電大鋼結(jié)構(gòu)期末復(fù)習(xí)測(cè)試C及參考答案小抄

1、 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)模擬測(cè)試（C） 一、單項(xiàng)選擇題（將每題正確答案的序號(hào)填入括號(hào)內(nèi)，每小題2分，共計(jì)30分）1在結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中，失效概率與可靠指標(biāo)的關(guān)系為（ ）。A 越大，越大， 結(jié)構(gòu)可靠性越差 B 越大，越小，結(jié)構(gòu)可靠性越差C越大，越小，結(jié)構(gòu)越可靠 D 越大, 越大，結(jié)構(gòu)越可靠2鋼材的三項(xiàng)主要力學(xué)性能為（ ）。 A抗拉強(qiáng)度、屈服點(diǎn)、伸長率 B抗拉強(qiáng)度、屈服點(diǎn)、冷彎性能C抗拉強(qiáng)度、冷彎性能、伸長率 D冷彎性能、屈服點(diǎn)、伸長率3鋼中硫和氧的含量超過限量時(shí)，會(huì)使鋼材（ ）。 A變軟 B熱脆 C冷脆 D 變硬4鋼材在低溫下，沖擊韌性（ ）。 A提高 B降低 C不變 D不能確定5鋼材的疲勞破壞屬于（ ）破壞。 A彈性

2、 B塑性 C脆性 D低周高應(yīng)變6摩擦型連接的高強(qiáng)度螺栓在桿軸方向受拉時(shí)，承載力（ ）。 A與摩擦面的處理方法有關(guān) B與摩擦面的數(shù)量有關(guān) C與螺栓直徑有關(guān) D與螺栓的性能等級(jí)無關(guān)7高強(qiáng)度螺栓摩擦型連接與承壓型連接相比，（ ）。 A承載力計(jì)算方法不同 B施工方法相同 C沒有本質(zhì)區(qū)別 D材料不同8在鋼梁底面設(shè)有吊桿，其拉力設(shè)計(jì)值為650kN（靜載），吊桿通過節(jié)點(diǎn)板將荷載傳給鋼梁，節(jié)點(diǎn)板采用雙面焊縫焊于梁下翼緣，=10mm，=160MPa，則每面焊縫長度為（ ）。 A240mm B250 mm C260mm D270mm9圖所示為高強(qiáng)度螺栓連接，在彎矩M的作用下，可以認(rèn)為中和軸在螺栓（ ）上。 A.

3、1B. 2C. 3D. 410一寬度為、厚度為的鋼板上有一直徑為的孔，則鋼板的凈截面面積為（ ）。 A BC D11a類截面的軸心壓桿穩(wěn)定系數(shù)值最高是由于（ ）。 A截面是軋制截面 B截面的剛度最大 C初彎曲的影響最小 D殘余應(yīng)力的影響最小12軸心受壓構(gòu)件發(fā)生彈性失穩(wěn)時(shí)，截面上的平均應(yīng)力（ ）。 A 低于鋼材抗拉強(qiáng)度B達(dá)到鋼材屈服強(qiáng)度C 低于鋼材比例極限D(zhuǎn) 低于鋼材屈服強(qiáng)度13保證工字形截面梁受壓翼緣局部穩(wěn)定的方法是（ ）。 A設(shè)置縱向加勁肋 B設(shè)置橫向加勁肋C采用有效寬度 D限制其寬厚比14梁的支撐加勁肋應(yīng)設(shè)置在 （ ）。A彎曲應(yīng)力大的區(qū)段B剪應(yīng)力大的區(qū)段C上翼緣或下翼緣有固定作用力的部位D

4、有吊車輪壓的部位15單軸對(duì)稱截面的壓彎構(gòu)件，一般宜使彎矩（ ）。A繞非對(duì)稱軸作用 B繞對(duì)稱軸作用C繞任意軸作用 D視情況繞對(duì)稱軸或非對(duì)稱軸作用二、判斷題（正確的劃“ ”，錯(cuò)誤的劃“ ”每小題2分，共計(jì)30分）1正常使用極限狀態(tài)包括影響結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)件和非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件正常使用或外觀的變形，影響正常使用的振動(dòng)，影響正常使用或耐久性能的局部損壞。（ ）2計(jì)算結(jié)構(gòu)或構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度，穩(wěn)定性以及連接的強(qiáng)度時(shí)，應(yīng)采用荷載設(shè)計(jì)值，而不是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值。( )3試驗(yàn)證明，鋼材的疲勞強(qiáng)度主要與構(gòu)造狀況、應(yīng)力幅和循環(huán)荷載重復(fù)次數(shù)有關(guān)，而與鋼材的強(qiáng)度關(guān)系更明顯。( )4承受動(dòng)力荷載重復(fù)作用的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件及其連接，當(dāng)應(yīng)力變化的循環(huán)次數(shù)n次 時(shí)

5、，應(yīng)進(jìn)行疲勞驗(yàn)算。( )承壓型高強(qiáng)螺栓連接只依靠被連接板件間強(qiáng)大的摩擦阻力承受外力，以摩擦阻力被克服作為連接承載能力的極限狀態(tài)。( )6鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范規(guī)定角焊縫中的最小焊角尺寸，其中t為較厚焊件的厚度。( )7構(gòu)件上存在焊接殘余應(yīng)力會(huì)增大結(jié)構(gòu)的剛度。( )8螺栓排列分為并列和錯(cuò)列兩種形式，其中錯(cuò)列可以減小栓孔對(duì)截面的削弱，但螺栓排列松散，連接板尺寸較大。 ( )9設(shè)計(jì)軸心受力構(gòu)件時(shí)，軸心受壓構(gòu)件只需進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度和剛度計(jì)算。 ( )10軸心受壓構(gòu)件板件過薄，在壓力作用下，板件離開平面位置發(fā)生凸曲現(xiàn)象，稱為構(gòu)件喪失局部穩(wěn)定。( )11構(gòu)件的長細(xì)比是回轉(zhuǎn)半徑與計(jì)算長度之比。 ( )12梁的抗剪強(qiáng)度不滿足

6、設(shè)計(jì)要求時(shí)，最有效的辦法是增大腹板的面積。( )13工字形截面簡支梁，當(dāng)受壓翼緣側(cè)向支承點(diǎn)間距離越小時(shí)，則梁的整體穩(wěn)定就越差。 ( )14偏心受壓柱鉸接柱腳只傳遞軸心壓力和剪力，剛接柱腳除傳遞軸心壓力和剪力外，還要傳遞彎矩。( )15框架的梁柱連接時(shí)，梁端采用剛接可以減小梁跨中的彎矩，但制作施工較復(fù)雜。 ( )三、簡答題（每小題8分，共計(jì)24分）1簡述鋼材塑性破壞和脆性破壞。2抗剪普通螺栓有哪幾種可能的破壞形式？如何防止？3設(shè)計(jì)拉彎和壓彎構(gòu)件時(shí)應(yīng)計(jì)算的內(nèi)容？ 四、計(jì)算題（共計(jì)16分）如圖所示：已知焊縫承受的斜向靜力荷載設(shè)計(jì)值kN，偏心e為20mm，角焊縫的焊腳尺寸，實(shí)際長度，鋼材為Q235B，

7、焊條為E43型（=160N/mm2）， 取122。驗(yàn)算圖所示直角角焊縫的強(qiáng)度。公式：； ；圖1試題答案及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（供參考）一、單項(xiàng)選擇題（將每題正確答案的序號(hào)填入括號(hào)內(nèi)，每題2分，共計(jì)30分）1B2A3B4B5C6C7A8C9C10D11D12C13D 14C15A二、判斷題（正確的劃“ ”，錯(cuò)誤的劃“ ”每小題2分，共計(jì)30分）1（）2（）3（）4（）5（）6（）7（）8（）9（）10（）11（）12（）13（）14（）15（）三、簡答題（每題8分，共計(jì)24分）以下是各個(gè)簡答題的要點(diǎn)，可根據(jù)具體情況酌情給分1簡述鋼材塑性破壞和脆性破壞。答：塑性破壞是由于變形過大，超過了材料或構(gòu)件可能的應(yīng)變能

8、力而產(chǎn)生的，而且僅在構(gòu)件的應(yīng)力達(dá)到鋼材的抗拉強(qiáng)度后才發(fā)生，破壞前構(gòu)件產(chǎn)生較大的塑性變形；脆性破壞前塑性變形很小，甚至沒有塑性變形，計(jì)算應(yīng)力可能小于鋼材的屈服點(diǎn)，斷裂從應(yīng)力集中處開始。2抗剪普通螺栓有哪幾種可能的破壞形式？如何防止？答：螺栓抗剪連接達(dá)到極限承載力時(shí)，可能的破壞形式有四種形式： = 1 * GB3 栓桿被剪斷；螺栓承壓破壞； = 3 * GB3 板件凈截面被拉斷； = 4 * GB3 端板被栓桿沖剪破壞。 第 = 3 * GB3 種破壞形式采用構(gòu)件強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算保證；第 = 4 * GB3 種破壞形式由螺栓端距2d0保證。第、種破壞形式通過螺栓計(jì)算保證。3設(shè)計(jì)拉彎和壓彎構(gòu)件時(shí)應(yīng)計(jì)算的內(nèi)容

9、？答：拉彎構(gòu)件需要計(jì)算強(qiáng)度和剛度（限制長細(xì)比）；壓彎構(gòu)件則需要計(jì)算強(qiáng)度、整體穩(wěn)定（彎矩作用平面內(nèi)穩(wěn)定和彎矩作用平面外穩(wěn)定）、局部穩(wěn)定和剛度（限制長細(xì)比）四、計(jì)算題（共計(jì)16分）以下是本題的答案要點(diǎn)，可根據(jù)具體情況酌情給分解：將F分解為垂直于焊縫和平行于焊縫的分力 （2分） （2分） （2分） （2分） （2分） （2分） （2分）直角角焊縫的強(qiáng)度滿足要求（2分）Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the

10、professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And i

11、t has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equip

12、ment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the h

13、igh school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rule

14、s for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pr

15、essure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the bal

16、l legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfiel

17、d, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismit

18、h (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were ex

19、cited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismit

20、hs five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no phys

21、ical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in th

22、e organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost inter

23、est in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also t

24、o the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in

25、1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The

26、first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Am

27、ateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC)

28、 made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar c

29、ommittee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because

30、of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became

31、nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of

32、 NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and

33、has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball Leag

34、ue (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1

35、946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurate

36、d in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including

37、 the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, i

38、n 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and th

39、e founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it

40、 was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegi

41、ate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA player

42、s were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the

43、 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken

44、 wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Bask

45、etball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenb

46、lums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, suc

47、h as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter Doc Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest Phog Allen

48、 at Kansas, Ward Piggy Lambert at Purdue, and Henry Doc Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to be

49、come a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than

50、16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one-handed shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible

51、fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In 1938, Irish created the Nation

52、al Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion. Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and proved to be a great financial success. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) created

53、 its own postseason tournament in 1939 but did not rival the NIT in prestige for some time. The 1940s saw significant changes for college basketball. Players began using the jump shot after Kenny Sailors of Wyoming wowed the East with it in 1943. The behind-the-back dribble and pass also appeared, a

54、s did exceptional big men. Bob Kurland at Oklahoma A&M was almost seven feet tall and George Mikan at DePaul was six feet ten inches. While Kurland had perhaps the better college career and played in two Olympics, he chose not to play professional ball, whereas Mikan became the first dominant star i

55、n the pros. Their defensive play inspired the rule against goal tending (blocking a shot on its downward flight). Adolph Rupp, who played under Phog Allen, also coached the first of his many talented teams at Kentucky in that decade. However, in 1951, Rupp and six other coaches suffered through a po

56、int-shaving scandal that involved thirty-two players at seven colleges and seriously injured college basketball, particularly in New York, where four of the seven schools were located. While the game survived, the NCAA moved its tournament away from Madison Square Garden to different cities each yea

57、r and the NITs prestige began to decline. Professional basketball remained a disorganized and stodgy sport up until the late 1940s, with barnstorming still central to the game and most players still using the set shot. In 1946, however, hockey owners, led by Maurice Podoloff, created the Basketball

58、Association of America (BAA) in the East to fill their arenas, but few fans came, even after Joe Fulks of Philadelphia introduced the jump shot. The BAAs rival, the National Basketball League, had existed since the 1930s, had better players, like Mikan of the Minneapolis Lakers, Bob Davies of the Ro

59、chester Royals, and Dolph Shayes of the Syracuse Nationals, but operated in much worse facilities and did not do much better at attracting audiences. In 1948, Podoloff lured the Lakers, Royals, and two other teams to the BAA and proposed a merger of the two leagues for the 19491950 season. The resul

60、t was the National Basketball Association (NBA), with Podoloff its first commissioner. The seventeen-team league struggled at first but soon reduced its size and gained stability, in large part because of Mikans appeal and Podoloffs skills. Despite the point-shaving scandal, college ball thrived in