TPO1閱讀word版

1、TPO-1GroundwaterGroundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has so

2、aked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all th

3、is water. The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particlessand grains and tiny pebblesof loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads

4、 of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow s

5、lowed down. The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smoot

6、h, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of me

7、ters thick.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the waters upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with grou

8、ndwater. So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved

9、 by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space.

10、 Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, wh

11、ich measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. A But some will re

12、main, clinging to all solid surfaces. B It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. C The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water

13、 that cannot, drain away. D The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surfac

14、e tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held. 1. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the

15、 ground that we walk on?（3）It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.It prevents most groundwater from circulating.It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.2. The word “incredible” in the passage is closest in meaning to (3)conf

16、usingcomfortingunbelievableinteresting3. The word “out of sight” in the passage is closest in meaning to （2）far away hidden partly visiblediscovered 4. According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found? （4）Inside pieces of sand and gravelOn top of beds of rockIn fast rivers that are flowi

17、ng beneath the soilIn spaces between pieces of sediment5. The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to （4）fast riversglaciersthe huge volumes of water created by glacial meltingthe particles carried in water from melting glaciers6. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places

18、 that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT (1)A mountain valley Flat landA lake floorThe seafloor7. The word “overlie” in the passage is closest in meaning to (1) cover change separate surround8. The phrase “So much for” in the passage is closest in meaning to (1)that is enough a

19、boutnow let us turn toof greater concern arethis is related to9. The word “plugged” in the passage is closet in meaning to (3)washeddraggedfilled upsoaked through10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock? (2)It is unusually solid.It often has high poros

20、ity.It has a low proportion of empty space.It is highly permeable.11. What is the main purpose of paragraph 7? (4)To explain why water can flow through rockTo emphasize the large amount of empty space in all rockTo point out that a rock cannot be both porous and permeableTo distinguish between two r

21、elated properties of rock12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (1)Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water i

22、n rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a

23、 rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence c

24、ould be added to the passage. (4)What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away?Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answ

25、er choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Much of the ground is actually saturated with water. Sedime

26、nts that hold water Water is stored underground The size of a saturated rocksAnswer choicesSediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.The size of a saturated rocks p

27、ores determines how much water it will retain when the rock is put in a dry place.Groundwater often remains underground for a long time before it emerges again.Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.Beds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that

28、 were once underwater.參考答案：1. C 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. B 11. D 12. A 13. D14. Sediments that hold waterWater is stored undergroundThe size of a saturated rocks 參考譯文：地下水地下水是指滲入到地下并將所有巖石孔隙填滿的水。到現(xiàn)在為止，大氣水是最豐富的地下水資源，是地下水在水循環(huán)中的一個環(huán)節(jié)。普通的大氣水會從地表、降水以及湖泊河流侵入到地下。在再次冒出地表之前，這些地下水有時(shí)會長時(shí)間留在地下。最初

29、讓人覺得難以置信的是，在我們腳下“堅(jiān)實(shí)的”土地中竟然有足夠的空間能儲存這么些水。然而，地下水所需的儲存空間多種多樣。松散的砂子和礫石間有許多顆粒，如沙粒和小石子，它們之間的孔隙是最常見的儲存地下水的空間。由這些顆粒組成的水床非常普遍，通常位于看不見的土壤下方，在攜帶粗糙沉淀物的湍急的河流曾流過的地方都能找到它們的蹤跡。比如，冰河時(shí)代覆蓋北美的巨大冰層逐漸融化，大量水從那兒流出。水里總會攜帶些石子、礫石和沙石，這些顆粒會隨著水流的減速而沉淀，這就是所謂冰河期的冰水沉積?，F(xiàn)代也有冰水沉積，盡管規(guī)模相對較小。凡是有攜帶沙石的河流或者溪流從山谷流至相對平坦的地面時(shí)，砂石就隨著水流速度的減慢逐漸沉淀；水

30、流通常呈扇形擴(kuò)散，它們所攜帶的沙石也會沉淀為光滑的扇形斜面。當(dāng)河流匯入湖泊和海洋的時(shí)候也會有沉淀，這些沉淀最初在湖底或海底，但將來海平面下降或者陸地崛起時(shí)，它們就會分布于內(nèi)陸，通常厚達(dá)幾千米。 低地區(qū)域上的任何位置可能就是曾經(jīng)的河床，后續(xù)被土壤覆蓋而變成現(xiàn)在的樣子。如果那些過去的河床和沙洲現(xiàn)在位于地下水位之下，一定會有大量的地下水浸在它們的沙子和礫石之間。 以上說的都是松散的沉積物，那些堅(jiān)固的沉積物，也擁有以數(shù)萬計(jì)的毛細(xì)孔來容納水。因?yàn)樽畛躅w粒間的縫隙通常并未完全被黏固的化學(xué)物質(zhì)塞滿，而且部分顆粒很可能在固化時(shí)或固化后被滲入的地下水溶解；結(jié)果這些砂巖最終變得和形成它的散沙一樣多孔。 因此，不管

31、沉積物是疏松還是堅(jiān)固，它們中一定有空間。大部分結(jié)晶體巖石都非常堅(jiān)硬，但也有例外，最常見的就是玄武巖，它是一種固化的火山熔巖，經(jīng)常充滿了微小氣泡，從而變得十分多孔。巖石的孔隙度就是指其中空間的比例。但需要注意的是，孔隙度與滲透率是不同的。滲透率衡量的是水滲透物質(zhì)的難易程度，它取決于與單個空隙以及連接孔隙間裂縫的大小。當(dāng)充滿水分的沉淀物或者巖石樣本被放置在適宜的干燥環(huán)境中時(shí)，大部分的水分會流失，但仍有部分水會繼續(xù)附著在堅(jiān)實(shí)的表面上。要不是因?yàn)楸砻鎻埩Γ@些水分也會立刻蒸發(fā)，僅留下完全干燥的樣本。因此，試驗(yàn)樣本的含水量既包括可以流干的水，也包括不能流干的水。這兩種水的相對含量因巖石或沉積物種類不同而

32、改變，即便它們有相同比例的孔隙，還取決于孔隙的大小。如果孔隙很大，其中的水會形成水滴，太重足以克服吸引它的表面張力，就會流走；但如果孔隙夠小，水會像薄膜一樣，太輕無法克服表面張力，從而穩(wěn)穩(wěn)地附著在孔隙表面上。The Origins of TheaterIn seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theo

33、ry, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that a

34、ppear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection betwe

35、en certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites ce

36、lebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a re

37、sult, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous

38、 activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns. A Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being. B Storytelling has been propo

39、sed as one alternative. C Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. D Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrators pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by

40、a different person.A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and sounds. Admiration for the performers skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities

41、into fully realized theatrical performances. In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers

42、 fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitativeas taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, sug

43、gests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes i

44、n fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One

45、necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare

46、 of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of thei

47、r oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness. 1. The word “championed” in the passage is closest in meaning to （4）changed debatedcreatedsupported2. The word “attributes” in the passage is closes

48、t in meaning to (1) ascribes歸因于leaveslimitscontrasts3. According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theater (1)are mainly hypothetical are well supported by factual evidence have rarely been agreed upon by anthropologistswere expressed in the early stages of theaters development4. According

49、to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions? (4)To establish a positive connection between the members of the societyTo help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supplyTo distinguish their beliefs from those of other societies To increa

50、se the societys prosperity5. The word “this” in the passage refers to (3)同位指代the acting out of ritesthe divorce of ritual performers from the rest of societythe separation of myths from ritesthe celebration of supernatural forces6. The word “autonomous” in the passage is closest in meaning to (3) 自主

51、的；自發(fā)的artisticimportant independentestablished7. According to paragraph 2, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?(2)Emphasizing theater as entertainment Developing a new understanding of why events occurFinding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical charactersMoving from a prim

52、arily oral tradition to a more written tradition8. All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater EXCEPT (4)Theater allows people to face that they are afraid of.Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.Theater is a way to enjo

53、y imitating other people.Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?(1)The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.對一個歷史現(xiàn)象給出兩個理論支持The author argues against theories expressed ea

54、rlier in the passage.The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.The author points out problems with two popular theories.10. The word “penchant” in the passage is closest in meaning to (2) 傾向compromiseinclinationtraditionrespect11. Why does the author mention “comedy”?(3)修辭目的題To g

55、ive an example of early types of theaterTo explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfareTo help explain why detachment分離is needed for the development of theaterTo show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society12. Which of the sentences below best

56、 expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(4)A societys rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.The ar

57、tistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.Myths sometimes survived in a societys tradition because o

58、f their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.(4)To enhance their listeners enjoyment, storytellers continually make their stories more engaging and memorable.Where w