初高中英語銜接課程講義：第六章動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)

1、 第六章 動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)動詞時態(tài)時態(tài)是表示行為、動作和狀態(tài)在各種時間條件下的動詞形式。英語中有16種時態(tài)。常用的時態(tài)有：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時、過去將來時、將來進行時、將來完成時。處理時態(tài)問題首先要把握各種動詞時態(tài)所表達的時間概念，注意捕捉決定時態(tài)的信息。如：表示時間的副詞、短語和從句。有時還要通過上下文的時間關系以及題目設置的語境去挖掘隱藏信息。形式時間一般進行完成現(xiàn)在dodoesamis doingarehave donehas過去didwasdoingwerehad done將來Shalldowillwill be doingshall

2、have donewill過去將來Shoulddowouldwould be doing（一）一般現(xiàn)在時1通常表示現(xiàn)階段經常發(fā)生的動作、存在狀態(tài)或經常的習慣性的動作。常與often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every five minutes, on Sundays等時間狀語連用。She is always ready to help others. 她總是樂于助人。The old man goes to park every morning. 這位老人每天早上都去公園。2表示永恒的真理以及客觀事實。The earth goes round th

3、e sun. 地球繞著太陽轉。3表示按規(guī)定或計劃要發(fā)生的動作。The train starts at seven in the morning. 火車早上七點出發(fā)。4在時間和條件狀語從句中代替一般將來時。Ill go with you, if you are free tomorrow. 如果你明天有空，我就會和你一起去。（二）一般過去時1一般過去時表示過去某一時間發(fā)生的動作或情況。常與表示過去的時間狀語ago, yesterday , last week, in the old days ,when I was five years old, in 1995 等連用。I met him ye

4、sterday. 昨天我遇見了他。They began to work two months ago. 兩個月前他們開始工作。2一般過去時多和表示過去了的時間狀語連用。但是有時候句子并沒有過去的時間狀語，這時就要通過語境、說話人的口氣來判斷。He wrote a novel. 他寫了一部小說。I didnt expect you were waiting for us. 我沒預料到你正在等我們。3used to do sth. 意為“過去常常做某事”，暗含“現(xiàn)在不做了”之意。be used to do sth. 意為“被用于做某事”，不定式表示目的，可用于多種時態(tài)。be used to doi

5、ng sth. 習慣做某事。He used to get up early . 過去他總是早起。（現(xiàn)在不這樣了）He will be used to getting up early . 他將會習慣早起。Wood is used to make paper. 木材被用來造紙。（三）一般將來時1、表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常用的時間狀語有l(wèi)ater(on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等。I shall be eighteen years old next year. 明年我就十八歲了。He will not go

6、to the airport to meet her this afternoon. 今天下午他不去機場接她。2、一般將來時的其它表示形式（1）一般現(xiàn)在時表將來按照計劃或時刻表要發(fā)生的事情。The new library opens next month. 新圖書館下月開放。The plane takes off at 3:00 P.m. 飛機于下午三點起飛。在條件狀語從句和時間狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。If you leave tomorrow , Ill see you at the airport. 如果你明天走，我到機場送你。When she comes, Ill tell her

7、 about it. 她來時我將把這件事告訴她。（2）現(xiàn)在進行時表將來現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來，往往是指計劃好或準備要做的事。一些表示動作轉換的終止性動詞，如go, come, leave, start, begin，stay，take off，arrive等，或者也稱為位移性動詞，其進行時表示馬上要做某事。Im taking the kids to the zoo this Sunday. 這個周日我將帶孩子們去動物園。He is leaving school in one years time.他一年后就要畢業(yè)了。（3）be to do sth結構表示計劃中約定的或按職責、義務和要求必須去做的事

8、或即將發(fā)生的動作。The president is to visit Japan in May.主席將于五月訪問日本。Im to get married next year. 我明年結婚。（4）be about to do. 結構表示“剛要做某事，馬上要做某事，正要做某事”，強調動作即將發(fā)生（不跟表將來的時間狀語連用）。We are about to discuss this problem.我們將馬上討論這個問題。They were about to leave when the telephone rang. 他們正要離開時電話響了。3、will和be going to的區(qū)別。（1）wil

9、l多表示帶意愿色彩的將來或客觀上將來要發(fā)生的事，也可表示臨時做出決定將要做的事。I will stay with you and help you. 我會和你一起并且?guī)椭?。You have left the light on. 你還開著燈呢。 Oh, so I have. I will go and turn it off. 哦，確實是的。我馬上去關掉它。（2）be going to常用于口語中，主要用來表示將發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)、打算或準備要做的事或根據(jù)某種跡象判斷可能將要發(fā)生的事。Theres going to be an English film this evening. 今晚有一

10、場英文電影。Look at those clouds. Its going to rain. 看那些烏云，要下雨了。（四）現(xiàn)在完成時1、表示過去發(fā)生或已經完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果。常與already, ever, never, just ,yet等副詞連用。I have just finished my homework. 我剛剛完成我的家庭作業(yè)。He has been to Germany. 他去過德國。2、表示從過去某時刻開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或情況，并且有可能會繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去，此時經常用延續(xù)性動詞。時間狀語常用since加一個過去的時間點，或for加一段時間，或加一個現(xiàn)在時間。

11、I have known him for three years. 我認識他三年了。He has lived here since 1995.他自1995年以來就住在這兒?！咀⒁狻浚?）因為含有for加一段時間或since加一時間點這樣的時間狀語的完成時，有延續(xù)性的特點，所以不能使用瞬間動詞。My sister has been married for 5 years.我姐姐結婚五年了。My sister has married. Dont disturb her. 我姐姐已經結婚了。不要打擾她。（2）在This/That/It is the first/second/third/.time

12、that.句型里，從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時。This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition. 這是我公司產品第二次參加國際展覽會。（3）句型It is/has been.since.所使用的兩種時態(tài)都正確。It is/has been 10 years since I last saw him. 從我上次見到他以來已經有10年了。（五）過去完成時1、過去完成時是一個相對時態(tài)，表示過去的過去，只有在兩個過去發(fā)生的動作相比較時才可顯示出來。Wh

13、en we got to the station, the train had left.2、過去完成時表示截止到過去某一時間已經完成的動作。By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books. 截止到上個月末，我們已經復習了四本書。3、表示思維的動詞用過去完成時，意為“原本（但事與愿違）”。I had thought that he would win. 我原以為他能贏。We had believed that he could tell the truth. 我們原本相信他能夠說實話。（六）現(xiàn)在進行時1、現(xiàn)在進行時表示說話時或現(xiàn)階段正在

14、進行的動作。Listen, someone is crying. 聽，有人在哭。What are you doing these days? 這些天你們在干什么？2、有時，現(xiàn)在進行時也與always等副詞連用，表示反復出現(xiàn)的習慣性動作，用以表達說話人贊揚、討厭等情緒。He is always asking the same question. 他總是問同一個問題。（厭煩）3、動詞go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin, end等表將要發(fā)生的動作時也用現(xiàn)在進行時。They are leaving for Shanghai. 他們將動身去上海。4、狀態(tài)動詞be,

15、 have, belong to, remember, know, love, like, prefer, remember, forget, hope, wish, want, see, hear, find, feel等一般不用于進行時。Do you know where he is? 你知道他在哪兒嗎？（七）過去進行時1、表示在過去某一時刻或過去一段時間內正在發(fā)生的動作。I was doing my homework at this time yesterday. 昨天的這個時候我正在做作業(yè)。2、如果when, while這樣的時間狀語引導詞所引導的主從句之一是一般過去時，則另一個句子常

16、用過去進行時。I was washing my hair when you knocked at the door. 你敲門的時候我正在洗頭發(fā)?！颈嫖觥楷F(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時現(xiàn)在完成時是聯(lián)系過去和現(xiàn)在的紐帶，它強調過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響；一般過去時只表示過去的某個具體時間里發(fā)生的動作，與現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系。試比較：He has worked in that hospital for 8 years. (表示他從過去開始工作，一直工作到現(xiàn)在，可能現(xiàn)在仍在那家醫(yī)院工作。)他已經在那家醫(yī)院里工作了8年。He worked in that hospital for 8 years. (這只是講述一個過去的事

17、實，表示他現(xiàn)在已經不在那家醫(yī)院了。)他曾經在那家醫(yī)院工作了8年。Have you had your lunch? 你吃午飯了嗎？What did you have for lunch? 你午飯吃的是什么？I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer. 我去過長城，我去年夏天去的。Exercises:1. I took a photo of you just now.Really? I with attention.A. didnt look B. wasnt looking C. am not looking

18、D. havet looked 2. You havent said a word about my new hair-style. What do you think of it? Im sorry I anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty.A. dont say B. wasnt saying C. didnt say D. havent said3. Can I help you, Madam. No, thanks, I .A. have just looked around B. just look around

19、C. am just looking around D. just looked around4. That famous cherry tree because of pollution.Yes, we have to do something to save it.A. has died B. had died C. is died D. is dying5. She ought to stop reading; she has a headache because she too long.A. had read B. read C. is reading D. has been rea

20、ding6. Youre talking too much.Only at home. No one me but you.A. is hearing B. had heard C. hears D. heard7. What have you been doing? I asked you a question. Why didnt you answer?Sorry, I to the news on the radio.A. listened B. have listened C. was listening D. had listened8. You should have told h

21、im the date earlier.I , but he forgot about it.A. did B. have C. had D. should have9. You could have asked Tom for help, for he is good at physics.Really? Oh, a whole night ,Why didnt you tell me earlier?A. is wasted B. was wasted C. had wasted D. has wasted10. The thief tried to break away from the

22、 policeman who him but failed.A. held B. had held C. would hold D. was holding11. You exercises at your desk! Why not take some exercise?A. always do B. are always doing C. have always done D. have always been doing12. What were you up to when she dropped in?I for a while and some reading.A. was pla

23、ying; was going to go B. played; didC. had played; was going to go D. had played; did用括號中動詞的適當形式填空。1.It is the fourth time that Mike (travel) to China.2.He (not finish)the work by the end of last month.3.LiMing (know) him since then.4.I (receive) a letter from my brother last night.5.We (be ) to Lon

24、don many times before we left England.6.How long you (learn) English by the end of this term?7.He (live) in this city since he (leave) his hometown.When did he (leave) there?He there three years ago.8.His father (be) in the Party for years.When he (join) the Party?He (join) the Party in 1996.9.It (r

25、ain )for such a long time!When it (rain)?It (rain) 3 hours ago.10.I (hope)to be back last night, but I (not catch) the train.11.Hello, may I speak to John? (speak).動詞的語態(tài)語態(tài)有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主語是動作的發(fā)出者為主動語態(tài)；主語是動作的接受者為被動語態(tài)。（1） 被動語態(tài)1） 用法A 不知道動作的執(zhí)行者是誰。B 沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者C 強調動作的承受著。（2）被動語態(tài)的構成及用法1) 被動語態(tài)最基本的句型結構是： be

26、 +及物動詞過去分詞 一般現(xiàn)在時：is/am/are+done一般過去時:was/were+done現(xiàn)在進行時:is/am/are+being+done過去進行時:was/were+being+done一般將來時:will+be+done過去將來時:would+be+done現(xiàn)在完成時:have/has+been+done過去完成時:had+been +done2) 被動語態(tài)中的謂語動詞一定要是及物動詞因為被動句中的主語是動作的承受者，某些短語動詞如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被動語態(tài)。The chil

27、dren were taken good care of by her. 【注意】短語動詞中的介詞或副詞變成被動語態(tài)時不可遺漏。3) 主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)要加“to”的情況若賓語補足語是不帶to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，該不定式前要加“to”。此類動詞為感官動詞，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom.I was made to go out of the classroom (by the

28、 teacher).4) 主動形式表示被動意義 1）如wash, clean, cut, read, wear, draw, write, sell等動詞雖然用做主動形式卻表示被動的意義。例如：The pen writes smoothly.2） 感官動詞如feel，look，smell，taste，sound等直接跟形容詞作表語。The food tastes good.非謂語動詞（只簡要介紹初中部分內容，在高中階段非謂語動詞是重要語法項目，同學們要努力掌握）對非謂語動詞的考點是：感官動詞后不定式作賓語補足語和動詞ing形式作賓語補足語的用法；一些特殊動詞的動詞不定式作賓語補足語時不帶to，

29、但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時就要帶to；有些動詞既可接不定式也可接動詞ing形式作賓語，但表達的意思不同。這些都是歷年中考的重點。（1）非謂語動詞的形式非謂語動詞指的是在句中起名詞，形容詞或副詞作用的動詞形式，而不是作謂語的動詞形式。 動詞的非謂語形式分為動名詞，分詞，動詞不定式。（2）不定式作賓語補足語Father will not allow us to play on the street.（3）不定式作目的狀語He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.（4）用不定式和分詞作補足語都可以的動詞這樣的動詞有感官動詞如：see, hear, look, notic

30、e, observe, feel等，使役動詞如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing 表示動作的連續(xù)性，進行性。I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調“我看見了”這個事實)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（強調“我見他正干活”這個動作）昨天我見他正在花園里干活。（5）用不帶to不定式的情況使役動詞如： let, have, make等和感官動詞如： see, watch, hear, listen t

31、o, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補，省略to。在被動語態(tài)中則to不能省掉。（6）接動名詞與不定式意義不同1) stop to do停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。2) forget to do忘記要去做某事。 (未做)forget doing忘記做過某事。 (已做)3) remember to do 記得去做某事。 (未做)remember doing記得做過某事。 (已做)4) try to do努力，企圖做某事。try doing 試驗，試著做某事。5) go on to do做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來

32、做的事。6) mean to do 打算、想mean doing意味著4. 容易混淆的常用動詞的辨析(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。1) say表示講話，作為及物動詞使用，后跟賓語或賓語從句。He said he would go there.Its time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.2)speak表示“講話”，一般作為不及物動詞使用，而有時作為及物動詞后面跟上各種語言作為賓語。Do you speak English?May I speak to Mr Pope, please?3) talk表示“談話”，是

33、不及物動詞，與to , about, with等連用，才可賓語。What are you talking about?Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.4) tell 表示“告訴，講述”是及物動詞，可以帶雙賓語或復合賓語。She told us an interesting story yesterday.My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。1) look強調

34、“看”這個動作，是不及物動詞，常與at連用，然后接賓語。Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?2) see 指“看見”某物，強調的是結果。They cant see the words on the blackboard.Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday?3) watch 指的是“觀看”，“注視”之意。The twins are watching TV now.He will go

35、 to watch a volleyball match.4） read指“看書”、“看報”、“閱讀”之意。Dont read in the sun.I like to read newspapers when I am free.(3) borrow, lend和keep的區(qū)別。1) borrow意思為“借入”，常常與from連用，是非延續(xù)性動詞，表示瞬間即能完成的動作。Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.May I borrow your dictionary?2) lend 是“借出”之意，常常與to連用，同borrow一樣，

36、是非延續(xù)性動詞，只表示瞬間即能完成的動作。Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.Could you lend us your radio, please?3) keep是“保存”的意思，動作可以延續(xù)。How long can the recorder be kept?The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。1) bring意思為“拿來”、“帶來”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來”。Bring me the book, please.May I bring Jim t

37、o see you next Saturday?2) take意思是“拿走”，“帶走”，把某物或某人從這里“帶來”或“拿到”某處之意。It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.Mother took the little girl to the next room.3) carry 是“帶著、搬運、攜帶”的意思，指隨身攜帶，有背著、扛著、抱著、提著的含義，不表明來去的方向。Do you always carry a handbag?The box is heavy. Can you carry it?4) get是去某處將某物拿回來。Please

38、 go to my office to get some chalk.There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?(5) wear, put on和dress的區(qū)別1) wear是“穿著”“戴著”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首飾等，強調“穿著”的狀態(tài)。Tom always wears black shoes.He wears a raincoat even when it is fine.She doesnt like to wear a red flowers in her hair.2) put on是“穿上”“

39、戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。著重于穿戴的動作。Its cold. Youd better put on your coat.He put on his hat and went out of the room.3) dress可以作及物動詞和不及物動詞，有“穿著”“打扮”的意思。作“穿著”解時，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作為及物動詞用時，它的賓語是人，不是衣服。dress sb. （給某人穿衣服），而wear作“穿著”用時，也是及物動詞，但它的賓語是物，不是人，即wear sth.（穿著衣物）。She always dresses well.Get up and

40、dress quickly.Mary is dressing her child.(6) take, spend 和use的用法。1) take指做某事用多少時間，句型是：It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth.It took me three days to finish the work.It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest.It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai.2) spend指某人在某事（物）上

41、花費時間或錢。句型是：Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth.She spent more than 500 yuan on that coat.He didnt spend much time on his lessons.He spent much time (in) correcting students exercises.Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes.3) use表示使用工具、手段等。Do you know how to use the compu

42、ter?Shall we use your car?(7)reach, get 和arrive的區(qū)別。1) reach是及物動詞，后面要直接跟表示地點的名詞作賓語。After the train had left, they reached the stationWe reached the top of the mountain at last.2) get是不及動詞，常與to連用，再接名詞，后面接表示地點的副詞時，不用to，get to常用于口語中。When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun.My sister was c

43、ooking when mother got home.3) arrive是不及物動詞，表示到達一個小地方時，用arrive at, 到達一個大地方時用arrive in。The soldiers arrived at a small villageThe foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow.【演練】1. Listen! Some of the girls _ about Harry Potter. Lets join them.A. are talking B. talkC. will talk D. talked2. Our teache

44、r, Miss Chen, _English on the radio the day before yesterday.A. teaches B. taughtC. will teach D. had taught3. I dont think I _ you in that dress before.A. have seen B. was seeingC. saw D. see4. Susans parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It _ be very expensive.A. must B. can C. m

45、ustnt D. cant5. Coffee is ready. How nice it _ ! Would you like some?A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. feels6. “ Mr. Zhu, youd better _ too much meat. You are already over weight,” said the doctor.A. not to eat B. to eat C. not eat D. eat7. “Dont always make Michael _ this or that. He is already a big boy, dear,” Mr. Bush said to his wife.A. do B. to do C. doe