高水平科學(xué)研究論文寫(xiě)作

1、單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式 單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式第二級(jí)第三級(jí)第四級(jí)第五級(jí)*科學(xué)研究、論文寫(xiě)作和公開(kāi)發(fā)表 黃海軍，北京航空航天大學(xué) ，上海交通大學(xué)電學(xué)之父法拉第 (Michael Faraday，1791-1867)：The secret is comprised in three words Work, finish, publish. His well-known advice to the young William Crookes, who had asked him the secret of his success as a scientific investigator, as

2、quoted in Michael Faraday (1874) by John Hall Gladstone, p. 123 發(fā)表論文的重要性主要內(nèi)容一、輔助材料二、怎樣寫(xiě)好學(xué)術(shù)論文三、投稿四、怎樣改稿五、積極參加審稿六、選題和創(chuàng)新一、輔助材料周耀旗寫(xiě)好英文論文訣竅單愛(ài)黨在上海交大的作者培訓(xùn)講義陳吉泉等論文寫(xiě)作與發(fā)表程序施一公如何提高英文的科研寫(xiě)作能力魯白如何在頂級(jí)科學(xué)雜志上發(fā)表論文經(jīng)典句子集合（以上材料來(lái)自公開(kāi)網(wǎng)站）二、怎樣寫(xiě)好學(xué)術(shù)論文科技論文就是要“八股文”！科技論文不能寫(xiě)成散文！ 標(biāo)題摘要引言正文 結(jié)論致謝文獻(xiàn)附錄唐詩(shī)宋詞很規(guī)范，誰(shuí)寫(xiě)得好，一目了然！就容易評(píng)出誰(shuí)是高手。你搞一套，我搞一

3、套，交易成本太高！科技論文不是散文，它有固定的格式，是為了便于驗(yàn)證和交流。How prepare well Introduction?How formulate the model ?How design the experimental settings, including data collection and handling ?How analyze the computational results, including Tables and Figures ?Finally, concluding the paperAppendixReferences如何寫(xiě)學(xué)術(shù)論文標(biāo)題：概括全文

4、要旨要吸引人，抓眼球 不宜過(guò)長(zhǎng)、過(guò)短：合適的長(zhǎng)度 中文1015個(gè)字；英文1218個(gè)詞；切忌抽象空泛、要一語(yǔ)中的；切忌羅嗦冗長(zhǎng)；盡量不用縮略語(yǔ)；不用、少用專(zhuān)業(yè)特殊符號(hào)如何寫(xiě)學(xué)術(shù)論文摘要：概述方法、結(jié)果不要在這里大段敘述工作的意義；不要寫(xiě)得太短；要突出工作進(jìn)展和貢獻(xiàn)；盡量不要引用文獻(xiàn)；盡量避免引述公式、方程。Equilibrium properties of the morning peak-period commuting in a many-to-one mass transit systemAbstract This paper analyzes the equilibrium proper

5、ties of the morning peak-period commuting pattern on a many-to-one transit system with in-vehicle crowding effect and schedule delay cost in a monocentric city. Commuters are assumed to choose their optimal time-of-use decision from various stations/home locations to a single destination/workplace b

6、y trading off the travel time and crowding cost against the schedule delay cost. An equivalent mathematical programming model is proposed to characterize the equilibrium state, in which no commuter can reduce his/her total commuting cost by unilaterally changing his/her departure time or train servi

7、ce. Solution of the model yields many insights including the following: 1) commuters living closer to the destination choose trains also chosen by those living farther from the destination; 2) the train arriving at the time desired by everyone is utilized by commuters from all stations; 3) the farth

8、er a station is from the workplace, the longer is the peak-period departure duration from that station; 4) finally, a saturated time period exists for each station during which the departure rate of commuters is identical and maximal.Camera Location Optimization for Traffic Surveillance in Urban Roa

9、d Networks with Multiple User ClassesAbstract New sensor technologies (e.g., surveillance cameras, loop detectors) enable the synthesis of disaggregated vehicle information from multiple locations. This paper studies the camera location problem for traffic surveillance in urban road networks with mu

10、ltiple user classes. All users are differentiated by their own acceptance degree of camera monitoring and make their route choices in a logit-based stochastic user equilibrium manner. A bi-level programming model is proposed to formulate the problem and solved by the sensitivity analysis based branc

11、h and bound method. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the model application and show the effectiveness of the solution method.如何寫(xiě)學(xué)術(shù)論文引言：繼往開(kāi)來(lái)的陳述 工作的緣起和意義、前人的思路和成果、本人的發(fā)展（包括方法和主要成果）。篇幅約占全文的1/5切忌忽略前人的進(jìn)展；切忌忽略本人工作的繼承性和創(chuàng)造性；對(duì)本論文的研究目的和意義、研究方法和所得結(jié)果得創(chuàng)新之處等要逐一說(shuō)明；切忌重復(fù)摘要中的敘述；切忌過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)短。從前言看出作者的涉足深度和學(xué)術(shù)觀點(diǎn)1.

12、 IntroductionThe growing traffic congestion in large cities worldwide has led to economic inefficiency, social disruption, excessive energy consumption and increased levels of pollution. It is generally recognized that the mitigation of these problems requires efficient provision and utilization of

13、public transportation systems. This has become an important issue of long standing interest to economists and transportation scientists. In the end of 1960s, scholars started to derive the optimal interstation spacings of a rapid transit system which transported the population of an area to one cent

14、ral point, aiming at minimizing the total travel time (Vuchic and Newell, 1968) or maximizing the number of passengers (Vuchic, 1969). . .The latest studies concerning the transit system modeling, analyses and management can be found in a review paper by De Cea and Fernandez (2000) and a book by Vuc

15、hic (2005).Only very limited attention has been paid to the problem of commuters departure time choice for urban mass transit services. Sumi et al. (1990) presented a stochastic model for optimizing the commuters departure time and route choices in a mass transit system. They assumed that departure

16、time is mainly dependent on the systems operational features and the travelers appointed time of arrival at the destination. Alfa and Chen (1995) examined a public transportation system with multiple origins and destinations and proposed an algorithm for calculating the peak-hour departure time of c

17、ommuters, where commuters ride on the first coming bus in a random order. Recently, Kraus and Yoshida (2002) and Kraus (2003) provided economic analyses about the commuters time-of-use decision, the optimal pricing and the service in an urban mass transit system. In their analyses, apart from the fa

18、re component, .The above studies considered the capacity constraints of transit systems and assumed that if the number of commuters waiting at a transit stop exceeds the number of vacant seats on the forthcoming transit run, then some commuters will have to wait for the next run. However, this assum

19、ption is not always valid in some metro systems. .There exists a common feature in such large cities as Beijing, Hong Kong, London, New York, Moscow and others, that during peak period, some commuters continue to board the trains although they have to stand in seriously crowded vehicles. In Beijing,

20、 for transporting more commuters the authority even deliberately cuts down the number of seats for each transit vehicle. The number of seats provided in each train of the Beijing No. 13 railway line is 96 only, but the maximal number of passengers allowed to board is 944 (the physical capacity). . W

21、e also observed that commuters are not willing to wait at platforms for a period that is longer than two scheduled headways, but change their arrival times at platforms when the in-vehicle crowding is extremely serious. It is thus interesting to develop a modeling approach that can consider the stan

22、ding-up phenomena and the in-vehicle crowding effect.Huang et al. (2004) introduced a crowding cost function for modeling urban mass transit services, i.e., In this paper, we investigate the equilibrium properties of the peak-period commuting in a mass transit system with multiple origins and a sing

23、le destination. . Note that the model proposed in this paper is formulated from the commuters point of view, i.e., based on minimizing their own travel costs. Another modeling approach that keeps to the stand of transit operators point of view can be found in Vuchic (2005). The paper is organized as

24、 follows. Section 2 introduces the problem setting and formulates an equivalent mathematical programming model. In Section 3, we .他們是這么開(kāi)頭的！這是名家制作參考文獻(xiàn)的風(fēng)格:兩本數(shù)學(xué)書(shū),剩下就是他最看重的幾篇論文,幾乎都是大學(xué)者發(fā)表在著名刊物上的. 所以,有時(shí)侯,被名家引用和評(píng)論,可能快速提高新人的影響力.如何寫(xiě)學(xué)術(shù)論文正文：成果的全面鋪敘 實(shí)驗(yàn)、觀測(cè)的設(shè)施、過(guò)程；建模的假定、表述；研究方法；演繹過(guò)程；結(jié)果分析。切忌忽略工作的前提條件；切忌過(guò)于細(xì)膩、拖沓；切忌混淆

25、本人和前人的工作；切忌單純公式或圖表陳述，忽視分析、深化，要從中抽出結(jié)論性的東西；指出前人工作不足時(shí)要盡量客氣。如何寫(xiě)學(xué)術(shù)論文結(jié)論：綜述本文成果并展望未來(lái)工作切忌簡(jiǎn)單地重復(fù)摘要和引言中的語(yǔ)言；切忌武斷、草率、目空一切；展望中保護(hù)自己的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。致謝：感謝資助單位和幫助過(guò)你的主要人員。6.ConclusionsWe have developed an equilibrium model of peak-period commuting for a mass transit line with multiple origins and a single destination in a monoc

26、entric city. From the equilibrium solutions, we clearly show the following general properties of the equilibrium departure time . We have extended the model to the case with seats in vehicles .The equilibrium analysis of peak-period commuting can be further extended along several lines. It is meanin

27、gful to incorporate elastic demand, variable train service frequency and fare pricing and so on for generality. Acknowledgements The research described in this paper was substantially supported by an award (70429001) for National Outstanding Young Scientists, grants (50578006, 70521001) from the Nat

28、ional Natural Science Foundation of China, and a project (2006CB705503) from the National Basic Research Program of China. The authors would like to thank anonymous referees for their helpful comments and valuable suggestions which improved the content and composition substantially.如何寫(xiě)學(xué)術(shù)論文參考文獻(xiàn)引用足夠數(shù)目

29、的文獻(xiàn)（一般論文：1020篇），且必須在文章中提及；注意文獻(xiàn)的代表性、經(jīng)典性、新穎性。每種刊物都有自己對(duì)參考文獻(xiàn)的編輯格式要求，要嚴(yán)格滿足這些要求。不要把作者名字搞錯(cuò)了，如果連參考文獻(xiàn)都編輯不好，審稿人會(huì)認(rèn)為你不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、不嚴(yán)肅、馬虎，那么他也會(huì)這樣對(duì)待你的論文，懶得看全文，隨便寫(xiě)幾句直接拒稿！附錄：重要的、須陳述的演繹過(guò)程（包括公式推演、重要程序等）。常用的連接詞：However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast,

30、similarly, unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, for example, compared with, other results, thus, therefore用好這些連接詞能使文章層次清楚，意思明確。(摘自網(wǎng)站)交代有時(shí)間順序的事件或文獻(xiàn)，最早的文獻(xiàn)可用 AA advocated it for the first time. 接下來(lái)可用 Then BB further demonstrated that. 再接下來(lái)，可用Afterwards, CC如果還有，可用 More r

31、ecent studies by DD如果敘述兩種觀點(diǎn)，要把它們截然分開(kāi) AA put forward thatIn contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary (表明前面觀點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤)，如果只表明兩種觀點(diǎn)對(duì)立，用 In contrast BB如果兩種觀點(diǎn)相近,可用AA suggest Similarly, alternatively, BBor Also, BB or BB also does表示因果或者前后關(guān)系可用Consequently, therefore, as a result表明遞進(jìn)關(guān)系可用 fur

32、thermore, further, moreover, in addition寫(xiě)完一段英文，最好首先檢查是否較好地應(yīng)用了這些連接詞。 第一段要明確告訴讀者你要討論幾個(gè)部份Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed. The first question involvesThe second problem relates toThe third aspect deals with清晰地把觀點(diǎn)逐層敘述。也可以直接用First, Second, Third, Finally當(dāng)然，F(xiàn)urthermo

33、re, in addition等可以用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。 例：我對(duì)學(xué)生論文的第一輪意見(jiàn)附件論文我只修改了摘要、前言和2.1 Notations，后面改不下去了。主要問(wèn)題：1. 寫(xiě)作太隨意，基本上都是中式英文！要寫(xiě)就得全部重新寫(xiě)。你應(yīng)該熟讀英文原文，模仿和學(xué)習(xí)別人怎么寫(xiě)的，不能自己想當(dāng)然造句子。沒(méi)有什么邏輯，經(jīng)常是隨便冒出一句，這樣的論文投給刊物肯定是拒絕。2. 算例結(jié)果既沒(méi)有展示算法的優(yōu)越性，也沒(méi)有展示所研究問(wèn)題的特殊性。3. 分析total network cost沒(méi)有意義。4. 分析不同theta下的結(jié)果也沒(méi)有意義。5. 要展示的是：不同beta值下，最多能夠監(jiān)控到的流量有多少，最佳的camer

34、a location會(huì)有什么變化。不考慮beta的結(jié)果是怎樣，考慮了beta的結(jié)果是怎樣。顯然，不考慮beta，問(wèn)題就和Yang & Zhou一樣。6. 我對(duì)那些曲線都是直線有懷疑。7. 做兩個(gè)試驗(yàn)，比如：beta1=0.5, beta2=0.1, alpha是beta1的需求比例，讓alpha從0增加到1,看可以監(jiān)查的流量如何變化，camera location如何變化；然后，讓alpha=0.5,beta2=0.1,讓beta1從增加到，看可以監(jiān)查到的流量如何變化。Beta值越大，說(shuō)明這些人越在意camera,越傾向于選擇沒(méi)有或少含camera的路徑。在引出beta參數(shù)時(shí)，要詳細(xì)解釋這層意

35、思，整個(gè)研究的亮點(diǎn)也就在這里。 圖2和圖3的y坐標(biāo)應(yīng)該是Flow monitored.8. 最后是，把論文格式整理好，每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處理好。為什么將光標(biāo)移到每一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)末尾時(shí)就下塌？常見(jiàn)的低級(jí)問(wèn)題標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)：This is a table .It should be使用宋體：This is a table.語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤：?jiǎn)坞p數(shù)不分，句子不完整，不會(huì)用the，不會(huì)用介詞。硬從中文直接翻譯，湊字?jǐn)?shù)【先模仿著寫(xiě)，要有耐心】不會(huì)用MathType Equation輸入數(shù)學(xué)公式和參數(shù)正文中的參數(shù)、符號(hào)不用MathType Equation輸入，直接寫(xiě)，不斜體。這是因?yàn)閼卸?！不知道向量一般要黑體正文里引用文獻(xiàn)，同

36、時(shí)有Mike G. H. Bell (2002)和Bell (2003)不按照刊物的具體要求引用文獻(xiàn)和編輯參考文獻(xiàn)。也是因?yàn)閼卸?！找一篇擬投刊物的論文，對(duì)照做不就可以了？不嚴(yán)格按照擬投刊物的要求準(zhǔn)備圖和表。絕大部分國(guó)際刊物都使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的雙線表，不是所有的框架線都顯示出來(lái)。mi123456789101112131411/142/143/144/145/146/147/148/149/1410/1411/1412/1413/14121/132/133/134/135/136/137/138/139/1310/1311/1312/131131/122/123/124/125/126/127/128/1

37、29/1210/1211/1211141/112/113/114/115/116/117/118/119/1110/11111151/102/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/101111161/92/93/94/95/96/97/98/911111171/82/83/84/85/86/87/8111111181/72/73/74/75/76/71111111191/62/63/64/65/6111111111101/52/53/54/51111111111常見(jiàn)的低級(jí)問(wèn)題10. 正文中出現(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn)，末尾References里沒(méi)有，反過(guò)來(lái)如此 11. 公式編排混亂。小段、

38、節(jié)以(1) (2)開(kāi)起12. 大量的單詞拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤13. 論文題目大、空、泛14. 關(guān)鍵詞隨意確定。有的刊物規(guī)定第一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞必須從它的關(guān)鍵詞庫(kù)中選定15. 亂用斜體字和黑體字。 要選擇合適刊物，投你的論文引用的那些論文所出現(xiàn)的刊物了解本專(zhuān)業(yè)的國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)的相關(guān)期刊內(nèi)容是否適合刊物的“口味”了解主編和編委所從事的研究工作了解刊物的審稿方式了解刊物的出版周期、數(shù)量、是否檢索了解刊物是否收取版面費(fèi)準(zhǔn)備一封投稿信三、投稿BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF AERONAUTICS & ASTRONAUTICSSCHOOL OF MANAGEMENTProfessor Wayne K. TalleyTR

39、-Part E, Editor-in-ChiefDepartment of EconomicsCollege of Business and Public AdministrationOld Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529-0221, USASeptember 20, 2004Paper Submission for Possible Publication in Transportation Research Part EDear Professor Talley,Attached please find the paper “Equilibri

40、um bus riding behavior in morning rush hour and system configuration for providing bus services” by Hai-Jun Huang, Qiong Tian, Hai Yang and Zi-You Gao. We would like to submit this paper to Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review for possible publication. This manuscript

41、is not copyrighted. It has not been submitted/refereed elsewhere for publication at the same time.The attached file was prepared by Word. I wonder if we have to submit the 4 hard copies besides this electronic version. I will do at once if required.Thank you very much for your consideration.Sincerel

42、y yours,Hai-Jun HuangProfessor of Transport Operations ResearchSchool of Management, Beijing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsBeijing 100083, P.R. Chinacc. Q. Tian, H. Yang and Z.Y. GaoCover letterProf. Stefan NickelEditor-in-Chief, Computers & Operations ResearchChair of Operations Researc

43、h and Logistics, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrcken. 7 April 2011Dear Prof. Stefan Nickel, We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled Discretised Route Travel Time Models based on Cumulative Flows” by Long, Huang and Gao for possible publication in Computers & Operations Research.

44、 The computation of route travel times is a fundamental work in solving dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) problems, which impels us continuously to develop accurate and efficient methods. Different to most literatures related to route travel time models, this article develops new formulations of disc

45、retised route travel time models based on both route cumulative flows and link cumulative flows and investigate their typical properties such as first-in-first-out (FIFO), continuity, monotonicity. FIFO ensures the authenticity of route travel time models, while, continuity monotonicity determine th

46、e existence and the uniqueness of solutions to their related DTA problems, respectively. Moreover, the accuracy and the computational efficiency of route travel times derived from cumulative flow curves are unknown until this study. The main contributions of this paper are: (1) two categories of dis

47、cretised route travel time models are formulated based on route cumulative flow curves and link cumulative flow curves, respectively; (2) the properties such as FIFO, monotonicity, continuity of each route travel time model have been clarified and proved; and (3) numerical methods are developed to e

48、valuate the accuracy and computational efficiency of each type of route travel time models. We claim that the paper is original and unpublished, and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. If you have any enquires, please feel free to send us an email ( ). Thank you f

49、or your consideration.Sincerely,Dr. Jiancheng Longcc.Prof. Hai-Jun HuangProf. Ziyou Gao貢獻(xiàn)大，投高檔刊物，貢獻(xiàn)小，投低檔一點(diǎn)的刊物。要相信自己，瞄準(zhǔn)國(guó)際高水平刊物投稿國(guó)際刊物一般不收版面費(fèi)科學(xué)研究的重要成果一定要投給國(guó)際刊物，這是參加“奧運(yùn)會(huì)”，投給國(guó)內(nèi)一級(jí)刊物是參加“全運(yùn)會(huì)”，投給地方刊物是參加“省運(yùn)會(huì)”！要仔細(xì)閱讀所投刊物的投稿指南，嚴(yán)格按照要求準(zhǔn)備論文，作者署名、地址、聯(lián)系方式、摘要、關(guān)鍵詞、章節(jié)、段落、參考文獻(xiàn)，連字體、公式編排、表點(diǎn)符號(hào)都要仔細(xì)。跟繡花一樣！如何投稿四、怎樣改稿要認(rèn)真應(yīng)對(duì)審稿人的意

50、見(jiàn)，準(zhǔn)備完整的論文修改報(bào)告，一條一條回答審稿人提出的問(wèn)題。別忘記謝謝審稿人，甚至在論文末尾開(kāi)辟一段專(zhuān)門(mén)感謝審稿人修改盡可能在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成敢于回駁不正確的審稿人意見(jiàn)。不輕易放棄。一篇論文是你很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間研究和思考的結(jié)晶，到了收獲的時(shí)候了，要非常仔細(xì)地準(zhǔn)備論文、認(rèn)真修改稿件。輕易地放棄，等于所有的前期投入化為烏有Report on the revision of the paper“Equilibrium properties of the morning rush-hour commuting in a many-to-one mass transit system” by Qiong Tian

51、, Haijun Huang and Hai YangRe-submitted to Transportation Research Part BRef. No.: B05-1091. Overall Firstly, we appreciate the valuable comments and suggestions of the referees, which have been considered in our amendment of the manuscript. Secondly, we must apologize for our typing errors, grammat

52、ical errors, and unclear descriptions in the earlier version of the manuscript. The changes that we have made to the manuscript are summarized as follows.(1) All of the comments of the referees have been positively taken into account. (2) The model is extended to the case with constraint on the numb

53、er of seats in train vehicle, for considering the asymmetric property of transit service. The newly added subsection 3.2 is for this.(3) An example for demonstrating the model extension is provided.(4) Some terms have been clarified.(5) The inappropriate descriptions and grammatical errors that were

54、 noted by the referees have been corrected. Our detailed responses to the comments of the referees are given below. 2. Detailed responses For the sake of presentation, the comments of the referees are numbered and duplicated in italics, and our responses are given in plain. 2.1 Responses to the comm

55、ents made by the first referee Comment (1)This paper provides an interesting mathematical study of the equilibrium properties of commuters in a mass transit system with many origins and a single destination during the morning rush hour. The claimed theorems are elegantly proven. The mathematics is r

56、eliable as far as the reviewer can see. However, there is a fundamental flaw in the modeling assumption for transit services that seemingly leads to some counter-intuitive results, which may not truly reflect the realistic situation. The authors need to rectify this problem in their mathematical mod

57、el, before the paper can be considered for publication in Transportation Research Part B.ResponsesThanks very much for this criticism. In the revised version, we highlight such a phenomenon observed in Beijing “According to our observation made in Beijings mass transit system, when all seats are occ

58、upied, commuters still continue to board although having to be stand-up in the vehicle, except the in-vehicle crowding effect is extremely serious. In fact, for transporting more commuters during the rush hour, Beijings authority deliberately cuts down the number of seats for each transit run. For e

59、xample, the number of seats provided in the Beijing No. 13 railways each run is 96 only, but the maximal number of passengers allowed to be contained is 944 (the maximum physical capacity). So, most people have to be stand-up during the peak period. We also observed that basically no commuter wait a

60、t platforms for the time of more than two headways. Commuters will change their arriving times at platforms when the in-vehicle crowding effect is extremely serious. Therefore, we have to develop a new model different from existing ones for depicting the unique commuting behavior in Beijings mass tr