九 主要英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的詞匯特征

1、 第九單元 主要英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的詞匯特征 一、21 21世紀(jì)英語(yǔ)的球土化What s the definition of Glocalization?一、球土化 Globalization (or globalisation) is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and mutual sharing, and other aspects of culture. + GlocalizationlocalizationGlobali

2、zation 二、英語(yǔ)的全球化發(fā)展二、英語(yǔ)的全球化發(fā)展Some frameworks might help us better Some frameworks might help us better understand some of these complexities.understand some of these complexities. one useful way forward can be found in the work of Walter Mignolo（2000）. we have a way of focusing on the process of globa

3、lization that does not mere reduce it to homo-genization.Because of the influences of former British Empire and the USAs political/economic power, English nowadays is used in a lot of areas around the world. With the globalization of English, English is popular in many fields, such as academy, inter

4、national political meetings, entertainment, business, and even personal social interaction. (Buck, 2005) Currently, the language chosen most often around the world is English (House, 2003). English is used as a tool to achieve something beneficial to their lives, e.g., for making money, job promotio

5、netc (Mufwene, 2006). However, some people think that such wide uses of English bring some negative impacts to the world.Why so many names for English?the emergency of scholarship that critically assesses the spread of English.The increase in the use of English globally.The attempts of ELT professio

6、nals themselves to counter the perceived dominance of English.Can you make a definition for lingua franca ?When two speakers with different first languages want to communicate with each other, each speaker has to choose a common language to make himself/herself understood. The chosen common language

7、 is the lingua franca. 二、英國(guó)英語(yǔ)二、英國(guó)英語(yǔ)Main languages used in UKMain languages used in UKCelticsCeltics (-5C,Before English )EnglishEnglish (Since 5C)Both belong to Indo-European Language familyThe term of The term of B Br ri it ti is sh h E En ng gl li is sh h英國(guó)英語(yǔ)（British or UK English）又稱英式英語(yǔ)主要是指居住在不列顛

8、群島上的英格蘭人的英語(yǔ)規(guī)則，為英國(guó)本土及英聯(lián)邦國(guó)家的官方語(yǔ)言Do you know what is Do you know what is RPRP? ? When used by British speakers , it often refers to the written Standard the written Standard English English and the sociolectsociolect known as Received Pronunciation. Received Pronunciation English can be divided into th

9、e English can be divided into the following types in the British Isles:following types in the British Isles: Scottish English Welsh English Irish English Other dialectsBroad use of the termBroad use of the term Standard and non-standard Formal and imformal At all times In all regions At all social l

10、evelsNarrow useNarrow use The form of standard English The form of standard English used in Britain , used in Britain , or in England , or in south-east England: or in England , or in south-east England: traditionally the medium of the upper and traditionally the medium of the upper and （especially

11、professionalespecially professional）middle classmiddle class. .二、英國(guó)英語(yǔ)的來(lái)源二、英國(guó)英語(yǔ)的來(lái)源 British EnglishBritish English Standard English Standard English Regional English Regional English The West Countrys distinctive rural dialects The West Countrys distinctive rural dialectsBritish EnglishBritish English

12、 American EnglishAmerican EnglishBritish English British English contrast withcontrast with Australian English Australian English South Africa English South Africa English etc. etc. The form of English uesd in BritainStandard EnglishStandard EnglishBefore the 15Before the 15thth century, standards o

13、f century, standards of pronunciationpronunciation and and vocabularyvocabulary gradually became established. gradually became established.In the 18In the 18thth century, there was a lot of discussion about century, there was a lot of discussion about correctcorrectEnglish.English.Samuel Johnsons Sa

14、muel Johnsons dictionary dictionary Published in 1775Be considered an authority on the correct use of words What What is Dialectis Dialect? ? What can Standard English also be What can Standard English also be called?called?Forms of a language used in a particular region were considered inferior to

15、standard English.The Queens /Kings EnglishOr BBC EnglishRegional EnglishRegional English Modern dialects have their roots in “Old English” or “Middle English”.Dialects are often characterized by use of non-standard forms such as double negative structures eg. I dont want none. .Can you tell me somet

16、hing about Cockney?The The West West Countrys distinctive Countrys distinctive rural rural dialectsdialects Scottish dialectScottish dialect: ayeaye for yesyes , , weewee for littlelittle WalesWales: boyboy for manman, look you look you for you seeyou see Irish dialectIrish dialect: would you be aft

17、er waiting would you be after waiting for dodo you want you want Welsh , Irish and some Scottish accents often have an attractive lilt(= rising and falling intonation pattern.) 許許多擁有方言和口音的人會(huì)被他們的第一語(yǔ)言多擁有方言和口音的人會(huì)被他們的第一語(yǔ)言和和他他們現(xiàn)在所居住的地方方言影響。們現(xiàn)在所居住的地方方言影響。在英國(guó)，許多人在英國(guó)，許多人的家庭是來(lái)自南的家庭是來(lái)自南亞或者加勒比海亞或者加勒比海 來(lái)來(lái)自這些地方的

18、年輕自這些地方的年輕人把英語(yǔ)作為他們的第人把英語(yǔ)作為他們的第一語(yǔ)言，而一些老人則一語(yǔ)言，而一些老人則把它作為第二語(yǔ)言。把它作為第二語(yǔ)言。三、美國(guó)英語(yǔ)三、美國(guó)英語(yǔ)一、美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r一、美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩rAn outline to the development of An outline to the development of American EnglishAmerican English The first expedition from England The first expedition from England to the New World in to the New

19、World in 15841584 was proved to was proved to be a failure.be a failure. 16071607年，約翰年，約翰史密斯（史密斯（John SmithJohn Smith）等首）等首批殖民者批殖民者120120人乘三艘大船橫越大西洋，在人乘三艘大船橫越大西洋，在弗吉尼亞弗吉尼亞州州（VirginiaVirginia）的詹姆斯河口建立了）的詹姆斯河口建立了詹姆斯城詹姆斯城（JamestownJamestown）。）。 在1620年，從英國(guó)東部諾?？丝ず?沙福克郡來(lái)的清教徒乘坐“五月花號(hào)”（May F l o w e r ） 船 駛

20、抵 馬 薩 諸 塞 州（Massachusetts）的東南部普利茅斯（Plymouth）， 建立了殖民地。 當(dāng)時(shí)的英國(guó)正處于伊莉莎白一世時(shí)期，從英語(yǔ)發(fā)展史來(lái)看，正處于現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的早期開(kāi)始階段。 在最早移居新英格蘭的清教徒中有一百多名還是牛津大學(xué)和劍橋大學(xué)的畢業(yè)生，他們將伊莉莎白時(shí)期的英語(yǔ)帶到了北美新大陸，成為美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的起點(diǎn)。 從這時(shí)起，兩國(guó)都說(shuō)伊莉莎白時(shí)代的英語(yǔ)。 從十七世紀(jì)初英國(guó)清教徒踏上美國(guó)的土地到后來(lái)很長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間里，美國(guó)的英語(yǔ)和英國(guó)的英語(yǔ)沒(méi)有什么明顯的差異。 美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利是一個(gè)歷史性的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)，它標(biāo)志著一種嶄新的美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的產(chǎn)生,革命者們?cè)噲D在各個(gè)生活領(lǐng)域脫離英國(guó)的統(tǒng)治。 本杰明富蘭克

21、林發(fā)表的題為美國(guó)采用新字母表和改革拼寫(xiě)模式的計(jì)劃的文章，雖然方案沒(méi)被采納，但卻給詞匯學(xué)家和辭典編纂家諾亞韋伯斯特（Noah Webster）產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響他的理論使得一些單詞有了新的拼寫(xiě)方法，如honorhonor取代了honourhonour，theatertheater取代了theatretheatre。 可以說(shuō)富蘭克林是一位英語(yǔ)發(fā)展史的先驅(qū)者。 諾諾亞亞韋伯斯特韋伯斯特是美國(guó)最負(fù)盛名的詞典學(xué)家.1828年，出版了他的美語(yǔ)詞典（American Dictionary of English Language） ，這標(biāo)志著他對(duì)美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的貢獻(xiàn)達(dá)到了一個(gè)頂峰時(shí)期,美國(guó)規(guī)范化的民族語(yǔ)言終于形成。

22、作為一個(gè)移民國(guó)家，美國(guó)一直被譽(yù)為“nation of nations”，但其主流文化仍是Anglo-Saxon文化。 任何新移民，為了在新大陸生活下去，不得不接受或適應(yīng)這種主流文化。 同時(shí)，美國(guó)人民為自己的文學(xué)和語(yǔ)言的獨(dú)立和形成所進(jìn)行的斗爭(zhēng)，實(shí)際上是政治斗爭(zhēng)的繼續(xù)與發(fā)展。美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的形成的過(guò)程是漫長(zhǎng)而曲折的. 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)前后的時(shí)期是美國(guó)英語(yǔ)和英國(guó)英語(yǔ)關(guān)系的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)（turning point）， 在此之前的傾向是美國(guó)英語(yǔ)偏離英國(guó)英語(yǔ)，在此之后的主要傾向是英國(guó)英語(yǔ)向美國(guó)英語(yǔ)靠攏。After the second World War, Americas international status h

23、ad been raised quicklyThe economic base determines the superstructure, so American English soon came up from the behind二、美國(guó)英語(yǔ)和英國(guó)英語(yǔ)發(fā)生差異的原因二、美國(guó)英語(yǔ)和英國(guó)英語(yǔ)發(fā)生差異的原因what is the semantic approach? Perhaps the most common way to deal with the lexis of the two varieties is what may be called the semantic approac

24、h.Five different groups of the semantic Five different groups of the semantic approachapproach First, most words and meanings are the same between American English and British English. The second group comprises words that refer to something unknown in the other future. Third ,different words and ph

25、rases are used to express the same meaning. Fourth,the two varieties share a word/phrase, but with a fully different meaning. Fifth, both varieties share an expression and its meaning, but where one or both have a further expression for the same thing not shared by the other. 三、美國(guó)英語(yǔ)和英國(guó)英語(yǔ)詞匯的差異三、美國(guó)英語(yǔ)和

26、英國(guó)英語(yǔ)詞匯的差異拼寫(xiě)拼寫(xiě)差異差異 美美國(guó)國(guó) 英國(guó)英國(guó)中心：center centrecenter centre行為：behavior behaviour behavior behaviour 練習(xí)：practice practisepractice practise公斤：kilogramme kilogramkilogramme kilogram詞義詞義差異差異 美國(guó)美國(guó) 英國(guó)英國(guó)First floor: First floor: 一樓一樓 二樓二樓Public school: Public school: 公立學(xué)校公立學(xué)校 私立學(xué)校私立學(xué)校To wash up: To wash up: 洗

27、手洗手 洗碗洗碗公公寓：寓： apartment flatapartment flat假假期：期： vacation holidayvacation holiday 特定詞語(yǔ)特定詞語(yǔ)差異差異英國(guó)有prince , knight , duck等詞，而美國(guó)沒(méi)有。 美國(guó)有president , vice-president等詞，而英國(guó)沒(méi)有。一些介詞的使用差異 美國(guó) 英國(guó) on the weekend at the weekend on the street in the street 某些動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞差異 美國(guó) 英國(guó) burn burned burntlearn learned learn

28、t And so on And so on四、美國(guó)英語(yǔ)詞匯的特點(diǎn)和發(fā)展前景四、美國(guó)英語(yǔ)詞匯的特點(diǎn)和發(fā)展前景The characteristics of American EnglishThe characteristics of American English 美美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的一致國(guó)英語(yǔ)的一致性性 作作為美國(guó)唯一的官方語(yǔ)言和多民族通用語(yǔ)言為美國(guó)唯一的官方語(yǔ)言和多民族通用語(yǔ)言, , 美國(guó)英語(yǔ)具有驚人的一致性美國(guó)英語(yǔ)具有驚人的一致性。 豐豐富多彩的美國(guó)英語(yǔ)詞匯富多彩的美國(guó)英語(yǔ)詞匯 美美國(guó)英語(yǔ)詞匯是指在美國(guó)形成或主要在美國(guó)國(guó)英語(yǔ)詞匯是指在美國(guó)形成或主要在美國(guó)使用的一些詞使用的一些詞語(yǔ)語(yǔ)。 整個(gè)殖民地時(shí)

29、期, 新增加的美國(guó)英語(yǔ)詞匯中最多的是以下三類詞語(yǔ): 一從印第安語(yǔ)中吸收的詞匯 二英語(yǔ)復(fù)合詞 三從其他語(yǔ)言中借用的詞匯(即“外來(lái)詞”) 美美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的一些讀寫(xiě)差異國(guó)英語(yǔ)的一些讀寫(xiě)差異 一是拼寫(xiě)方面的差別 二是口語(yǔ)發(fā)音的差別美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的發(fā)展變化主要體現(xiàn)在詞匯上,其發(fā)展趨勢(shì)為: 各行各類的新詞大量出現(xiàn); 許多舊詞的語(yǔ)義量不斷擴(kuò)大; 詞匯的拼寫(xiě)形式日趨簡(jiǎn)化。1340501278Canadian Canadian EnglishEnglishIntroductionIntroductionlThe Canadian was influenced by many different languages whi

30、ch are spoken by native Canadians and immigrants in terms of Americans and English. The features of Canadian Canadian spelling and vocabulary show both the characters of Americans and English . The meaning of some words have the special features, but there is little differences in grammar.lCanadian

31、English is the variety variety of English spoken in Canada. According to the 2011 census, English was the first language of approximately 19 million Canadians, or 57% of the population; the remainder of the population were native speakers of French (22%) .82% of Canadians outside Quebec reported spe

32、aking English natively, but within Quebec the figure was just 7.7% as most of its residents are native speakers of Quebec French.OriginOriginuIn early 18 18 century ,the immigrants speaking Emglish came here at first time.uIn the 1750s , plenty of immigrants being from England ,Ireland and Scotland

33、flocked here.uin the 1760s,the conqueror strongly commanded that Canadian must keep in accordance with English.uIn 1867, Canadian developed its own characteristics。HistoryHistoryThe term Canadian English is first attested in a speech by the Reverend AReverend A. Constable Geikie Constable Geikie in

34、an address to the Canadian Institute in 18571857. Geikie, a Scottish-born Canadian, reflected the Anglocentric attitude that would be prevalent in Canada for the next Canada for the next hundred years hundred years when he referred to the language as a corrupt dialectcorrupt dialect, in comparison t

35、o what he considered the proper English spoken by immigrants from Britain.HistoryHistoryCanadian English is the product of four waves four waves of immigration over a period of two centuries. The first large first large wave of permanent English-speaking settlement in Canada, and was the influx of L

36、oyalists fleeing the American Revolution,so Canadian English is believed by some scholars to have derived from northern American English. Canadian English has been developing features of its own since the early 19 century. The second wave from Britain and Ireland was encouraged to settle in Canada a

37、fter the War of 1812 by the governors of Canada. Waves of immigration from around the globe peaking in 1910 and 1960 had a lesser influence.PronunciatiPronunciationoninclining to Amertican English in regard to intonation, tempo, and stress, e.g. apricot, patriot, patent,status, data, leisure, erase,

38、 record.lbeing based on British English,e.g.lever, lieutenant, greasy,cashmere,docile,fertile.lshowing irregularities in some words,e.g.else elts, oncewqntz,PronunciationPronunciationT h e m o s t t y p i c a l C a n a d i a n T h e m o s t t y p i c a l C a n a d i a n feature :Canadian raisingfeat

39、ure :Canadian raising， which is found most prominently throughout central and west-central Canada, as well as in parts of the Atlantic Provinces. For the beginning points of the diphthongs (gliding vowels) /a/ (as in the words height and mice) and /a/ (as in shout and house), the tongue is often mor

40、e raised in the mouth when these diphthongs come before voiceless consonants, namely /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, / and /f/, in comparison to other varieties of EnunciationpronunciationBefore voiceless consonants, /a/ becomes . One of the few phonetic variables that divides Canadians regionally is

41、the articulation of the raised allophone of this as well as of /a/; in Ontario, it tends to have a mid-central or even mid-front articulation, sometimes approaching , while in the West and Maritimes a more retracted sound is heard, closer to . Among some speakers in the Prairies and in Nova Scotia,

42、the retraction is strong enough to cause some tokens of raised /a/ to merge with /o/, so that couch merges with coach, meaning the two sound the same, and about sounds like a boat; this is often inaccurately represented as sounding like a boot for comic effect in American popular culture.SpellingSpe

43、llinglFrench-derived words that in American English end with -or and -er, such as color or center, retain British spellings (colour and centre). While the United States uses the Anglo-French spelling defense and offense (noun), Canadians use the British spellings defence and offence. (Note that defe

44、nsive and offensive are universal.)lIn other cases, Canadians and Americans differ from British spelling, such as in the case of nouns like curb and tire, which in British English are spelled kerb and tyre. lWords such as realize and paralyze are usually spelled with -ize or -yze rather than -ise or -yse. (The etymological convention that verbs derived from Greek roots are spelled with -ize and those from Latin with -ise is preserved in that practice.SpellingSpellinglSome nouns, as in British English, take -ice while matching verbs take -ise for example, practice