大二上精讀Lesson 8

1、Lesson 81. The view of the author:(考) Human bings are different from animals; Unlike animals whose behavior is prompted by instinct, humans act in accordance with their free will which in turn means the exercise of their moral judgement; therefore,"we're only human" cannot be used as a

2、n excuse for justifying our wrongdoings.2. Everyone is the product of.in groups:(考) The author is referring to the behaviorist theory that human behavior is a response to external stimulation, and therefore is genes-determined. In this sense human beings have no free will, they are all victims of th

3、ese external causes as a group.(the author is clearly opposed to this theory)3. Instinct (N)本能，天性Instinct for doing sth/sth.Instinct to do sth.l Natural inborn tendency to behave in a certain way without reasoning or training.本能Eg: birds learn to fly by instinct.l Natural feeling that makes one choo

4、se to act in a particular way. 本性，天性Eg: the sight of the helpless little boy arouse her maternal母性的 instincts.4. Elevate (Vt)提升，舉起 Elevate sb/sth to sthl Lift sb/sth up; raise sb/sth to a higher place or rank.提升（級別，職位，地位等），提拔某人l Make (the mind, morals,etc)better or more educated.提高思想，道德品質(zhì)，文化教養(yǎng)，信心等Eg

5、: the teacher hopes to elevate the minds of her young pupils by reading them religious stories.5. solitary (adj)l usu.Attrib (living alone);without companions 獨(dú)居的 eg: lead a solitary lifel Fond of being alone; used to be being alone單獨(dú)的l Not often visited; in a lonely remote place 荒涼的，偏僻的 eg: a solit

6、ary valleyl usu.Attrib (esp. In negative sentences and questions): only one ,single用于否定，疑問句，表“惟一的，僅有的”Eg: she couldn't answer a solitary question correctly她連一個問題都回答不對。6. Invoke (vt)Invoke sth on/upon sb/sth: beg for sth as if by praying以禱告祈求某物Eg: invoke help, assistance, etc in a desperate situa

7、tion.l Use sth as a reason for one's action 援用（法規(guī)，條文等）為行動或理由Eg:the government has invoked the Official Secret Act in having the book banned.l Call upon (god, the power of the law, etc) for help or protection 祈求（上帝）保佑l Summon sth up as if by magic 用法術(shù)召喚Eg: evoke evil spirit召喚惡魔7. Peer (vi)Peer at

8、 sth/sb.Look closely or carefully, esp as if unable to see well仔細(xì)看（尤指似因看不清）Peer at sb over one's spectacles (眼鏡)Peer into the mist8. Cf: look gaze stare peer gawpl Look at: 指視線接觸某物體l Gaze at:視線長時間對著某方向，也可指發(fā)呆（假如視線不集中于某目標(biāo)則為gaze at而非look at）l Stare at: 長久的，有意的，目不轉(zhuǎn)睛的看(比gaze at程度深）l Peer at：仔細(xì)看，含有很難看

9、清之意l Gawp at:傻頭傻腦地張著嘴看9. apt (adj) (-er, -est)l Apt at doing sth: quick at learning 學(xué)得快的，聰明的 eg: very apt programming a computerl pred.apt to do sth: likely or having a tendency to do sth易于做。Eg：apt to be forgetful, careless, quick-temperedl Suitable ;appropriate 恰當(dāng)?shù)?，適當(dāng)?shù)?0. Make sense : vi/vtl Have a

10、n understandable meaning 有意義，有道理，講的通Eg: what you say makes no sense.l Be sensible明智的，合情理的Eg: it doesn't make sense to buy that expensive coat.l Make sense of sth: understand sth difficult or apparently meaningless 了解、弄清。意思11. Forgo: vt forwent, forgoneGive up or do without esp. Sth pleasant 放棄Eg

11、: the workers agreed to forgo a pay increase for the sake of greater job security.12. At the expense of : with loss or damage to sth 以。為代價(jià)Eg: he built up a successful business but it was all done at the expense of his health.13. Derive.froml Derive sth from sth: obtain sth from sth; get sth from sth

12、從。中獲得，取得Eg: derive pleasure from one's studiesl Vi derive from sth: have sth as a starting-point, source or origin; originate from sth（詞匯）源于，派生出Eg:thousands of English words derive from Latin.l Vt derive sth from sth: trace sth from a source 來自，源自14. scorn nl u scorn for sth : strong contempt 鄙視

13、，輕蔑Eg: he had nothing but scorn for my ideas.l sing the scorn of sb: person or thing that is treated with scorn by sb 受某人鄙視的人或事情Eg: she was the scorn of her classmates. V l Vt feel or show scorn for sb/sth 鄙視Eg: as a professional painter, she scorns the efforts of amateurs.l Vt refuse sth proudly 傲慢

14、地拒絕某事Eg: scorn sb's invitation, advice, offerl Reject sth one is too proud to do 不屑做某事Eg: he scorns telling lies.15. Grapple with :l Seize an opponent firmly and try to fight 扭住對手格斗，扭斗Eg： she grappled with her assailant攻擊者 but he got away. l fig 比喻： work hard to overcome a difficulty 努力克服困難Eg: h

15、e has been grappling with the problem for a long time. 16. Take off :( infml) of an idea, a product,etc suddenly become successful or popular; of a sales of a product rise very quickly指觀念或產(chǎn)品等突然大受歡迎； 指產(chǎn)品的銷售量急升Eg: sales of home computers have taken off in recent years.17. Indulge : vl Indulge oneself/

16、sb with sth : allow oneself /sb to have whatever one/he likes or wants 放縱自己Eg: I'm really going to indulge myself tonight with a bottle of champagne.l Vt satisfy （a perhaps unwarranted 沒有保證的，沒有根據(jù)的or illicit違法的 desire ）滿足Eg: indulge my curiosity l Vi indulge in sth : allow oneself to enjoy the pl

17、easure of sth.沉溺于Eg: indulge in the luxury of a long hot bath18. Sustain : vl Bear /weight without breaking or falling; support 承受住，支撐Eg: will this shelf sustain the weight of all these books?l 1Keep sb/sth alive or inexistence 維持。的生命或存在Eg: only the hope that the rescuers were getting nearer sustain

18、ed the trapped miners 2keep(a sound, an effort, etc) going , maintain 是（聲音，努力等）持續(xù)下去，保持Eg: make a sustained effort to finish the workl Undergo sth; suffer 經(jīng)受某事物，遭受Eg: sustain a defeat, an injury, a loss 19. Against (all) the odds: despite strong opposition or disadvantages 盡管極為不利或遭到強(qiáng)烈反對Eg: against al

19、l the odds she achieved her dream of becoming a ballerina.芭蕾舞女20. Conform to: l Vi conform to sth: keep to or comply with (generally accepted rules, standards, etc)遵守l Vi conform with/to sth :agree or be consistent with sth 符合Eg: his ideas do not conform with mine.16. Conscience nu,c : person's

20、awareness of right and wrong with regard to his own thoughts and actions道德心，良心Eg: have a clear/guilty conscience 問心無愧/有愧良心上感到不安After she has committed the crime, her conscience was troubled.17. Impose: l Vt impose sth on sb/sth: 1 place a penalty罰金,tax,ect officially on sb/sth征稅，罰款Eg: impose a fine,

21、 sentence, term of imprisonment 2 place sth unwelcome or unpleasant on sb/sth, inflict sth把。強(qiáng)加于Eg: impose restrictions, limitations, restraintsl Impose sth on sb: try to make sb accept an opinion or belief; inflict sth強(qiáng)加Eg: she imposed her ideas on the group翻譯：Para2.As if one's humanness were a

22、blueprint for instinctive, reflexive reactions to situations, like the rest of the animal kingdom. I see being "human"as the unique opportunity to use our mind and will to act in ways that elevate us above the animal kingdom.如果人性是由基因模式?jīng)Q定的，就像其他動物一樣，對周圍的環(huán)境進(jìn)行本能的條件反射，在我看來，人類的獨(dú)特條件是用我們的意志，意識來行動，

23、這就是為什么我們高于動物的原因。Para3."We were put on the earth to rise above nature"上帝在地球上創(chuàng)造人類是讓我們高于動物Para4.And it is largely with the 3 C's that we accomplish that. The 3 C's are character, courage, and conscience, without which we are merely gigantic ants instinctively filling out our biologica

24、lly determined destiny.很大程度上是我們能實(shí)現(xiàn)的3個C。沒有本質(zhì)，勇氣，良心，我們就是巨大的螻蟻，本能的在履行生物規(guī)律決定的命運(yùn)。Para5.While natural selection did shape our minds and feelings, there is something extra special about the human mind that leads us to be able, if not always willing, to take that extra step past some action that makes sense

25、 on only the basis of "survival of the fittest" or "survival of the me"自然選擇塑造我們的思維和感情，但是我們身上有種特殊的東西讓我們能夠采取額外的行動來超越行為，盡管我們并不是經(jīng)常情愿地這么做，僅僅在"適者生存”“唯我生存”的基礎(chǔ)上才有意義。Para6.No doubt about it, self-advancement and self-indulgence are powerful innate drives for personal status and pleas

26、ure. Even the motivation for seemingly altruistic behaviors can be found in the common sense of "I do for you because some reciprocal benefits in the future". Humans are social animals, therefore we all rely on the kindness of kin for survival to some extent. Yes, if all giving is simply m

27、otivated by the expectation of eventually getting. Where does our special"humanness"come in?毫無疑問，為了自己的地位和快樂，是人類身上本身固有的強(qiáng)烈的欲望。甚至在某些人的話中"我?guī)湍闶且驗(yàn)閷砦铱赡軓闹惺芤妗笨闯霰砻娴睦髁x行為。我們是社會人，我們的生存離不開這些裙帶關(guān)系，但是如果我們的一切付出都是為了最終得到回報(bào)，那我們?nèi)祟愄赜械娜诵栽谀睦锬?？Para7 It's profoundly satisfying to forgo immediate pleasure

28、 and benefit another person at some expense of the self, even if no one else knows you've done it, eliminating the investment concept or reciprocal altruism and restoring character to its rightful place in our lives.如果能夠放棄眼前的一時之樂，舍己為人，摒棄互利的投資觀念，擺正人格在生活中的位置，即使默默無聞，也是極為令人滿足的。Para 8Yes indeed, huma

29、n beings derive pleasure from having character, which I once heard defined as" what you are when no one else is looking." for humans, brute strength is not enough. We value reputation, respect, admiration, and the long-lasting happiness that comes from the sacrifice pains, and efforts that

30、 go into forging character. In addition to the specific pleasure human take directly from rising above the pull selfish desire, we gain the acceptance and affection of others.是的，的確，人類從性格中獲得了快樂這是我曾聽到的定義是“在沒人注視你的時候，你是什么樣的”就人格而言，光有蠻力是不夠的，我們更加珍視從磨練性格做出的犧牲，痛苦，努力中取得的榮譽(yù)，尊重，敬仰和長久的幸福。除了特別的快樂直接來源于超越自私的欲望，我們獲得

31、了別人的接受與喜愛。Para 10Tina now sees her husband as having little "character". What does this mean? It suggests that in the inner battle between the self and the obligation toward others he will lean toward self. Therefore, she judges she can't count on him to do the right thing or honor his

32、 commitments to others. Tina told me that she was seriously considering a divorce.蒂娜現(xiàn)在發(fā)現(xiàn)他的丈夫沒有人格，這是什么意思？是指，在自我與對別人的責(zé)任和義務(wù)的思想斗爭中，他更傾向于自我。因此，她認(rèn)為她不能指望他去做正確的事情或者實(shí)現(xiàn)他對別人的承諾。蒂娜告訴我，她正在認(rèn)真地考慮離婚。Para16:Clearly, to resist the inner drive toward self-indulgence over character requires a value system that judges s

33、ome behaviors as better than othersalong with a specialty known as Courage.顯然，抵制住放棄人格，放縱自己的欲望，需要一個辨別善惡的價(jià)值體系和我們稱之為的勇氣。Para17Merely, sustaining life is a vegetable state;people who lead such lives report experiencing unhappiness and boredom. Thoroughly living life requires initiative, risk-taking, sus

34、tained action against odds, sacrificing for ideas and for others, leaps of faith. People who lead such lives report being happy, hopeful and exhilarated.even when they fail.如果僅僅維持生命的話就是植物人的狀態(tài)，這種人的生活是不幸，無聊的。完全鮮活的生命的生活是要有主動性，冒險(xiǎn)精神，與困境不懈斗爭，為理想和他人犧牲的精神，以及要有對超越之物的堅(jiān)定信仰，這樣的人的生活是幸福的，有希望的，令人振奮的，即使有時他們會失敗。Para

35、 18Courage is to life what broth is to soup. It is the very context that gives experiences, events , and opportunities a special richness, flavor, and meaning.勇氣對于生活的重要性就像肉湯對于美羹的重要性是一樣的，正是有了勇氣，使人生中的各種經(jīng)歷，際遇格外的充實(shí)，有趣，充滿了意義。Para19Courage is also what gives values vibrancy. So many people espouse values

36、about sex, abortion, honesty, etc.,until the dilemma is theirs. Then, because of their particular circumstances, selfish needs, and uncomfortable feelings, the values become optional.勇氣還使價(jià)值觀充滿了生氣，在許多人陷入尷尬的境地之前，他們還是很支持的，由于出現(xiàn)了具體的情況，自私的欲望和一些不適感，價(jià)值觀成為了可隨意舍棄的。Para20I believe too many people use "Oka

37、y, I made a mistake" or "But I'm only human"or "I'm not perfect!" as an escape clause out of a guilty conscience. The speakers hope or believe they cannot or should not be condemned, criticized, or judged. With these protective clauses they demand to be excused.我相信很多

38、人使用"好吧，我犯了一個錯誤”或“我只不過是人”或“我不完美”以這樣的托詞來逃避良心的愧疚， 他們堅(jiān)信他們不能也不應(yīng)該受到批評，譴責(zé)，反而他們會憑這些托詞來要求別人的諒解。Para20We wish to be excused because guilt( internal pain from the disappointment in self) and shame( public awareness of our transgressions with the threat of condemnation and punishment) are painful emotions,

39、 and so we go through verbal and psychological contortions of blame and rationalizations.我們希望被原諒，因?yàn)閮?nèi)疚（由于自我的失望使內(nèi)心的痛苦）和羞恥（對于我們的罪行帶有譴責(zé)和懲罰的威脅的公眾意識）都是痛苦的，所以無論是在口頭上還是在心里我們?yōu)槠湔业胶线m的理由來歪曲譴責(zé)。Para 22.Conscience, however, is not just about avoiding those negatives. Conscience, our capability to judge ourselves i

40、n moral terms and to conform to those standards and values about we make a part of our inner being, is also motivated by good feelings such as pride, compassion, empathy, love and identification.然而，良心，不僅僅是避免那些負(fù)面的事物。良心，這種從道德角度和遵從內(nèi)心標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的價(jià)值觀的能力，它是由良性的感覺激發(fā)出來的，如同情，憐憫， 共鳴，愛情，認(rèn)可。Para23Human beings, not tight

41、ly programmed by instinct like lower animals, are charged with the seemingly overwhelming responsibility of making judgments and choosing between behaviors. We have responsibility because we have control. 人類不像低級動物一樣嚴(yán)格受本能的控制，在作出判斷，選擇行為兩個方面，我們顯然有不可推卸的責(zé)任。 Para27“Happiness,”as Stan Cohen wrote in the Lo

42、s Angeles Times, is making steady, measurable, and observable progress in achieving the long-term goals that are a part of a good lifetime plan. Happiness is rooted in some combination of the most basic desires for a good life that nearly every individual holds: to love and be love; to successfully

43、raise a family; to share ample quality time with friends and loves ones; to be enjoyably engaged in a gainful pursuit, one that fully employs and continuously expands one's skills, has purpose, earns fair recognition and provides rewards that are economically and / or emotionally satisfying; and

44、 to be a valued and respected member of one's community and society.斯坦.科恩在洛杉磯時報(bào)寫的“幸?！?是為實(shí)現(xiàn)長期的目標(biāo)而取得的穩(wěn)定的，顯著的進(jìn)步，而且是畢生計(jì)劃的一部分。幸福是根源于那些對一個美好的生活的最基本的渴求的某種組合，這種愿望基本上每個人都有： 愛與被愛，成功地養(yǎng)家，與朋友，愛的人共享充裕的美好時光，快樂地投入到能夠盡致發(fā)揮與不斷擴(kuò)展的能力而且受益無窮的這種追求中，并且在經(jīng)濟(jì)上或情感上得到令人滿意的回報(bào)、成為某個社區(qū)，社會的有價(jià)值，受尊重的成員。Para 28In this regard, pleasur

45、e is an event; happiness is a progress. Pleasure is an end point;happiness is the journey. Pleasure is material; happiness is spiritual. Pleasure is self-involved; happiness is outer-and other-involved.在這個方面，快樂是一件事，幸福是一個過程；快樂是一個終點(diǎn)，幸福是一次旅行；快樂是物質(zhì)的，幸福是精神的；快樂是只涉及個人，幸福是和外界，別人息息相關(guān)的。Para29When individuals

46、disregard the process of their lives and focus mostly on the seduction of the pleasurable moment, their self-centered action often generate pain for others and destruction to their ultimate potential for self-esteem and personal achievement.忽視生活的過程，過多的沉迷于享樂時光的話， 以自我為中心的這種行為會給別人帶來痛苦，也最終會毀滅實(shí)現(xiàn)自尊并且取得個人成就的潛能。Para30In ch