, web-based system.PHTRS users are from all walks of life, all backgrounds, and all levels of computer litera

18、cy found in the citizenry of a large city. They are expected to be familiar with web browsers and filling out on-line formsPHTRS use cases and actors                           Use

19、CasesThe PHTRS supports the following uses:Report Pothole: A citizen reports the location and size of a pothole. The PHTRS records this information.Report Damage: A citizen reports damage due to a pothole. The PHTRS records damage information and citizen contact information.Get Work O

20、rders: Work crews receive pothole repair work orders. The PHTRS determines the number of people in a repair crew, the equipment assigned to the repair crew, and the potholes the crew is to repair.Record Repairs: Work crews report the status of pothole repairs they have performed and t

21、he amount of time and materials used on the repairs. The PHTRS records this information.View Pothole and Damage Reports: Authorized users of the PHTRS view information on potholes and their repair and on reported damage.ActorsCitizens can report potholes and report damage. The citizen

22、 initiates this use of the PHTRS.Work crews can get work orders for potholes needing repair and can record information about the pothole repair work they have done. A representative of a work crew initiates this use of the PHTRS.An authorized user of the PHTRS can view pothole reports and damag

23、e reports. The authorized user initiates this use of the PHTRS.In addition, the PHTRS uses an external service (a District-Street Map) to determine the district in which a given street address is located. The PHTRS initiates this interaction.    The system responds by presen

24、ting a form to the user with fields for them to enter the following information:Pothole street address (street name and address number)Pothole location (two choices allowed: near curb or near middle of street)Requirements for further location options are yet to be determinedPothole size (a number fr

25、om one to ten)The system provides guidance to help the citizen indicate pothole size on a scale of one to ten the requirements for this guidance is yet to be determined.The citizen enters the information in the form and submits the information to the system. All fields are required.If a field i

26、s missing, the system prompts the user which field is required but missing and presents the form again, with the correctly entered information preserved.Note: the citizen may quit at any time instead of completing the form.The system sends the street address to the District-Street Map system using a

27、 protocol to be specified by the suppliers of the District-Street Map system this protocol is yet to be determined.The District-Street Map external system returns one of the following:A confirmation that the street address is in the city and the district number for that street addressA report that t

28、he street address is not in the cityIf the District-Street Map external system reports that the street address is not in the city, then the system reports this to the citizen and asks the citizen to re-enter the street address or quit. The system presents the form again, with the previously ent

29、ered information preserved (including the previously entered address, so the citizen can see what address they entered, but the system shall visually indicate that the entered address was not found in the city).If the District-Street Map external system confirms that the street address is in the cit

30、y, then the system records the following:Pothole street address,District number (as returned from the District-Street Map external system),Pothole location (near curb or near middle of street),Pothole size (a number from one to ten),Pothole repair priority The system determines the priority from the

31、 size according to some to be defined criteria,Pothole repair status (set to “not repaired”).The system presents to the user a confirmation that the pothole information has been recorded. The system responds by presenting a form to the user with fields for them to enter the following informatio

32、n:Pothole street address (street name and address number)Citizen name (a single arbitrary string of a maximum length to be determined; the citizen is not forced to separately enter a first name, last name, middle initial, etc.) maximum string length to be determinedCitizen address Specific requ

33、irements to be determined. Probably include street number, street name, apartment/suite number, PO Box number, city, state/province/district, country, postal code, etc.There are currently no requirements to validate that a reasonable and complete address is provided. To help, the system sh

34、ould include pick lists of state/province/district, country, etc.Citizen phone number (the system shall prompt the user to enter the phone number in the format “+country_code   area_code/city_code   number” and shall accept phone numbers only in that format)Description of damage

35、(a single text field of a maximum length to be determined). maximum field length to be determinedCost of damage (the system shall prompt the user to enter a currency amount in US dollars and cents and shall accept amounts only in that format).The citizen enters the information in the form and submit

36、s the information to the system. All fields are required.If a field is missing, the system prompts the user which field is required but missing and presents the form again, with the correctly entered information preserved.Note: the citizen may quit at any time instead of completing the form.

37、60;       Work crew identifying number         Number of workers assigned to the work crew         Equipment assigned to the work crew         A list

38、of potholes to repair with the following information on each pothole            o        Pothole street address            o     &

39、#160;  Pothole location (near curb or near middle of street)            o        Pothole size (a number from one to ten)            o   

40、;     Current pothole repair status (not repaired, work in progress, temporary repair, or                        repaired note that it would be unusual to be assigne

41、d to repair a pothole with a                       repair status of “repaired”) The system shall present the work order information in a form that can be easily printed and allowing spa

42、ces for the work crew to record (by hand) the amount of time spent and the amount of material used on each pothole and the repair status of each pothole. The system shall present to the worker a form for them to enter the following information (all fields are required):· The amount of time

43、 (in hours) applied repairing that pothole assume that the time is entered in hours and quarter-fraction hours the system shall prompt for this and enforce it · The amount of material used to repair the pothole the units of measurement needs to be determined · The state of the pothole as t

44、hey left it (repaired, work in progress, temporary repair, or not repaired) · The equipment used to repair the pothole (the system shall present a list of the assigned equipment and let the worker select items) · The number of people involved in the pothole repair A pothole summary report

45、including the following information for all existing pothole reports:· Pothole street address · District of street address for pothole · Pothole location · Pothole size · Pothole severity · Pothole repair state · Pothole repair cost (if known if not, indicate “unkn

46、own”) A damage summary report including the following information for all existing damage reports:· Pothole street address · Citizen contact information (name, address, phone number) · Type of damage · Cost of damage.7根據(jù)城市時段用水量序列的季節(jié)性、趨勢性及隨機擾動性等特點，利用人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(ANN)法建立了短期用水量預(yù)報模型，并采用某市時

47、用水量的實測數(shù)據(jù)進行了建模和時用水量預(yù)測，通過與時間序列三角函數(shù)分析法、灰色系統(tǒng)理論預(yù)測法、小波分析法的預(yù)測結(jié)果相比較，證實該法具有預(yù)測誤差小和計算速度快的特點，可滿足供水系統(tǒng)調(diào)度的實際需要。 目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的多層前饋神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型(BP模型)來預(yù)測用水量。BP網(wǎng)絡(luò)由輸入層、輸出層及隱含層組成，隱含層可有一個或多個，每層由若干個神經(jīng)元組成。最基本的三層BP神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示。隱含單元與輸入單元之間、輸出單元與隱含單元之間通過相應(yīng)的傳遞強度逐個相互聯(lián)結(jié)，用來模擬神經(jīng)細胞之間的相互聯(lián)結(jié)。BP神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)采用誤差反饋學(xué)習(xí)算法，其學(xué)習(xí)過程由正向(網(wǎng)絡(luò)正算)和反向傳播(誤差反饋)兩部分組成。在

48、正向傳播過程中，輸入信息經(jīng)隱含單元逐層處理并傳向輸出層，如果輸出層不能得到期望的輸出，則轉(zhuǎn)入反向傳播過程，將實際值與網(wǎng)絡(luò)輸出之間的誤差沿原來的聯(lián)結(jié)通路返回，通過修改各層神經(jīng)元的聯(lián)系權(quán)值而使誤差減小，然后再轉(zhuǎn)入正向傳播過程，反復(fù)迭代，直到誤差小于給定的值為止。利用BP神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)預(yù)測時用水量分為三大步驟：第一步為訓(xùn)練樣本的準備和歸一化，第二步為神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的訓(xùn)練，第三步是利用訓(xùn)練后的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)對用水量進行預(yù)測。由于用水量的數(shù)值較大，應(yīng)對其進行一定的預(yù)處理，一般可采用初值化、極值化或等比變換。通過這些變換可有效地縮短神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)訓(xùn)練時間，從而加快網(wǎng)絡(luò)收斂速度。8、CASE,即自動化軟件開發(fā)工具。CASE的一個基本思想就是提供一組能夠自動覆蓋軟件開發(fā)生命周期各個階段的集成的、減少勞動力的工具。CASE已被證明可以加快開發(fā)速度,提高應(yīng)用軟件生產(chǎn)率并保證應(yīng)用軟件的可靠品質(zhì)。(一)圖稿繪制：visio:這是目前國內(nèi)用得最多的case工具。它提供了日常使用中的絕大多數(shù)框圖的繪畫功能（包括信息領(lǐng)域的各種原理圖，設(shè)計圖)，同時提供了部分信息領(lǐng)域的實物圖。visio的精華在于其使用方便，安裝后的visio2003既可以單獨運行，也可以在word中作為對象插入，與word集成良好，其圖生成后在沒有安裝visio的word仍然能夠查看。Visio可以流暢的處理框