2019年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語(一)真題及答案

1、2019年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語(一)真題及答案（江南博哥）材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答1-20題Today,we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smart phones.1of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone.But phones2on batteries,and batteries can die faster than were alize.3yo

2、u get lost without a phone or a compass, and you4cant find north, a few tricks may help you navigate5to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well6a trail, but not in a completely7area,you have to answer two questions: Which8is downhill, in this particular area?And

3、where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.9,if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should10see signs of people.If youve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights - you may be11how quickly identifying a

4、 distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another12: Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13,even in dense forest, you should be able to14gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve15the woods.Head toward these16to find a way out.At night sca

5、n the horizon for17light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18, assuming youre lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the19we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can20you to civilization.1單選題第1題答案是_.A.Som

6、eB.MostC.FewD.All正確答案：C參考解析：此題考查詞義辨析和上下文語境。首句為主題句：今天，我們生活在一個GPS定位系統(tǒng)，數(shù)字地圖和其他導(dǎo)航應(yīng)用程序都能在我們的智能手機(jī)中找到的世界里?？崭袼诰渲赋觯何覀冎械腳在沒有電話的情況下直接走進(jìn)樹林?？崭窬淝罢劦轿覀兩钤谝粋€靠智能手機(jī)指引的世界里，所以句意為在沒有手機(jī)的情況下我們很少有人走進(jìn)樹林。本句由without和few構(gòu)成雙重否定表肯定。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)填入few“幾乎沒有人”，符合題意，故選c。2單選題第2題答案是A.putB.takeC.runD.come正確答案：C參考解析：此題考查固定搭配。run on battery表示手機(jī)用

7、電池發(fā)動，運(yùn)行。其他選項：put on“穿上，使運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”，take on“承擔(dān)，呈現(xiàn)”，come on“快點，開始”，代入文中，語義不通順，故選c。3單選題第3題答案是_.A.SinceB.IfC.ThoughD.Until正確答案：B參考解析：此題考查邏輯關(guān)系。空格所在句譯文：_你在沒有手機(jī)和指南針的情況下迷路，_找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航_文明之地。聯(lián)系上下文，此處為假設(shè)的情況，故填入if，符合題意，故選B。4單選題第4題答案是_.A.formallyB.relativelyC.graduallyD.literally正確答案：D參考解析：空格所在句譯文：如果你在沒有手機(jī)和指南

8、針的情況下迷路，_找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航_文明之地。此處literally表示“確實地，真正地”，代入原文，語義通順，即確實找不到北方，故選D。代入其他選項后，不符合原文意思，故排除。5單選題第5題答案是_.A.backB.nextC.aroundD.away正確答案：A參考解析：空格所在句譯文：如果你在沒有手機(jī)和指南針的情況下迷路，確實找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你_導(dǎo)航文明之地。前文講lost(迷路)，此處填入back(回到)文明之地，相互呼應(yīng)，故選A。6單選題第6題答案是_.A.ontoB.offC.acrossD.along正確答案：B參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析

9、和詞組搭配?？崭袼诰涞淖g文為：當(dāng)你_路徑，但不是完全_的區(qū)域，你需要回答兩個問題：在這個特殊區(qū)域，哪條_是下坡?哪里有最近的水源?通過后半句的問題，能了解到前面是當(dāng)你偏離軌道，迷失蹤跡的時候。B項off意為“逃離，離開”符合語義要求，故選B。7單選題第7題答案是_.A.unattractiveB.uncrowdedC.unchangedD.unfamiliar正確答案：D參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析。空格所在句的前一句說迷失蹤跡，偏離軌道?？崭袼诤蟀刖鋌ut開頭，所填入的形容詞需要和前面構(gòu)成邏輯轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，雖然偏離軌道，但也不是完全不熟悉的路。只有D項unfamiliar“不熟悉的”，符合題意

10、。A項意為“不吸引人的”，B項意為“寬敞的”，C項意為“未改變的”，均不符合題意，故排除。8單選題第8題答案是_.A.siteB.pointC.wayD.place正確答案：C參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析?？崭袼诰渚湟猓耗阈枰卮饍蓚€問題，在這個特殊區(qū)域，哪個_是下坡?哪里有最近的水源?空格處所填的詞需要符合上下文語境。c項意為“道路”，即哪個是下坡路?符合語義要求。9單選題第9題答案是_.A.SoB.YetC.InsteadD.Besides正確答案：A參考解析：此處考查詞邏輯關(guān)系?？崭袼诰涞那耙痪渲赋觯荷钤谏焦鹊娜耍径伎康疄樯?。后面也就是空格所在句：_如果你下山，沿著水走，你_會

11、發(fā)現(xiàn)人類的跡象。很明顯空格處所填的連詞和前面構(gòu)成因果邏輯關(guān)系，只有A項符合題意，故選A。10單選題第10題答案是_.A.immediatelyB.intentionallyC.unexpectedlyD.eventually正確答案：D參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析?？崭袼诰渚湟猓核匀绻阆律?，沿著你找到的水一直走，你_會看到人類的跡象?？崭裉幩璧母痹~需要符合本句語境并使句子通順。D項eventually“最后，終于”，符合語義要求，故選D。A項意為“立刻”，B項意為“有意地”，c項意為“出乎意料地”，三個選項代入空格均不符合題意。11單選題第11題答案是_.A.surprisedB.ann

12、oyedC.frightenedD.confused正確答案：A參考解析：空格所在句提到：如果你之前去過這個地方，一定要注意熟悉的景象，你或許會_識別出一塊特征明顯的巖石或樹木能如此快速地幫助你恢復(fù)方位感。此句明顯體現(xiàn)了積極褒義的感情色彩，根據(jù)這個線索，可直接選出A項為正確答案，即“你或許會驚訝于”12單選題第12題答案是_.A.problemB.optionC.viewD.result正確答案：B參考解析：這里提到了一個關(guān)鍵詞another，所以說明它所指代的內(nèi)容在上文中提到過，且后面有冒號解釋說明：爬到高處，尋找人類居住的跡象。說明這也是另一種方法，所以只有option最合適，故選B。13

13、單選題第13題答案是_.A.Above allB.In contrastC.On averageD.For example正確答案：D參考解析：此處考查上下文邏輯。此處需要根據(jù)空格前后兩句話之間的語義關(guān)系來選擇?？崭袂疤岬健傲硪粋€辦法就是來尋找有人類居住的跡象”是一種大致的方法，后面內(nèi)容是具體分析，所以用表示舉例分析的for example最合適，故選D。14單選題第14題答案是_.A.bridgeB.avoidC.spotD.separate正確答案：C參考解析：結(jié)合原文語境，“即使是在茂密的森林里，你也能夠_林木線的縫隙。”所以這里填上的動詞需與縫隙搭配，只有spot“觀察”，符合題意，故

14、選C。15單選題第15題答案是_.A.fromB.throughC.beyondD.under正確答案：B參考解析：空格處需填入介詞來和前面的動詞carve及后面的名詞woods構(gòu)成順暢的語義搭配。Carve_ the woods：在森林中開辟道路，B項through用法最恰當(dāng)，故選B。16單選題第16題答案是_.A.postsB.linksC.shadesD.breaks正確答案：D參考解析：本題空格前有一個指示代詞these，通過語義，“these_”指代上文的“roads，train tracks，and other paths”，并有定語從句“people carve through

15、the woods”修飾，從語義上看，breaks“岔路口”最合適，即朝著這些岔路口走，找到一條出路，故選D。17單選題第17題答案是_.A.artificialB.mysteriousC.hiddenD.limited正確答案：A參考解析：本題所在句子“scanfor_ light sources”，與本段開頭“l(fā)ook for signs of human habitation”結(jié)構(gòu)一致，語義相關(guān)，空格處所填的形容詞和human意思相近，選擇artificial“人造的”。除此之外，該空后所列舉的兩種光源的共同特點就是artificial“人工的，人造的”，故選A。18單選題第18題答案是

16、_.A.FinallyB.ConsequentlyC.IncidentallyD.Generally正確答案：A參考解析：本空位于段首，并由逗號隔開，所以考查上下文邏輯?？蘸鬄闂l件狀語從句“assuming you”，與上文構(gòu)成順接遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，選項中，只有finally表順接遞進(jìn)，故選A。19單選題第19題答案是_.A.memoriesB.marksC.notesD.belongings正確答案：B參考解析：空格后的定語從句“we leave on the landscape”，由語義得知此處應(yīng)填“標(biāo)記”，即假設(shè)你迷失在一個人類常去的地方，尋找我們在風(fēng)景中留下的標(biāo)記，故選B。20單選題第20題答

17、案是_.A.restrictB.adoptC.leadD.expose正確答案：C參考解析：本空主要考查語義搭配，所填動詞需要與主語“Trail blazes，tire tracks and other features”，賓語“you”，以及不定式“to civilization”之間構(gòu)成完整語義，所以此處填lead“引導(dǎo)”最合適，即引導(dǎo)你回歸文明之地，故選C。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答21-25題Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.Start

18、ing next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The main purpose of this clawback rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions.Yet officials also

19、 hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations,to build a stronger economy for future generations.Short-termism or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies,says the Bank of Englands top economist, Andrew Haldan

20、e.He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and

21、Britain, he notes,has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades.Transient investors,who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.This has been dubbedquarterly capitalism.In addition, new

22、digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing, said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities

23、and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduceshort-termism. In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds thata subs

24、tantial part of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage long-termism, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting ri

25、ghts in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders.Britains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance,not just for the short

26、term but for the long term.21單選題According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to_.A.enhance bankers sense of responsibility.B.help corporations achieve larger profits.C.build a new system of financial regulation.D.guarantee the bonuses of top executives.正確答案：A參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“para

27、graph 1”和“one motive in imposing the new rule”可定位在文章第一段第三句“The main purpose of thisclawback rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution”，由此可知這個規(guī)則的主要目的是讓銀行家為不良風(fēng)險負(fù)責(zé)以及修復(fù)公眾對金融機(jī)構(gòu)的信任。對比四個選項，只有A項enhance banks sense of responsibility“增加銀行的

28、責(zé)任感”與原文表述一致，故為正確答案。22單選題Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_.A.the conditions for generating quick profits.B.governmentsimpatience in decision-making.C.the solid structure of publicly traded companies.D.short-termismin economic activities.正確答案：D參考解析：根據(jù)題干中的Alfred Marshall可定位在文章第二段最后一句“Alfred Marsha

29、ll，in describing this financial impatience as acting like”，其中的“this financial impatience”指上文提到的“short-termism”，也就是Alfred Marshall描述“短期主義”的行為就像，由此可知，D項“short-termism”in economic activities“經(jīng)濟(jì)活動中的短期主義”為正確答案。其他選項在原文均未提及，故排除。23單選題It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companie

30、s can be_.A.indirect.B.adverse.C.minimal.D.temporary.正確答案：B參考解析：由題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“transient investment”定位到文章第三段第二句“Transient investors，who demand high quarterly profits from companies，can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty”，由此可知，短期投資會對公司的長期規(guī)劃設(shè)阻，并影響客戶的忠誠度。B項

31、adverse“不利的”對應(yīng)原文“hinder”，故為正確選項。ACD項在原文并未提及，故排除。24單選題The US and France examples are used to illustrate_.A.the obstacles to preventing short-termism.B.the significance of long-term thinking.C.the approaches to promoting long-termism.D.the prevalence of short-term thinking.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題干定位到文章第五、第六段，第

32、五段為美國的例子，主要講述美國延遲發(fā)放才上任一年左右的高管績效津貼，繼而促進(jìn)緩解“短期主義”盛行的現(xiàn)狀。第六段為法國的例子，主要講述法國持股兩年以上者擁有更多的選票權(quán)。第六段首句承前啟后講到“Much more could be done to encourage long termism ，即促進(jìn)“長期主義”還有很多做法。C項the approaches to promoting long-termism“促進(jìn)長期主義的方法”，與原文一致，故為正確答案。25單選題Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Fai

33、lure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patience as a Corporate VirtueC.Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers正確答案：B參考解析：主旨大意題。綜觀全文，文章圍繞西方國家的金融企業(yè)的“短期主義”投資和“長期主義”投資展開。第一段由金融管理者制訂一項限制高管津貼措施引出全文中心話題，促進(jìn)金融投資的“長期主義”規(guī)劃；第二段介紹了目前英國銀行高管中“短期主義”投資愈發(fā)盛行；第三段指出“短期主義”投資的弊端；第四段主要介紹美國現(xiàn)階段仍然通過

34、技術(shù)手段使得“短期主義”投資愈發(fā)盛行；第五、第六段點明美法兩國為促進(jìn)“短期主義”投資所采取的措施；文章尾段再次呼應(yīng)首段，點明英國新政提醒銀行家們注重“長期主義”投資。B項Patience對應(yīng)文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的short-termism和longtermism，Corporate本身在文章就多次出現(xiàn)，所以為最佳標(biāo)題。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答26-30題Grade inflation the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades is often considered a p

35、roduct of a consumer era in higher education,in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.But another,related force a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness- is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received

36、a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a students overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve the

37、ir graduation rates.When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.But now most colleges,save for many selective campuses, allow all unde

38、rgraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big

39、 penalty.Ultimately, said Jack Mine, Ohio State Universitys registrar, we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colle

40、ges own needs as well.For public institutions state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money.And anything that raises GPAs will likely make studentswho, at the end

41、of the day are paying the bill - feel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumersexpectations for higher education.Since students and parents expect a col

42、lege degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible or at least appear to be.On this, students and colleges incentives seem to be aligned.26單選題What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course cata

43、logs.B.Students indifference to GPAs.C.Collegesneglect of GPAs.D.The influence of consumer culture.正確答案：D參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段第一句，句子主干“Grade inflationis often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education”可知高校分?jǐn)?shù)膨脹問題通常被認(rèn)為是消費者至上時代的產(chǎn)物。選項The influence of consumer culture“消費者至上文化的影響”正是該句原因的同義

44、表達(dá)，故選D。27單選題What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To maintain colleges graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities income from tuition.正確答案：A參考解析：根據(jù)題干要求定位到文章第三段第二句。該句中的this practice對應(yīng)題干中的grade

45、 forgiveness，first started對應(yīng)題干中的original，而以不定式短語“to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses”為目的，即給他們第二次機(jī)會去上課，對應(yīng)題干中的purpose，故正確答案為A項To help freshmen adapt to college learning“幫助大一新生適應(yīng)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)”。28單選題According to Paragraph

46、 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to_.A.obtain more financial support.B.boost their student enrollments.C.improve their teaching quality.D.meet local governments needs.正確答案：A參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞可定位到文章第五段第一句。通過第一句話可以看出“grade forgiveness”滿足了大學(xué)自己的需要，而具體的需要在第二句體現(xiàn)。因此，本題真正的答案出于第二句“For public institutions sta

47、te funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retentionso better grades can,by boosting figures like those,mean more money”，即對于大學(xué)來講，國家的基金有時候是跟一些因素有關(guān)的。比如，畢業(yè)率和學(xué)生在學(xué)率，因此好的分?jǐn)?shù)意味著錢。由此可知“grade forgiveness”使大學(xué)能夠獲得更多的國家的基金，這與A項obtain more financial support

48、“獲得更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)支持”匹配，故選A。29單選題What does the phrase to be aligned (Para.6) most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.B.To complement each other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To be contradictory to each other.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題目定位到文章第六段最后一句“On this,students and colleges incentives seem to be aligne

49、d”，解決本題的關(guān)鍵是this指代的內(nèi)容，根據(jù)上文“Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job，it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possibleor at least appear to be”可知由于學(xué)生和家長都希望通過大學(xué)學(xué)歷找工作，因此符合學(xué)校最佳利益的便是盡可能地證明學(xué)生的能力或者說至少看起來如此，即學(xué)生和學(xué)校有著共同的利益目標(biāo)，所以正確答案選C。30單選題T

50、he author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by_.A.assessing its feasibility.B.analyzing the causes behind it.C.comparing different views on it.D.listing its long-run effects.正確答案：B參考解析：由題干可知，表面上問作者通過什么論述方式來探討grade forgiveness的實踐操作，實際是考全文的主旨寫作手法，方法即是串讀每段段落的大意句，把握作者的論述角度。文章的每段都突出了grade forgiv

51、eness能夠滿足大學(xué)自身的需求，這也是分析了grade forgiveness的原因。因此，該題答案是B項analyzing the causes behind it。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答31-35題This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley.Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a r

52、emarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?What is being cal

53、led artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists.Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as West world an

54、dHumans.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced,says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist.We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get

55、there.But that doesnt mean crucial ethical issues involving AI arent at hand.The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions.Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past

56、driving experiences,and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment.AI vision today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans.And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions, notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations a