高考英語語法輔導(dǎo)課件-定語從句

1、Click to edit Master title styleClick to edit Master text stylesClick to edit Master title styleClick to edit Master text styles單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式第二級第三級第四級第五級*定語從句The Attributive Clauses定義(Definition)：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。結(jié)構(gòu)：先行詞關(guān)系詞從句定語從句分為定語從句和定語從句限制性非限制性(1).限制性定語從句: 對先行詞起限定作用

2、,與先行詞關(guān)系十分密切,不用逗號隔開,也不能省略,否則句意就不完整. The accident happened at the time when I left.2). 非限制性定語從句: 只是對先行詞做補充說明,沒有限定作用,與先行詞的關(guān)系也比較松散,如果省略,原句意義仍然完整,常用逗號與主句隔開. His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago. 注：下列場合下只用非限制性定語從句：1）在一定范圍或前提下，所談對象是唯一的；The 29th Olympic Games, which was held in Beijing, was

3、certainly a great success.2）談話雙方皆知道的所指對象Mao is at the library, where we often borrow books.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞指人who( 主語,賓語(口語) whom(賓語) that(主語,賓語,表語)whose(定語) as (主語,賓語,表語)指物which (主語,賓語) that (主語,賓語,表語)whose(定語) as (主語,賓語,表語)關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞Where(地點狀語)When( 時間狀語)Why(原因狀語)God helps those(先行詞) who

4、help themselves（定語從句）.b. I like the girl（先行詞） who speaks English very well.c. You must do everything(先行詞)that I do .（定語從句）d. He has an elder brother先行詞）, who is now serving in the army （定語從句） .e. The building (先行詞is still in good condition, where we once lived （定語從句）.關(guān)系詞的作用： A. 引導(dǎo)定語從句；B. 代替C.在從句里先行詞

5、擔(dān)任成分Join the following sentences:The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday. we saw yesterday is Mary.The girlthat/who/whomCorrect the mistakes1.Under the big tree are 34 students, many of them come from class two.2. My mother has a good book, which cover looks terrible.3. This is the very pen that you

6、gave it to me before.4. There is an old woman, that is holding a stick. whomwhoseitwho關(guān)系詞的選擇原則 關(guān)系詞的選擇根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在從句中所作的成份決定。若關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語,賓語,定語或表語，選用關(guān)系代詞（who ,whom, that, which, whose）； 若關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語，用關(guān)系副詞（where地點狀語，when時間狀語，why原因狀語）。關(guān)系代詞 who, whom, that的使用, 先行詞指人時： 1） 在定語從句中作主語時，用who/that， 不可省略； 2）在定語從句中作賓語時

7、， 用 whom / that，在限制性定語從句中可以省略； 3) 在定語從句中作表語時，用 that，不可省略關(guān)系代詞which, that的使用, 先行詞指物時：1） 在定語從句中作主語時，用which/that， 不可省略；2）在定語從句中作賓語時， 用 which / that,在限制性定語從句中可以省略；3)在定語從句中作表語時，用 that，不可省略whose 引導(dǎo)的定語從句表示所屬關(guān)系 The river _ banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.whoseWhose 的使用在定語從句中作定語時，用 whose，不可省略who

8、se（所屬關(guān)系，指人或物，作定語）=或This is the book whose cover / (the cover of which/of which the cover) is broken.There are in this class 20 students, _ are different.A.whose backgrounds B. the backgrounds of whomC.of whom the backgrounds D.the backgrounds of whosethe+名詞+ of which/whomof which/whom+the+名詞She is t

9、he girl who/ that lives next door.Thats the girl (whom / who / that) I teach.This is the scientist whose achievements are well-known.This is the house whose window broke last night.= This is the house, the window of which broke last night.= This is the house, of which the window broke last night.練習(xí)：

10、 用關(guān)系代詞who,whom,that或whose填空。 28. Luxun, _ real name was Zhou Shuren, wrote many political novels and essays.29. The man _ you met just now is my old friend.30. The man _ is walking on the playground is my old friend.31. A child _ parents are dead is called an orphan.whosewho / whom/thatwho/ thatwhos

11、ewhen, where, why 與that,which 的區(qū)分 ）Ill never forget the day _ we first met in the park.）Ill never forget the time _ I spent with you.）Ill never forget the time _ was spent with you.）This is the museum _I visited last year .whenwhichthatwhichthatwhichthat先行詞指時間，地點或原因時，定語從句中缺主語或賓語，用which或that引導(dǎo)定語從句。Th

12、is is the reason _ ( = for which ) I didnt come here. The reason _ she gave was not true.whywhich/that1).關(guān)系詞所做的成分關(guān)鍵是由從句中的動詞來決定This is the place where we work. (vi)This is the place which we visited. (vt)2).當(dāng)先行詞為時間名詞（如time, day, year, week, month, occasion） 用關(guān)系副詞when,但關(guān)系副詞只能做狀語，如果從句中缺主語或賓語則要視具體情況用tha

13、t或which。當(dāng)先行詞為地點名詞（如：place ,room, city, country, situation, case, scene）時，用關(guān)系副詞where, 但此時只能做地點狀語，如果定語從句缺主語或賓語則要視具體情況用that或which。Conclusion: 當(dāng)先行詞為way、time時，可用that作關(guān)系副詞。（非正式場合）I dont like the way that / in which / he talks. 當(dāng)time作先行詞時，在特定的句式中，可用that作關(guān)系副詞,關(guān)系詞可以省掉。 This is the first time (that) I have gi

14、ven you a lesson in French. 練習(xí)：用that, when, why, where, which 填空。I want to know the date _ you were born. 2. I have remembered the date _ I forgot just now. 3. Do you know the reason _ he is absent today? 4. That is the reason _I want to know. 5. This is the factory _ his father works. 6. This is th

15、e factory _ his father built. whenthat / whichwhythat / whichwherethat / which7.-Do you have anything to say for yourselves? -Yes, this is the only one point _we must insist on. A. which B. that C. where D. when 答案:B8 .Some pre-school children go to a day care center,_ they learn simple games and so

16、ngs. A. then B. there C. while D. where 答案:D9 .Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing.A. when B. whose C. which D. where答案:D10 Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ people were ea

17、ten by the tiger. A. in which B. by which C. which D. that 答案:A11 The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which 答案:C12.（05天津卷）Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck b

18、y floods, from _ effects the people are still suffering.A. that B. whose C. those D. what答案：B13. (06福建卷)Look out! Dont get too close to the house _roof is under repair.A. whose B. which C. of which D. that答案：AWhose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其先行詞不僅可以指人，還可以指物。各種關(guān)系詞的區(qū)別：1、在定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指物時,下列情況的關(guān)系詞宜用that而不用which（1） 先行詞是all,

19、everything, nothing, anything, little, much, the one等不定代詞時 There is nothing ( that ) I can do. I mean the one that was brought yesterday. (2) 先行詞被all, any, every, no, some, little, much等詞修飾時 I have read all the books (that) you gave me. You may take home any of these books that you like. (3) 先行詞被序數(shù)詞

20、或形容詞最高級修飾時 This is the first composition (that) he has written in English. This is the best novel (that) I have ever read. （4）先行詞中既有人又有物時。 He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.（5）當(dāng)先行詞是系動詞be后面的表語或關(guān)系詞本身是從句的表語時。 The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.

21、 He is no longer the man that he used to be.（6）在疑問詞 who, what, which 開頭的句子中。（避免歧義） Who is the girl that is talking with Mr.Brown？ Which are the books that you bought for me ?(7) 當(dāng)主句以There be 結(jié)構(gòu)開頭時There is a seat in the corner that is still free.(8) 有兩個定語從句時，其中一個關(guān)系代詞若用了which，另個一個宜用 thatThey secretly

22、built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.2只能用which的情況1). 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句修飾某物或整個句子。 Bruce went towards the fire, which was still smoking. Tom came back late, which made his parents very angry.2).在介詞后面:介詞+which (先行詞是物)The world in which we live is made of matter. 注意： 在一些固定

23、搭配的動詞短語中，由于動詞和介詞不可分割，因此不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。如 look after, be made of, take part in, look forward to等。例：This is the pen (which / that) Im looking for. 不可以說：This is the pen for which Im looking for .3）當(dāng)主句中的主語被that修飾時 That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary.4）當(dāng)關(guān)系詞后面帶有插入語時Ive bought you some books

24、 which, I think, may interest you.練習(xí)：用關(guān)系代詞which 或that填空。12 Is there anything _ you dont understand about the problem?(that)13. The worst matter _ Im afraid of happened in the end.14. All the presents _ your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.15. This is the very book _ I have been

25、looking for.16. He was late for the opening ceremony, _ was very surprising to me.(that)(that)(that)which17.Nothing _ can be done has been done.18.Do you have anything _ you dont understand ?先行詞是everything, nothing, anything, something, much, little, none等不定代詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句用thatthatthat19.This is the best

26、TV _ is made in China.20.The first museum _ he visited in China was the History Museum.thatthat先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時，引導(dǎo)定語從句用that 。21. Ive read all the books _ you lent me.that先行詞被any, some, no, much, few, little, every, all, very, only, last 修飾時,引導(dǎo)定語從句用that 。22.The famous writer and his works _ the radi

27、o broadcast have aroused great interest among the students.23.A victim is a person, animal or thing _ suffers pain, death, harm, etc.先行詞中既有人又有事物時，引導(dǎo)定語從句用that .thatthat24.Who _ you have ever seen can do it better ?Who做先行詞時，引導(dǎo)定語從句用thatthat25.Her bag ,in _ she put all her money, has been stolen.26.This

28、 is the ring on _ she spent 1000 dollars.27.Xiao Wang ,with _ I went to the concert, enjoy it very much.whichwhichwhom在介詞后面，指事物用which，指人用whom指人時只能用who不用that 的情況.1)先行詞為one, ones或anyone.(避免歧義) Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.2)先行詞為those.(避免歧義) God helps those who help themselves.(天助自主者)3)

29、主句是there be . Eg: There is a man who called himself Mr. Wu at the gate.4）當(dāng)定語從句中又有定語從句，且先行詞都為人時 The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard.5)在非限制性定語從句中指人 I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come back from American.6）定語從句中有插入語時 Jackson is a man who I believe is h

30、onest.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句 “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句時，介詞的賓語只能用which（指物）或whom（指人），即：介詞 +which / whom1、介詞放在關(guān)系代詞的前面時，介詞賓語只用which或whom，關(guān)系代詞不能省略。 He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for

31、 help.2. 當(dāng)介詞位于定語從句的末尾時，可用that /which（指物）， that /whom/who（指人）作介詞的賓語， 而且作介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞往往省略。This is the hero (that / who / whom) we are proud of.This is the pen (which that) I wrote the letter with.3. “復(fù)合介詞短語+關(guān)系代詞which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，這種結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語從句常與先行詞用逗號分開，定語從句常用倒裝語序。 He lived in a big house, in front of which sto

32、od a big tall tree.但含有介詞的短語動詞一般不能拆開，如 look after, be made of, take part in, look forward to等。例：The babies (who/whom) the nurses look after look strong and happy.4. 介詞+ which/ whom + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu) The poor man has no house in which to live.= The poor man has no house to live in.= The poor man has no house in

33、 which he can live.不定代詞、數(shù)詞等+which/whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句。The old man has three children , one of whom is a soldier .There are two windows in this room , both of which are broken .比較下列句子：We are offered over two thousand books, many of which are science books. 復(fù)合句We are offered over two thousand books, and many

34、of them are science books.并列句We are offered over two thousand books, many of them being science books.簡單句1）、看定語從句中動詞與介詞的搭配This is the book_ which you asked注意：動詞短語不能拆開即介詞不能提前 forThe old man whom I am looking after is better .如何判斷介詞2）、看定語從句中形容詞與介詞的搭配He referred me to some reference books _ which I am

35、not very familiar.with如何判斷介詞3）、根據(jù)先行詞判斷，所用的介詞與先行詞 搭配This is our classroom , _ which there is a teachers desk.in the front of如何判斷介詞4.先行詞與介詞的習(xí)慣搭配當(dāng)先行詞表示“領(lǐng)域、方面”時，如：aspect, respect, area, field 等，用in which； 當(dāng)先行詞表示“價格、利率、速度”時，如rate, price, speed等,用at which當(dāng)先行詞表示“程度”時，如degree, extent等，用to which.當(dāng)先行詞表示“根據(jù)、依據(jù)

36、、基礎(chǔ)”時，如grounds, foundation, basis等，用on which.填上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~+關(guān)系代詞1.He is the man _ I think you can depend.2.He referred me to some reference books _ which I am not very familiar.3.He made a hole in the wall, _ he could see what was going on outside the house.4. The librarian _ I just shook hands works heart

37、 and soul.5. The comments on their product, _ this is one example, are very sharp.on whomwith whichthrough whichwith whomof which This is such an interesting book _ we all like.This is so interesting a book _ we all like.asas這是大家都喜歡的如此有趣的一本書。定語從句as 的使用This is the same book as I lost.This is the same

38、 book that I lost.這本書和我丟的那本一模一樣。這本書就是我丟的那本。as與that 的使用相關(guān)考點： so/suchthat (狀語從句)She is so beautiful a girl that I love her so much.(狀語從句)She is so beautiful a girl as I love so much .（定語從句）This is such an interesting book _we all like.This is so interesting a book _we all like it.asthat這本書如此有趣，大家都喜歡。定

39、語從句as與that 的使用結(jié)果狀語從句 as與which的區(qū)別：1) 限制性定語從句中,名詞前有such, so, as和the same修飾時，關(guān)系代詞用as,表達“正如，像”,不能用which; as 可以指人或物,作從句的主語、賓語、表語或介詞的賓語。 He is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. This is not such a book as I expected. I live in the same building as he (lives in). Here

40、is so big a stone as no man can lift. As many children as came here were my fathers pupils. 2)非限制性定語從句中,as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。如果有“正如，像”的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，常與行為動詞連用，并無“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They were late again , which made the teacher angry .As is well k

41、nown, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.1. It is very useful to master a foreign language, _ has been said before. as 2 _ everyone hoped, Mary has won the first prize. Asas引導(dǎo)定語從句可放在句首，句中，句末，而which 引導(dǎo)定語從句不能放在句首.as譯為正如，which 則沒有此義。as 的使用as 的用法通常出現(xiàn)在一些固定短語之中如： 1as has been said before 如上所述 2as may b

42、e imagined 正如可以想象出來的那樣 3as is well known 眾所周知 4as was expected 正如預(yù)料的那樣 5as has been already pointed out 正如已經(jīng)指出的那樣 6as we all can see 正如我們都會看到的那樣 7. as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的 8. as often happens 正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣 定語從句中的主謂一致 定語從句中的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)與先行詞保持一致。 例如： 1.Here are such sentences as are often used by the s

43、tudents.( as指代sentences,謂語動詞用are)。 2.I, who am a Party member, should work hard for our country.( who指代I, 謂語用am.)。 3.He was one of the students who were praised for it. ( who指代the students) 他是被表揚的學(xué)生之一。 4.He was the only one of the students who was praised for it. ( who 指the only one) 他是唯一被表揚的學(xué)生。 定語從

44、句中的動詞的數(shù)He is the only one in his class who _ (have) got the teachers praise He is one of the students in his class who _ (have) got the teachers praise hashave關(guān)系詞在定語從句中做主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于先行詞易與定語從句混淆的其他復(fù)合句 1.定語從句與同位語從句 定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系“的”。而同位語從句是用來說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容。與that從句同位的名詞必須是一些表事實或概念的抽象名詞，如fact, news, be

45、lief, truth, reply等。that在定語從句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接作用。試比較： We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位語從句，that從句表示news的內(nèi)容，that 在從句 中不作任何成分) We dont believe the news that/which he told us yesterday. (定語從句，that 作told 的賓語) 2. 定語從句與狀語從句。 試比較： He left the key where he h

46、ad been an hour before. (where引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句，相當(dāng)于in the place where) He left the place where he lived for many years. (where 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾the place) He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect. (as 引導(dǎo)定語從句) He is such a good teacher that we all like him. (that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句,suchthat “如此以致”) 3定語從句與主語從句。 試比

47、較： As is known to us all, paper was first made in China. (as 引導(dǎo)定語從句，指代整個主句內(nèi)容，可置于句首) It is known to us all that paper was first made in China. (it 做形式主語，代替that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句) 4定語從句與強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。試比較： It is the house where I met the young man. (where 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾house，where在定語 從句中作地點狀語) It was in the house that I met t

48、he young man. (本句為強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，可還原為 I met the young man in the house.) 六.定語從句可縮略為短語：1、 縮略為分詞短語 有些定語從句可直接略去作主語的 關(guān)系代詞（who, which,例如： I know the men(who are )sitting in that car.2) The boys helped the people (that were )hurt in the accident. 3) The problem (which is) bothering everybody is the lack of money. 4

49、) The book (that has been) given to him is an English novel. 有些定語從句不能按上述方法直接縮略，而需變動詞 為這類定語從句一般縮略為現(xiàn)在分詞短語，且在縮略 時要考慮現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)和詞態(tài)特征。 例如： 5) The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parkingThe man owning that car will be fined for illegal parking .6) Bill, who had taken chemistry in high school

50、, offered to help him . Bill, having taken chemistry in high school , offered to help him.7) Now, however, the furniture which is being carried down to the truck feels very heavy. Now, however, the furniture being carried down to the truck feels very heavy. 2、縮略為形容詞短語 若定詞從句為主體表結(jié)構(gòu)，且表語由形容短詞充當(dāng)，可直接略去作主詞

51、的關(guān)系代詞和連系動詞，從而使定詞從句縮略為形容詞短語作后置定語。 例如： The men (who were ) responsible for the administration of the school refused to consider the matter .2).We said goodbye to Mrs. Long, (who was) still busy at her chores. 3).The puppy, (which was) too excited to be calmed , barked furiously.3縮略為名詞短語 由名詞短語作表語的非限制性定

52、語從句略去作主語的關(guān)系代詞和連系動詞便成為名詞短語作同位語。例如：1）The company commander, (who was) Captain Madison, assembled his men and announced their mission. 連長,墨迪遜上尉,把戰(zhàn)士們集合起來宣布他們的 戰(zhàn)斗任務(wù)。 2）You should have a talk with Mr. Worth , (who is )the adviser to students. 你應(yīng)該和沃斯先生-學(xué)生顧問談一談。 3) We finally reached Rio, (which was) the en

53、d or our journey. 4縮略為介詞短語 若定語從句為主系表句型，且表語為介語短語，可略去主語關(guān)系代詞和連系動詞，使之縮略為介詞短語作后置定語。此外，若定語從句中含“有”動詞（has, have, had），用介詞with / without 取替定語從句中主語關(guān)系代詞和“有”動詞，使定語從句縮略為介詞 with / without 短語作后置定語。With 適用于肯定的定語從句；without 適用于否定的定語從句。例如： 1).The company wants men who have experience. The company wants men with experi

54、ence. 2） My father went up to the woman who had a book under her arm. My father went up to the women with a book under her arm.3）The teacher was looking for a rule that did not have an exception . The teacher was looking for a rule without an exception. 5、縮略為動詞不定式短詞 某些含情態(tài)動詞或助動詞的定語從句可縮略為動詞 不定式短語作后置定語

55、。例如： 1）You need someone who can look after you. 2) The way you should start the machine is to press the button .3) There are still many obstacles that must be overcome. 4) The question which will be discussed tomorrow is whether income tax should be increased. 5) There are plenty of toys with which the children can play .能力提高1. It is the young man _ looked for _ caught the murderer. A. that who B. that they C . they that D theywhich 2.Is this factory _ we visited last year? A. where B in wh