2013年12月四級閱讀三套帶答案

1、卷一Section CPassage One Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception

2、 of the food in front of us.Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption.A new study

3、suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people's hunger levels were predicted not by how much theyd eaten but rather by how much food they'd seen in front of themin other words, how much they remembered eating.This disparity (蓋棄）sugg

4、ests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol."Hunger isn't controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal.

5、 We have identified an independent role for memory for that meal，" Brunstrom says. "This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought."These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our bodys

6、response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 3S0-calorie (卡路里）milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones （荷爾蒙），depending on whether the shakes label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participant

7、s reported feeling more full when they thought they'd consumed a higher-calorie shake.What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitas

8、king while eating.The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control our appetite, Brunstrom says.56. What is said to be a factor affecting our appetite and food intake?A) How we perceive the food we eat. C) When we eat our meals.B) What ingredients the food contains.

9、 D) How fast we eat our meals.57. What would happen at meal time if you remembered eating a lot in the previous meal?A) You would probably be more picky about food.B) You would not feel like eating the same food.C) You would have a good appetite.D) You would not feel so hungry.58. What do we learn f

10、rom the 2011 study?A) Food labels may mislead consumers in their purchases.B) Food labels may influence our bodys response to food.C) Hunger levels depend on one's consumption of calories.D) People tend to take in a lot more calories than necessary.59. What does Brunstrom suggest we do to contro

11、l our appetite?A) Trick ourselves into eating less. C) Concentrate on food while eating.B) Choose food with fewer calories. D) Pick dishes of the right size.60. What is the main idea of the passage?A) Eating distractions often affect our food digestion.B) Psychological factors influence our hunger l

12、evels.C) Our food intake is determined by our biological needs.D) Good eating habits will contribute to our health.Passage Two Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage. As a society we might want to rethink the time and money spent on education, so that these resources can benefit a gre

13、ater percentage of the population. Ideally, both high schools and colleges can prepare individuals for the ever-changing roles that are likely to be expected of them.High school degrees offer far less in the way of preparation for work than they might, or than many other nations currently offer, cre

14、ating a growing skills gap in our economy. We encourage students to go on to college whether they are prepared or not, or have a clear sense of purpose or interest, and now have the highest college dropout rate in the world.We might look to other countries for models of how high schools can offer be

15、tter training, as well as the development of a work ethic (勤奮工作的美德）and the intellectual skills needed for continued learning and development. I recommend Harvard's 2011 "Pathways to Prosperity" report for more attention to the "forgotten half" (those who do not go on to colle

16、ge) and ideas about how to address this issue.Simultaneously, the liberal arts become more important than ever. In a knowledge economy where professional roles change rapidly and many college students are preparing for positions that may not even exist yet, the skill set needed is one that prepares

17、them for change and continued learning.Learning to express ideas well in both writing and speech, knowing how to find information, and knowing how to do research are all-solid background skills for a wide variety of roles, and such training is more important than any particular major in a liberal ar

18、ts college. We need to continue to value broad preparation in thinking skills ihat will serve for a lifetime.Students also need to learn to work independently and to make responsible decisions. The lengthening path to adulthood appears exacerbated (惡化）by parental involvement in the college years. Gi

19、ven the rising investment in college education, parental concern is not surprising, but learning where and when to intervene (干預(yù)）will help students take more ownership of the outcomes of these increasingly costly educations.61. What kind of education does the author think is ideal?A) It benefits the

20、 great majority of the general population.B) It prepares students to meet the future needs of society.C) It encourages students to learn throughout their lives.D) It ensures that students' expectations are successfully fulfilled.62. What does the author say is the problem with present high schoo

21、l education?A) Ignoring the needs of those who don't go to college.B) Teaching skills to be used right after graduation only.C) Giving little attention to those having difficulty learning.D) Creating the highest dropout rate in the developed world.63. What characterizes a knowledge economy accor

22、ding to the passage?A) People have to receive higher education to qualify for a professional position.B) Students majoring in liberal arts usually have difficulty securing a job.C) New positions are constantly created that require people to keep learning.D) Colleges find it hard to teach students ho

23、w to cope with the changing economy.64. What does the author think a liberal arts college should focus on?A) Solid background knowledge in a particular field.B) Practical skills urgently needed in current society.C) Basic skills needed for change and lifelong learning.D) Useful thinking skills for a

24、dvanced academic research.65. What suggestion docs the author offer to parents?A) Rethinking the value of higher education.B) Investing wisely in their children's education.C) Helping their children lo bring their talent into full play.D) Avoiding too much intervention in their childrens educati

25、on.Section C Passage One 參考譯文(56) (60)近年來,越來越多的研究表明:除了對能量的生理需要外,人們的食欲和食物攝取受到諸多 因素的影響,包括人們的飲食環(huán)境和對面前食物的認(rèn)知。研究表明，例如,在電視機(jī)(或者類似的消遣)前飲食能夠同時增加饑餓感和食物的攝取量。即使是筒 單的視覺信號，比如餐盤的尺寸和燈光,也被證實會對食物分量和攝取量造成影響。(60)新的研究顯示人們的短期記憶同樣對食欲起作用。(57)飯后幾小時,決定人們饑餓程度的不是 他們已食用的食物量,而是他們吃飯時面前所見到的食物量,換言之,是他們所記得的食物量。布里斯托大學(xué)實驗心理學(xué)教授Jeffrey M.

26、 Brunstrom認(rèn)為:這種差異表明人們之前的飲食記憶對食 欲造成的影響可能超過食物的真實數(shù)量對食欲造成的影響。"饑餓程度不僅僅與最近所食食物的特征有關(guān)。我們已經(jīng)確認(rèn)了最近飲食在記憶中的獨立作用 Brunstrom說,"這表明饑餓程度和食物攝取之間的關(guān)系要比我們想象的復(fù)雜得多。"這些發(fā)現(xiàn)印證了早期的研究。(60)早期研究表明，人們對食物的認(rèn)知有時會欺騙身體對食物作出反應(yīng).例如：（58)在2011年的一項研究中,參與者在兩個不同場合食用了同樣含有380卡路里的奶昔,但是 根據(jù)奶昔標(biāo)簽上標(biāo)注的是620卡路里還是140卡路里,參與者分泌出了不同水平的與饑餓相關(guān)的荷爾蒙

27、。 而且,根據(jù)報告，當(dāng)參與者認(rèn)為自己食用了高卡路里的奶昔時,他們感覺更飽。這對于人們的飲食習(xí)慣意味著什么呢？盡管新發(fā)現(xiàn)在讓人減少飲食方面顯得不切實除,但是確實能使人們認(rèn)識到專注于食物、避免飲食時看電視或同時進(jìn)行多項活動的益處。(59)Brunstrom說,所謂的"用心飲食"策略能夠?qū)垢蓴_,幫助人們控制食欲。56. 【定位】由題干中的appetite和food intake定位 到首段第一句。A) 【精析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。文章開篇指出了人們的食欲 和食物攝取受到諸多因素的影響，包括人們的飲 食環(huán)境和對面前食物的認(rèn)知,故答案為A)。57. 【定位】由題干中的remembered和

28、previous meal 定位到第三段第二句。D)【精析】推理判斷題。定位句指出,飯后幾小時,決定人們饑餓程度的不是他們已食用的食物量，而是他們吃飯時面前所見到的食物量,也就是說,影響人們饑餓程度的是他們記憶中的食物量而不是胃里的食物量。由此可推斷,記憶對飲食造成影 響，如果記憶中上頓飯吃了很多,那么不管是不是 真的吃了很多,都不會感覺太餓,故答案為D)。58. 【定位】由題干中的2011 study定位到第六段第 二句。B) 【精析】細(xì)節(jié)歸納題。定位句詳細(xì)描述了 2011年 的一項研究。在研究中，參與者在兩個不同場合 食用了相同卡路里的奶昔，但是奶昔標(biāo)簽上分別 標(biāo)注了 620卡路里和140

29、卡路里,結(jié)果顯示,根據(jù) 標(biāo)注的中路里含量,參與者分泌了不同水平的與 饑餓相關(guān)的荷爾蒙，而且當(dāng)食用了標(biāo)注620卡路 里的奶昔時,他們感覺更飽。實際上兩份奶昔的 卡路里含量是相同的，由于標(biāo)簽標(biāo)注的不同,讓人產(chǎn)生自我暗示,使人體對食物產(chǎn)生了不同的反應(yīng)。 故答案為B)。59. 【定位】由題干中的control our appetite定位到文章最后一句。C)【精析】細(xì)節(jié)歸納題。定位句指出，所謂的"用心飲 食"策略能夠?qū)垢蓴_,幫助人們控制食欲。也就 是Brunstrom建議我們通過"用心飲食"策略控制 飲食用心飲食"和前文中提到的"專注于食物

30、" 相照應(yīng),故答案為C)。60. 【定位】由題干中的main idea定位到各部分主題 句。如第一段的第一句、第三段的第一句、第六段 的第一句和最后一句。B)【精析】主旨大意題。全文可分為三個部分,第一 部分提出論點人們的食欲和食物攝取受到包括環(huán)境和對食物的認(rèn)知等諸多因素的影響。第二部分引用相關(guān)科學(xué)研究論證這些影響因素，特別 指出飲食環(huán)境、對食物的記憶、食物包裝上的標(biāo)簽 對人產(chǎn)生的心理暗示作用影響飲食。最后一部分 提出通過專注飲食來控制食欲的建議。對食物及 飲食環(huán)境的認(rèn)知，對食物的記憶，食物標(biāo)簽產(chǎn)生的 心理暗示等都屬于心理因素,統(tǒng)觀全文,作者一直 圍繞心理因素對食欲的影響展開論述，故

31、答案 為B)。Passage two 參考譯文我們的社會應(yīng)該反思花費在教育上的時間和金錢,以便這些資源能使更多的人受益。(61)理想上,高中和大學(xué)都應(yīng)該能培養(yǎng)可以適應(yīng)未來角色變化的學(xué)生。(62)高中學(xué)歷所提供給學(xué)生的就業(yè)準(zhǔn)備遠(yuǎn)比預(yù)期少,或者遠(yuǎn)比目前其他國家所提供的少,因而造成了 經(jīng)濟(jì)中不新擴(kuò)大的技能差距。不管學(xué)生有沒有做好準(zhǔn)備,有沒有明確的目標(biāo)或興趣,我們都鼓勵他們繼續(xù)讀大學(xué),因而產(chǎn)生了自前世界上最高的大學(xué)輟學(xué)率。我們可以借鑒其他國家的做法,學(xué)習(xí)高中階段如何提供更好的培訓(xùn)，同時培養(yǎng)學(xué)生勤奮工作的美德及 繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展所需的心智技能。我向大家推薦哈佛大學(xué)2011年"邁向繁榮之路&quo

32、t;報告,來更多地關(guān)注 "被遺忘的一半"(那些沒上大學(xué)的人)以及解決這一問題的觀點。同時,人文科學(xué)比以往任何階段都更重要。(63)在知識型經(jīng)濟(jì)中，職業(yè)角色迅速變化,很多大學(xué)生為 之準(zhǔn)備的職位甚至可能還不存在,他們所需的是能讓他們適應(yīng)變化和繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的技能組合。(64)學(xué)會在書面和口頭陳述中很好地表達(dá)觀點,知道如何尋找信息及如何作調(diào)查研究都是為適應(yīng)各 種不同角色所應(yīng)具備的扎實的背景技術(shù)。在文理學(xué)院,此類的培訓(xùn)比任何一門專業(yè)都重要。我們需要繼續(xù)重視并廣泛培養(yǎng)將會終生受益的思維技能。學(xué)生們還需要學(xué)會獨立學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)會做出負(fù)責(zé)任的決定。由于家長在大學(xué)階段的參與,通向成年的漫長 道路看起來

33、好像更長了?？紤]到對大學(xué)教育不斷攀升的投資,家長的擔(dān)心也不足為奇，(65)但是學(xué)會如何地進(jìn)行干預(yù)將會有助于學(xué)生享受這些日益昂責(zé)的教育所帶來的成果。答案詳解61. 【定位】由題干中的ideal定位到第一段第二句。B) 【精析】語義理解題。定位句指出:理想上,高中和 大學(xué)都應(yīng)該能培養(yǎng)學(xué)生適應(yīng)未來角色的變化。此 句表明在未來社會中，人們的角色會不斷發(fā)生變 化,理想的教育就是能培養(yǎng)適應(yīng)這種變化的人才，也就是說,理想的教育可以滿足未來社會的需求，故答案為B)。62. 【定位】由題干中的problem, high school定位到第二段。D)【精析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。作者在文章第二段論述了目 前高中教育的問題

34、,如提供給學(xué)生的就業(yè)準(zhǔn)備不 足,造成了經(jīng)濟(jì)中不斷擴(kuò)大的技能差距。盲目鼓 勵學(xué)生讀大學(xué)造成了目前世界上最高的大學(xué)綴學(xué) 率,故答案為D)。63. 【定位】由題干中的knowledge economy定位到 第四段第二句。C) 【精析】細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。定位句提到，在知識型經(jīng)濟(jì) 中,職業(yè)角色變化迅速,很多大學(xué)生為之準(zhǔn)備的職位甚至可能還不存在。由此可推斷,知識型經(jīng)濟(jì) 的特征是職業(yè)的迅速變化,新的職位不斷地被創(chuàng) 造,有些讀書時還不存在的職位可能在畢業(yè)時出 現(xiàn),屆時,在學(xué)校里學(xué)到的知識就遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠了，因此人們需要持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)來適應(yīng)這些不斷被創(chuàng)造出的 新職位，故答案為C)。64.【定位】由題干中的liberal art

35、s college定位到第 五段第一句。C)【精析】細(xì)節(jié)歸納題。文章第五段提到在文理學(xué) 院,這些培訓(xùn)比任何一門專業(yè)都重要。"這些培訓(xùn)"指上文提到的"學(xué)會在口失和書面陳述中很好 地表達(dá)觀點，知道如何尋找信息并且知道如何作 調(diào)査研究",而這些技能培訓(xùn)是為了適應(yīng)未來的變 化，故答案為C)。65.【定位】由題干中的suggestion和parents定位到 文章最后一句?！揪觥考?xì)節(jié)歸納題。最后一段提到由于家長在 大學(xué)階段的參與，通向成年的漫長道路看起來好 像更長了 ",這句話我們可以理解為家長在大學(xué)階 段過多參與孩子的教育會影響孩子的成長。文章 最后

36、指出"學(xué)會何時何地進(jìn)行干預(yù)將會有助于學(xué)生享受這些日益昂貴的教育所帶來的成果。"也就是說，作者建議家長學(xué)會適當(dāng)?shù)膮⑴c，避免過多的干預(yù),這樣才能使孩子更好地成長,使教育取得更 大的成效,故答案為D)。卷二Section CPassage One Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.A recent global survey of 2 000 high-net-worth individuals found that 60% were not planning on a traditional retire

37、ment. Among US participants, 75% expected to continue working in some capacity even after stepping away from full-time jobs. "Many of these people made their wealth by doing something they're passionate (有激情的）about," says Daniel Egan, head of behavioral finance for Barclays Wealth Amer

38、icas. "Given the choice, they prefer to continue working." Barclays calls these people “nevertirees”.Unlike many Americans compelled into early retirement by company restrictions, the average nevertiree often has no one forcing his hand. If 106-year-old investor Irving Kahn, head of his ow

39、n family firm, wants to keep coming to work every day, who's going to stop him? Seventy-eight-year-old Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburgs job security is guaranteed in the Constitution.It may seem that these elderly people are trying to cheat death. In fact, they are. And its working. Ho

40、ward Friedman, a professor at UC Riverside, found in his research that those who work hardest and are successful in their careers often live the longest lives. "People are generally being given bad advice to slow down, take it easy, stop worrying, and retire to Florida，" he says. He descri

41、bed one study participant, still working at the age of 100, who was recently disappointed to see his son retire."We're beginning to see a change in how people view retirement，" says George Leeson, co-director of the Institute of Population Ageing at Oxford. Where once retirement was se

42、en as a brief reward after a long struggle through some miserable job, it is now akin (近似）to being cast aside. What Leeson terms "the Warren Buffett effect" is becoming more broadly appealing as individuals come to "view retirement as not simply being linked to economic productivity b

43、ut also about contribution."Observers are split on whether this is a wholly good thing. On the one hand, companies and financial firms can benefit from the wisdom of a resilient (堅韌的）chief. On the other, the new generation can find it more difficult to advancean argument that typically holds li

44、ttle sway to a nevertiree.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。 56. What do we learn about the so-called “nevertirees”？A) They are passionate about making a fortune.B) They have no choice but to continue working.C) They love what they do and choose not to retire.D) They will not retire unless they are compelled to.57.

45、 What do Irving Kahn and Ruth Bader Ginsburg have in common?A) Neither of them is subject to forced retirement.B) Neither of them desires reward for their work.C) Both cling to their positions despite opposition.D) Both are capable of coping with heavy workloads.58. What is the finding of Howard Fri

46、edmans research?A) The harder you work, the bigger your fortune will be.B) The earlier you retire, the healthier you will be.C) Elderly people have to slow down to live longer.D) Working at an advanced age lengthens peoples life.59. What is the traditional view of retirement according to the passage

47、?A) It means a burden to the younger generation.B) It is a symbol of a mature and civilized society.C) It is a compensation for one's life-long hard work.D) It helps increase a nations economic productivity.60. What do critics say about "nevertirees"?A) They are an obstacle to a compan

48、ys development.B) They lack the creativity of the younger generation.C) They cannot work as efficiently as they used to.D) They prevent young people from getting ahead.Passage Two Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage. When we talk about Americans barely into adulthood who are saddle

49、d with unbearable levels of debt* the conversation is almost always about student loan debt. But theres a growing body of evidence suggesting that todays young adults are also drowning in credit-card debt-and that many of them will take this debt to their graves.More than 20% overspent their income

50、by more than $ 100 every single month. Since they havent built up their credit histories yet, it's a safe bet that these young adults are paying relatively high interest rates on the resulting credit card debt.Although many young people blame "socializing" as a barrier to saving money,

51、 most of them arent knocking back $ 20 drinks in trendy (時尚的）lounges. Theyre struggling with much more daily financial demands.To a disturbingly large extent, the young and the broke are relying on credit cards to make it until their next payday. This obviously isnt sustainable in the long run, and

52、its going to put a huge drag on their spending power even after they reach their peak earning years, because theyll still be paying interest on that bottle of orange juice or box of spaghetti (意式面條）they bought a decade earlier.A new study out of Ohio State University found that young adults are accu

53、mulating credit card debt at a more rapid rate than other age groups, and that they're slower at paying it off. "If what we found continues to hold true, we may have more elderly people with substantial financial problems in the future" warns Lucia Dunn, professor of economics at Ohio

54、State. "If our findings persist, we may be faced with a financial crisis among elderly people who cant pay off their credit cards."Dunn says a lot of these young people are never going to get out from under their credit card debt. "Many people are borrowing on credit cards so heavily

55、that payoff rates at these levels are not sufficient to recover their credit card debt by the end of their life* which could have loss implications for the credit card issuing banks,"注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。 61. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?A) Many young Americans will never be able t

56、o pay off their debts.B) Credit cards play an increasingly important role in college life.C) Credit cards are doing more harm than student loans.D) The American credit card system is under criticism.62. Why do young people have to pay a higher interest on their credit card debt?A) They tend to forge

57、t about the deadlines.B) They haven't developed a credit history.C) They are often unable to pay back in time.D) They are inexperienced in managing money.63. What is said to be the consequence of young adults relying on credit cards to make ends meet?A) It will place an unnecessary burden on soc

58、iety.B) It will give them no motivation to work hard.C) It will exert psychological pressure on them.D) It will affect their future spending power.64. What will happen to young adults if their credit card debt keeps accumulating according to Lucia Dunn?A) They will have to pay an increasingly higher

59、 interest rate.B) They may experience a financial crisis in their old age.C) Their quality of life will be affected.D) Their credit cards may be cancelled.65. What does Lucia Dunn think might be a risk for the credit card issuing banks?A) They go bankrupt as a result of over-lending.B) They lose lar

60、ge numbers of their regular clients.C) Their clients leave their debts unpaid upon death.D) Their interest rates have to be reduced now and then.Section C Passage One 參考譯文最近一項由2 000位高凈值客戶參與的全球范圍的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),60%的人并未打算正常退休。參與此項調(diào)查的美國人中,75%的人希望從全職工作退休之后能盡其所能繼續(xù)工作。(56)"這些人當(dāng)中有很多是通過去做自己感興趣的事情來獲取財富的,"美洲巴克萊財富行為財務(wù)主管D