北美港口與船舶排放清單和前沿問(wèn)題

1、北美港口與船舶排放清單和前沿問(wèn)題Port and shipping emission inventoryand emerging issues in North America!2010 Car and Truck Sales (in millionunits)!國(guó)際清潔交通委員會(huì)The International Council on Clean Transportation2 18.06!15.11!11.77!4.96!3.52!3.04!2.02!1.58!1.56!1.04!0.85!0!4!2!6!12!10!8!16!14!20!18!China! EU - 27!U.S.!Ja

2、pan!Brazil!India!Korea!Russia! Canada! South Australia!Mexico!2012 Summit: Brazil, China, Europe, India, Korea, Mexico, Russia, US大綱Outline!?北美船舶和港口概述北美船舶和港口概述#Overview of port and shipping activities and regulations inNorth America#港口和船舶排放清港口和船舶排放清單#Emission inventory from ports and shipping#?方法、方法

3、、結(jié)果和果和趨勢(shì)#Methodology, results, and trends#前沿前沿問(wèn)題#Emerging issues#?結(jié)論#Conclusion#政策必須考量復(fù)雜的行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)Ports and shipping have a complicated industrystructure!4 船長(zhǎng)/船員!管理公司!船用油提供商!其他服務(wù)!保險(xiǎn)!貨方!ShipBrokers!資金提供!股東!船旗國(guó)!港口國(guó)!船級(jí)社!設(shè)備制造商!交易方!工業(yè)：制造業(yè)，開(kāi)采業(yè)等!貨代!托運(yùn)人!最終消費(fèi)者!需求船舶組織管理者聯(lián)合國(guó)!IMO!其他國(guó)際組織!成員國(guó)!非政府!船東!租船方!港口!船塢!Port Con

4、tainer Traffice in 2012 (Thousand TEU)!AngelesLoN!ewngYoBearkch/N!ewJersey!SavannahVa!ncouver !OakHlaamndpt!onRoads!Houston!Seattle!Tacoma !Char e lston!SanJuan!Montreal !Honolulu !Los- !2,000 !4,000 !6,000 !8,000 !10,000 !TEU!北美集裝箱吞吐量Container throughput in North America!Data Source: American Assoc

5、iation of Port Authorities? 北美集裝箱吞吐量超過(guò)一百萬(wàn)標(biāo)箱的港口有14個(gè)，2個(gè)在加拿大，12個(gè)在美國(guó)? 14 container ports with annual throughput higher than 1million TEU; 2 in Canada, 12 in North America2011年全球船舶運(yùn)行2011 Ship activity based on AIS dataCourtesy of Dr Martin Austwick at CASA in University of College London港口和船只排放清單Emission

6、 inventory from ports and ships#方法Methodology!? 活活動(dòng)分析法數(shù)據(jù)收集和采分析法數(shù)據(jù)收集和采樣#? Activity-based approach + Complete datasurvey#?功率和活功率和活動(dòng)：港口，采：港口，采樣，數(shù)據(jù)交，數(shù)據(jù)交換#Power and Activity: port, survey, marine exchange#負(fù)載系數(shù)：由速度決定系數(shù)：由速度決定#Load factor: determined by speed#排放因子，控制系數(shù)和油品排放因子，控制系數(shù)和油品調(diào)整系數(shù)：系整系數(shù)：系統(tǒng)化數(shù)據(jù)化數(shù)據(jù)#Emiss

7、ion factors, control factors, and Fuel adjustment factors:standardized input#港口減排項(xiàng)目Emission reduction programs in ports!? 大多數(shù)港口大多數(shù)港口檢測(cè)并治理常并治理常規(guī)污染物染物#? Most ports monitor and reduce conventional pollutants#100%!80%!60%!40%!20%!0%!NOx!Ports!SOx!Terminals!PM!vessels!CO2!harbor craft!CHE!Energy!trucks!t

8、hrougput!rail!Emissions in tons!12000!8000!4000!0!NOx!SOx!CO!HC!趨勢(shì)Trend!? 港口港口 排成果排成果顯著著#? Significant improvement in port emissionreduction#20000!16000!2005!2011!Data source from POLB inventory, 2012EconIncreasedmarketabi t liy !th!growomicTradepromotion !Communi y trelationship !Enhancedreputat o

9、in !DevelopmentofbestprastAccecticbeprsst !orppsut y rusIndSharingofes!act c itoesfun!dingOther!港口減排的原因Incentives to reduce port emissions!? 港口港口 排排給港口港口帶來(lái)名譽(yù)和來(lái)名譽(yù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)上的利益上的利益#? Reducing emissions give ports both reputational andeconomic benefits#0%!20%!40%!60%!80%!100%!Fuel%consump,on%(Million%Gallons

10、)%3,0002,5002,0001,5001,000500012345679Census%Division%Domes1cForeign(Dry)Foreign(Wet)遠(yuǎn)洋船數(shù)據(jù)清單的編制和方法Methodology and inventory on OGVs!? 2004年船舶排放清年船舶排放清單，方法與，方法與結(jié)果果#? Shipping inventory in 2004, by census district#ICF (2009) Non-highway freight model, final report to EIAFuel%Consump,on%(Million%Gallo

11、n)%123456789Census%Division%DirectcargomoversIndirectcargomoversFerriesandexcursionvesselsNoncargomovers港口和內(nèi)河船排放清單Harbor craft and inland vessel inventory!?活活動(dòng)分析法數(shù)據(jù)收集和采分析法數(shù)據(jù)收集和采樣#Activity-based approach + Complete data survey#更多的不更多的不 定性定性#More uncertainties#20016012080400ICF (2009) Non-highway frei

12、ght model, final report to EIACO2(gram/Ton9mile(1050Product(tanker(Container(Dry(Bulk(使用AIS數(shù)據(jù)建立排放清單Using AIS data to compile shipping inventory!? 利用利用AIS數(shù)據(jù)提供的及數(shù)據(jù)提供的及時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)可以更好的估算船舶排放數(shù)據(jù)可以更好的估算船舶排放#? AIS is better equipped to calculate shipping inventory#2015China9Canada(China9USA(China9China(北美港口和船舶排放清單

13、的前沿問(wèn)題Emerging Issues in port and shippinginventory#使用液化天然氣作為船用油LNG as a marine fuel!? 液化天然氣作為船用燃料降低運(yùn)行成本并降低常規(guī)污染物排放? LNG as a marine fuel reduces cost and conventionalpollutantsLowell D., Wang, H., Lutsey, N (2013) “Assessment of fuel-cycle impact of LNG in international shipping,available at http:/ww

14、/assessment-fuel-cycle-impact-lng-international-shippingGHG intensity (gCO2e/MJ)!60!40!20!100!80!0!Pathway1!Pathway2!Pathway3!Pathway4!Pathway5!Pathway6!Pathway7!Pathway8!Existingpractice!Bestpractice!Dis$llate)and)residual)fuels)?液化天然氣作為船用油的生命周期溫室氣體排放Lifecycle GHG emission from LNG as

15、a marine fuel!使用液化天然氣作使用液化天然氣作為船用油的生命周期溫室氣體排放取決于不同路船用油的生命周期溫室氣體排放取決于不同路徑徑 #Lifecycle GHG benefits from using LNG as marine fuel varies bypathways#Lowell D., Wang, H., Lutsey, N (2013) “Assessment of fuel-cycle impact of LNG in international shipping,available at /assessment-fuel

16、-cycle-impact-lng-international-shipping其他關(guān)于生命周期排放的分析Other Lifecycle analysis#?以岸以岸電為例：岸例：岸電的的發(fā)展也要考展也要考慮生命周期排放生命周期排放#Use shore power as an example: the development of shorepower also needs to consider lifecycle emissions#100%#80%#60%#40%#20%#0%#Belgium#Sweden#Germany#Norway#China#mainland# Hong#Kong

17、,#SAR#Coal#Oil#Gas#NuClear#Renewable#Black&Carbon&EmissioBlack&Carbon&Emissions&(Thousand&Tonne)&排放因子是影響黑炭排放清單的最重要因素Emission factor is the single most important variable050100250200150Buhaug&et&al&(2009)& Dalsren&et&al&(2008)& Dentener&

18、et&al&(2006)& Eyring&et&al&(2006)& Fuglestvedt&et&al&(2010)&34%190%193%27%52%unchanged19010050Buhaug&et&al&(2009)& Dalsren&et&al&(2008)& Dentener&et&al&(2006)& Eyring&et&al&(2006)& Fuglestvedt

19、&et&al&(20BCinoriginalstudyBCusingnewweightedEF27%193%in BC inventory 190%? 黑炭排放清單在使用重新衡量的排放因子后差別很大? The marine BC inventory estimates differ significantly when adifferent EF is used while keeping fuel consumption#Wang, H.,Minjares, R(2012) Globalemissions ofmarine blackcarbon: Criticalr

20、eview andrevisedassessment.Submitted to92ndTransportationResearch Board.?確定黑炭排放因子的船舶測(cè)試Ship testing to determine BCEF#元素元素 使用使用NIOSH方法相方法相較使用使用IMPROVE方法更高方法更高#The Elemental Carbon (EC) was higher for the NIOSH method ascompared to the IMPROVE method #?可吸入可吸入顆粒物粒物 成：成：45硫酸硫酸鹽，45有機(jī)有機(jī) 和和10元素元素 #?The total PM composition is approximately 45% sulfate, 45%organic and a small fraction of EC (10%). #黑炭排放因子隨功率降低而增加黑炭排放因子隨功率降低而增加#BCEF increase as load decreases#美國(guó)環(huán)保局港口計(jì)劃EPA Port Initiative#?與港口合作降低港口與港口合作降低港口污染染#Work with ports to reduce air emissions#協(xié)調(diào)和其他利益