恰當(dāng)?shù)呐浞N時(shí)間

1、Knowing When to Breed (Timing of Insemination)知道何時(shí)配種 (輸精時(shí)間)Vocabulary 詞匯nWEI = wean to estrus interval (time from weaning to onset of estrus)WEI = 斷奶到發(fā)情間隔 (從斷奶到開始發(fā)情的時(shí)間間隔)nWSI = wean to service interval (time from weaning to standing estrus at the 1st estrus following weaning)WSI = 斷奶到配種間隔 (從斷奶到第1次發(fā)情

2、后的呆立反應(yīng)的時(shí)間間隔)nWCI = wean to conception interval (time from weaning to time when sow actually conceive)WCI = 斷奶到受胎間隔 (從斷奶到母豬實(shí)際受孕的時(shí)間間隔)Insemination Timing 輸精時(shí)間nTime of insemination relative to ovulation affects:和排卵相關(guān)的輸精時(shí)間會(huì)影響到:nPercentage of eggs fertilized, 受精卵的比例;nNormal embryos, 正常胚胎數(shù);nConception and

3、 farrowing rate, and 受胎率和分娩率;nLitter size. 窩仔數(shù)nConsequently proper timing is very important in obtaining high reproductive efficiency. 因此要獲得高繁殖效率, 正確的輸精時(shí)間非常重要Effect of insemination timing relative to ovulation on fertilization rate (Seode et al., 1995)和排卵相關(guān)的輸精時(shí)間對(duì)受精率的影響01020304050607080901004840 to48

4、32 to4024 to3216 to248 to 160 to 8-8 to 0-8 to -16 -16Insemination time relative ovulation, h 和排卵相關(guān)的輸精時(shí)間, 小時(shí)Fertilization rate, % 受精率, %Insemination Timing 輸精時(shí)間nIf fertilization rate is highly dependent upon 1st insemination being within 0-24 h prior to ovulation and ovulation is related to estrus d

5、uration then it is important to determine when estrus begins.如果受精率極大地取決于第1次輸精, 即排卵前的0-24小時(shí), 而排卵又和發(fā)情期有關(guān), 那么確定發(fā)情何時(shí)開始就很重要nHow frequently should you check for estrus to help assure that the 1st insemination is within the desire time frame?查情幾次才能有助于確保第1次輸精在需要的時(shí)間段內(nèi)呢?Insemination Timing: estrus determinati

6、on (7 commercial farms; Knox et al., 2002) 輸精時(shí)間: 確定發(fā)情(7家商業(yè)豬場)Frequency of estrus determination查情頻率1X2X3X1st AI within 24 h24小時(shí)內(nèi)第1次輸精27.6%(14.4-46.3%)62.0%(41.5-79.0%)65.8%(45.1-81.9%)Once estrus was detected used tranrectal ultrasound every 8 h to determine occurrence of ovulation.Insemination Timin

7、g 輸精時(shí)間nOvulation is normally thought to take place approximately 70% of the way through estrus. 通常排卵發(fā)生在發(fā)情期的70%段nBut can vary from 39 to 133% for individual sows. 但個(gè)體母豬的差異可達(dá)39-133%nIn addition the duration of estrus can vary from 10 - 96 h除此之外發(fā)情時(shí)間可有10-96小時(shí)不等Suggested intervals for inseminating weaned

8、 sows when detecting estrus once or twice per day每天查情1或2次時(shí)斷奶母豬建議輸精時(shí)間Weaning-to-estrus interval, days斷奶到發(fā)情間隔天數(shù)Estrus Detection 查情Once per day 1天1次Twice per day 1天2次2 matings2次配種3 matings3次配種2 matings2次配種3 matings3次配種3 - 5AM-D1/AM-D2第1天上午/第2天上午AM-D1/AM&PM-D2第1天上午/第2天上午和下午PM-D1/AM-D2第1天下午/第2天上午PM-D

9、1/AM&PM-D2第1天下午/第2天上午和下午6+AM-D1/AM-D2第1天上午/第2天上午AM&PM-D1/ AM-D2第1天上午和下午/第2天上午PM-D1/AM-D2第1天下午/第2天上午AM-D1/AM&PM-D2第1天上午/第2天上午和下午Returns返情AM-D1/ AM-D2第1天上午/第2天上午AM&PM-D1/ AM-D2第1天上午和下午/第2天上午PM-D1/ AM-D2第1天下午/第2天上午PM-D1/ AM&PM-D2第1天下午/第2天上午和下午Insemination Timing 輸精時(shí)間nHigh variation

10、in duration of estrus 發(fā)情期長短的高差異+ nWide variation in when ovulation occurs in relation to the onset of estrus 和發(fā)情開始相關(guān)的排卵開始時(shí)間的巨大差異=nOnset of estrus alone is not a very good predictor for optimal time of insemination.僅把發(fā)情開始的時(shí)間一項(xiàng)作為輸精最佳時(shí)間的指標(biāo)是不夠的Farrowing Rate分娩率Boar Stimulus公豬刺激Ovulation排卵Lactation Lengt

11、h哺乳期長短Litter Size窩仔數(shù)Estrus Duration發(fā)情期WSI斷奶到配種間隔nEstrus duration influenced by factors such as:發(fā)情期長短的影響因素：nParity, 胎次nGenetics 品種nSeason, 季節(jié)nStress, 應(yīng)激nBoar effects, 公豬的使用效果nWEI (WSI) 斷奶到發(fā)情間隔(斷奶到配種間隔)Insemination Timing 輸精時(shí)間Time of ovulation related to estrus duration (Soede et al., 1995)排卵時(shí)間和發(fā)情期的關(guān)系

12、 0102030405060243240485664728088Estrus duration, h 發(fā)情期，小時(shí)Ovulation, h 排卵，小時(shí)0102030405060708090100Ovulation time 排卵時(shí)間Ovulation/duration 排卵/發(fā)情期Relationship between WEI and estrus duration (Nessin et al., 1997)斷奶到發(fā)情間隔和發(fā)情期長短的關(guān)系20304050607080906570809095105115130WEI, h 斷奶到發(fā)情間隔, 小時(shí)Estrus duration, h 發(fā)情期,

13、小時(shí)Y = 129.2 - 0.76X, P0.0001Relationship between WEI and time of ovulation (Nissen et al., 1997)斷奶到發(fā)情間隔和排卵時(shí)間的關(guān)系010203040506070806570809095105115125Interval from weaning to onset of estrus, h 從斷奶到開始發(fā)情，小時(shí)interval from onset of estrus to ovulation, h從開始發(fā)情到排卵，小時(shí)95% confidence intervalY = 84.2 0.46X, P=1

14、1WSI, days 斷奶到配種間隔天數(shù)No. pigs born 產(chǎn)仔數(shù)657075808590Farrowing rate, % 分娩率Litter size 窩仔數(shù)Farrowing rate 分娩率aaabcddcbEffect of WSI on farrowing rate and remating rate (Tummaruk et al., 2000)斷奶到配種間隔對(duì)分娩率和再配種率的影響707274767880828486880-34567891011-12 13-20WSI, d 斷奶到配種間隔天數(shù)Farrowing rate, % 分娩率，%456789101112Rem

15、ating rate, % 再配種率，%Farrowing rate 分娩率Remating rate 再配種率nWithin a farm duration of estrus appears to be less variable. The average duration of estrus was consistent from month to month within a farm (if you know average duration determined one month it is repeatable the next month, repeatability 86%

16、). 在一個(gè)豬場內(nèi)情期長短差異相對(duì)較小。在同一場內(nèi)母豬平均情期每月相對(duì)一致（如果你知道某月的平均情期，下個(gè)月的重復(fù)性可達(dá)86%）Insemination Timing 輸精時(shí)間Suggested intervals for inseminating weaned sows when detecting estrus once or twice per day每天查情1或2次時(shí)斷奶母豬建議輸精時(shí)間Weaning-to-estrus interval, days斷奶到發(fā)情間隔天數(shù)Estrus Detection 查情Once per day 1天1次Twice per day 1天2次2 mati

17、ngs2次配種3 matings3次配種2 matings2次配種3 matings3次配種3 - 5AM-D1/AM-D2第1天上午/第2天上午AM-D1/AM&PM-D2第1天上午/第2天上午和下午PM-D1/AM-D2第1天下午/第2天上午PM-D1/AM&PM-D2第1天下午/第2天上午和下午6+AM-D1/AM-D2第1天上午/第2天上午AM&PM-D1/ AM-D2第1天上午和下午/第2天上午PM-D1/AM-D2第1天下午/第2天上午AM-D1/AM&PM-D2第1天上午/第2天上午和下午Returns返情AM-D1/ AM-D2第1天上午/第2天

18、上午AM&PM-D1/ AM-D2第1天上午和下午/第2天上午PM-D1/ AM-D2第1天下午/第2天上午PM-D1/ AM&PM-D2第1天下午/第2天上午和下午Effect of lactation length on subsequent WCI (Le Cozler et al., 1997)哺乳期長短對(duì)下一胎斷奶到受胎間隔的影響02468101214161834Lactation length, d 哺乳天數(shù)WCI 斷奶到受胎間隔天數(shù)Parity 2 2胎All Parities 所有胎次Effect of Lactation Length on Litter Si

19、ze, Total Born (Le Cozler et al., 1997)哺乳期長短對(duì)窩仔數(shù)的影響10.510.710.911.111.311.511.711.912.112.312.534Lactation length, d 哺乳期，天litter size, total born/litter 總產(chǎn)仔數(shù)/窩Parity 2 第2胎Parity 2-6 2-6胎Increasing lactation length increases subsequent litter size延長哺乳天數(shù)增加下一胎的產(chǎn)仔數(shù)nWhy? 為什么?nSow that is a very good eate

20、r is in negative nutrient balance during the first 2 and possibly 3 wk of lactation. 一頭吃料非常好的母豬在哺乳開始后2-3周內(nèi)都處于營養(yǎng)負(fù)平衡.nMilk production increases very fast, and even fed ad libitum the sows feed consumption does not increase fast enough for her to obtain the nutrients she needs for milk production 產(chǎn)奶量增加

21、非常迅速, 即使自由采食, 母豬的采食量也無法及時(shí)提供產(chǎn)奶所需的營養(yǎng)nSome where between the 3rd and 4th week she begins to recover part of the weight loss (not full recovery). This helps to put her back into a positive balance, particularly as relates to insulin. Insulin along with other hormones have been shown to be important in r

22、eproduction.在哺乳第3周和第4周中母豬開始逐步恢復(fù)損失的體重(不能完全恢復(fù)), 幫助她進(jìn)入營養(yǎng)正平衡, 尤其和胰島素相關(guān). 研究表明胰島素和其它激素對(duì)繁殖很重要.nMay also be related to sub-optimal timing of insemination (AI or mating) relative to ovulation. As indicated WSI has important implications for timing AI, as it affects the interval from estrus to ovulation. 可能還和

23、排卵相關(guān)的非適宜輸精時(shí)間(人工授精或本交)有關(guān). 前面提到斷奶到配種間隔和配種時(shí)間有很重要的關(guān)聯(lián), 因?yàn)樗绊懙桨l(fā)情到排卵的間隔時(shí)間Increasing lactation length increases subsequent litter size延長哺乳天數(shù)增加下一胎的產(chǎn)仔數(shù)Progressive De-Materialisation of Reproducing Sows: % Change in 3rd Parity Compared to Non-Pregnant Sows繁殖母豬體內(nèi)礦物質(zhì)流失百分率：第三胎母豬與同年齡非懷孕母豬比較Mahan and Newton (1995)

24、-20-15-10-50CaPMgFeZnCuSe55 kg(%)3rd Litter Sows compared to Non-Gravid, Same AgeLitter weight 窩重Trace Mineral Requirements for the Sow Reproductive Cycle母豬生殖周期對(duì)礦物質(zhì)的需求BodyMineral Pool體體內(nèi)礦物質(zhì)池內(nèi)礦物質(zhì)池CuCuCuMnZnMnZnFeFeFeFeSeSeSeSeCrCrCrFeUterine Capacity子宮容納子宮容納Piglets 仔仔豬豬Weaning 斷斷奶奶Farrowing分分娩娩Fertil

25、ization 授授精精I(xiàn)mplantation 胚胚胎植入胎植入Breeding 配配種種Ovulation 排排卵卵Progesterone孕孕酮酮Boar公豬公豬Estrogen/FSH/LH雌雌激素激素/卵泡刺激素卵泡刺激素/Research Trials Using Chelated Minerals for Sows (Spears)豬場母豬使用螯合物Diet (ppm)全價(jià)料全價(jià)料無機(jī)無機(jī)CMC(ppm)用企利產(chǎn)品代替用企利產(chǎn)品代替部分無機(jī)部分無機(jī)High Levelinorganic 高無機(jī)高無機(jī)Period階段階段Cu 銅銅27.525 + 2.532.55 day Pre-

26、Parity 1 farrow to Post-Breed Parity 3從第一胎產(chǎn)前從第一胎產(chǎn)前5天至第三胎天至第三胎配種后。配種后。Mn 錳錳7065 + 5105Zn 鋅鋅200175 + 25250Fe 鐵鐵260220 + 40310Results: Sow Productivity Weaning Wt., kg試驗(yàn)結(jié)果：仔豬斷奶體重，公斤Inorganic 無機(jī)組無機(jī)組 CMC企利有機(jī)微量企利有機(jī)微量代替部分無機(jī)代替部分無機(jī)High level Inorganic 高無機(jī)高無機(jī) Breeding 1 第一胎第一胎6.9a 8.3b8.0 b Breeding 2第二胎第二胎7.

27、5a8.4b 8.1a,bMeans in a row with different superscripts differ (P.05)上標(biāo)不同意味著存在顯著差異上標(biāo)不同意味著存在顯著差異 (P.05) Results: Sow Productivity breeding Interval (days)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果：母豬斷奶至配種間隔天數(shù)Inorganic 無機(jī)組無機(jī)組 CMC企利有機(jī)微量企利有機(jī)微量代替部分無機(jī)代替部分無機(jī)High level Inorganic 高無機(jī)高無機(jī) Breeding 1 第一胎第一胎5.2 5.45.8 Breeding 2第二胎第二胎6.8a4.6b 6.6aMe

28、ans in a row with different superscripts differ (P.05)上標(biāo)不同意味著存在顯著差異上標(biāo)不同意味著存在顯著差異 (P.05) Sow Productivity Field Study (Tracy)母豬繁殖能力田間試驗(yàn)Diet supplement 日糧飼料日糧飼料 (ppm)CMC (ppm)額外添加額外添加企利有機(jī)企利有機(jī)Period使用階段使用階段Cu銅銅151021day from weaning從斷奶到第從斷奶到第21天天Mn 錳錳9010Zn 鋅鋅25050Control 對(duì)照組對(duì)照組 CMC Proteinates 企利組企利組R

29、ecycles %返情率返情率 %13.26.05Sows culled per Sows Bred 母豬淘汰率母豬淘汰率 (%)13.2 4.2 Results of Sow Field Study (Tracy) 試驗(yàn)結(jié)果:母豬田間試驗(yàn) (特雷西)Sow Field Study (Tracy) 母豬田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果 (特雷西)Control 對(duì)照組對(duì)照組 Proteinates企利組企利組Rebreeding Interval (Days) 再配種間隔再配種間隔 (天天)8.155.89 p0.01 Farrowing Interval (Days) 分娩間隔分娩間隔 (天天)154.1 14

30、7.9 p0.01L/S/Y 胎胎/母豬母豬/年年2.37 2.47Effect of Split Weaning on WSI in Primiparous Sows (Vesseur et al., 1997)分批斷奶對(duì)初產(chǎn)母豬斷奶到配種間隔的影響05101520253035404550=3451-5678-16WSI, days 斷奶到配種間隔天數(shù)Percentage sows 母豬比例Split-wean 分批斷奶Control 對(duì)照Effect of boar contact on WEI, estrus determination and duration in weaned so

31、ws (Langendijk et al., 2000)公豬接觸對(duì)斷奶后母豬斷奶到受胎間隔、查情和發(fā)情期的影響020406080100120Man estrus, BPT 人為壓背刺激Spontaneous (boar infront of crate) 公豬在欄前刺激BPT+boar 壓背+公豬DMA+BPTWEI and estrus duration, h 斷奶到受胎間隔和發(fā)情時(shí)間，小時(shí)0102030405060708090100Sows showing estrus, % 母豬發(fā)情比例WEI 斷奶到受胎間隔Estrus duration, h 發(fā)情期，小時(shí)Sow showing estrus, % 母豬發(fā)情比例Effect of Housing on Percentage Sows Expr