農(nóng)業(yè)水資源培訓(xùn)資料(英文版)ppt(共66頁)課件

1、Symposium on Environmental Changes and Efficient Use of Agricultural Resources, (Oct. 2122, 2011, Shijiazhuang, China)Agricultural water saving studies for a sustainable water management in the North China Plain (NCP)Changming LiuAgricultural Resources Research Center, CASKey Lab, IGSNRR, CAS, Water

2、 Science College BNU Outline Major features of NCPs water resources Main Water issues: rapid social-economic development and climate change Agricultural water-saving: the highlights Discussions of some ideas of water-saving Agricultural water-saving: Policy & Countermeasures Major features of NCPs w

3、ater resourcesAnnual precipitation in mmAverage annual precipitation from 1951 to 2008 The NCP: in the semi-arid & semi-humid region. Annual precipitation around 350 and 800 mm The monsoon season (June to September) contributes more than 80% of annual rainfall Major features of NCPs water resourcesP

4、otential evapotrnspiration in mmAnnual Potential evapotrnspiration in the NCP is high varies between 796 and 1257 mm resulting in much water loss Average annual Potential evapotrnspiration from 1951 to 2008 Major features of NCPs water resourcesAridity indexThe aridity index varies from 1.0 to 3.2.

5、Its in the climate transition zone. Major features of Chinas water resourcesAnnual evapotraspiratiom in mmAverage annual evapotrnspiration from 1951 to 2008 calculated by the Budyko hypothesis.Major features of Chinas water resourcesAnnual runoff in mmSharp decline river flows into the seaPer Capita

6、 water amount Major features of Chinas water resources Water Consumption to avalaible water resources in % in ChinaAfter Dr Shao Yisheng，Ministry of ConstructionWater use / water availability in % Major features of NCPs water resourcesSummary NCP is the most water shortage area in China as per capit

7、a water 300 m3 only. Total water withdrawal: 37 km3 / a(2009) exceeding available waterOverdrawing groundwater has resulted in aquifer water depletion as a water crisis Agricultural water use about 25.3 km3 / a(2009), making up about 68.5% of total withdrawal Water-saving is very crucial Attribution

8、: Water stress from rapid development: Current GDP growth is speeding up incuding NCP region Main Water issues: Rapid development Water stress from increased water demand: increased water consumption per capita. Main Water issues: Rapid development Population density of China (Xu et al.)The NCP has

9、a population of about 0.15 billion, accounting for 12% of Chinas total population.The daily water consumption per capita has been increasing from less than 0.03 m3 in 1959, to more than 0.10 m3 in 1995, and to more than 0.20 m3 in 2000 Attribution: Water stress from increased water demand. Irrigatio

10、n demand approached a limit. Main Water issues: Rapid development Irrigated area in NCP from 1949 to 2008Attribution: Climate change impact as warming up Main Water issues: Climate change Temperature increase: 1.1 for last 50 years in China as an averageTemperature in the NCP increase about 1.7 from

11、 1960 to 2010.Increase in temperature from 1951 to 1999 (Wang et al.) Temperature in northern China increased more serious than that in southern ChinaAttribution: impact of precipitation decline Main Water issues: Climate change Observed change in annual precipitation from 1960 to 2009 by 753 nation

12、al stationsAnnual precipitation anomalies in the NCP from 1955 to 2009. The The average annual precipitation during was 567.9 mm from 1955 to 1979, while that was 503.5 mm from 1980 to 2009, decreased about 11.4%.Attribution: Increase in drought frequency Main Water issues: Climate change In 2010201

13、1, 60 years record drought hit Northern ChinaThe distribution of Drought in the spring of 2011Wheat seedings that have withered in NCPConsecutive 82 days without rain in Beijing, the longest period without precipitation in 60 yearsThirstyDry landscapeSharply increased water consumption in the NCP le

14、ad to the dramatic decrease in streamflow into the Bohai sea in last half century.Annual streamflow into the sea decreased dramatically, from 16.10 km3 in 1960s to 1.62 km3 during the years 2000 to 2008, decreased about 90%.The streamflow into Bohai sea in the last half centuryGroundwater depletion

15、in the regions of the US, Europe, China and India and the Middle East for the year 2000 (mm a1). Wada et al.,2010, Geophysical Research Letters. Groundwater depletion - a worldwide issueThe NCP is one of the four regions which have serious issues of groundwater depletionNCPGroundwater overdraft: sev

16、er in NCP The North China Plain is the major consumer of groundwater, accounting for 44% of the whole countrys groundwater use.The annual groundwater use for China was about 105.6 billion m3, among which 92.21 billion m3 (87.3%) was consumed by northern China. The North China Plain has become one of

17、 the most overexploited regions in the world Annual groundwater withdrawal averaged from 1997 to 2008 in China(data come from the Chinese Ministry of Water Resources) Main Water issues: Groundwater depletion Ground fissure resulting from overdraft of groundwater in the North China Plain (in Hebei pr

18、ovince）The depth to groundwater was 11.06 meters in 1978, and has been subsequently reduced to 36.12 meters in 2009, with an average annual decline rate of 0.81 meters Long-term (the year from 1972 to 2009) data of groundwater level has been recorded at the Luancheng National Station (located in the

19、 North China Plain), a member of Global Terrestrial Observation System (observed data come from Chinese Academy of Sciences)groundwater level fluctuated with irrigation seasonGroundwater level desceningObserved at Luancheng stationSummary: to save groundwater in the NCP is very urgent Agricultural w

20、ater-saving: A highlightWater-saving is core of rational water managementTo adapt to climate change To realize highest potential use of available waterTo increase water economy with high benefitTo control blind development of regional water resources and promote water demand management To maintain e

21、co-environment against degradation To foster participation management institutionsWater-saving”Killing Many Birds With One Stone”！Water saving is the best for adaptation to climate change impact on water resources Discussions of some ideas of water-saving:1.Field water cycle / five water interaction

22、s 2. interface control of water fluxes3. agricultural water-saving system +11098765432Five water interactionTransformationof hydro-statesAAirPlantSoilAquiferSurfacePVRGS1.Field water cycle / five water interactions A coupling subsystem of water interaction(交換的系統(tǒng)耦合)m: Elements = hydro-state number or

23、 sub-system numbern: combination = number of coupling subsystemsm(n = 2), matrix: n = 2, combination = 10: (1)P-R(降雨徑流)； (2)P-S(有效降水)； (3)P-G(地下水降水補給)； (4)P-V(植物截留降水)； (5)R-S(土壤水對徑流影響) (6)R-G(地表水地下水關(guān)系) (7)S-G(滲漏與地下水上升)；(8)R-V(徑流過程的初損) (9)G-V(植物利用地下水)； (10)G-V(根系吸水)。 n =3，combination = 10： (1)P-R-S(考

24、慮前期土壤水的降水徑流關(guān)系，API模型)； (2)P-R-G(三水轉(zhuǎn)化)； (3)P-R-V(降水徑流的初損)； (4)P-S-G(降水入滲補給地下水)； (5)S-V-P(水在土壤-植物-大氣系統(tǒng)中的傳輸或SAPC系統(tǒng))； (6)G-V-P(地下水-植物-大氣系統(tǒng)，地下水垂直排泄)； (7)G-S-P(三水轉(zhuǎn)化)； (8)G-V-R(地下水與地表水關(guān)系的植物影響)； (9)V-S-G(植物對土壤水與地下水的影響)； (10)V-S-R(植物對土壤入滲與徑流的影響)。 n = 4，combination = 5： (1)P-R-S-G (四水轉(zhuǎn)化)； (2)P-R-S-V (植物與土壤對降水徑

25、流影響)； (3)V-R-S-G (植物對三水轉(zhuǎn)化的影響)； (4)V-P-R-G (植物對降水徑流與地下水的影響)； (5)G-S-V-P (考慮地下水影響的SAPC系統(tǒng))。 n = 5，combination = 1： P-V-R-S-G (五水轉(zhuǎn)化), water interaction of five sub-systems (five hydro-states)。2. interface control of water fluxes IGBP- BAHC, 1997Expanded “SPAC” Basic equation:Boundaries: Air and aquifer

26、To couple air water and groundwater IA=0.4Ym+0.4WUE+0.1(Rs+Tr)+0.1DI Detecting physiological and ecological index synthesisYm: grain yieldWUE: water use efficiencyRs: stoma resistanceTr: transpiration rateDI: drought indexSoilWaterAtmos.Water &EnergyTransferAtmosphereRadiationPARReflective radiation

27、 Direct radiationWind speedTemperature, humidityDifference of Ta and RH PrecipitationVegetationInterceptionAlbedoBiomassLAISpatial distr. of leavesVegetation heightLeaf water potentialStomatal conductanceRootRoot water potentialRoot semi-diameterRoot length and weightDistribution of rootsRoot depthS

28、oil Root water potentialSoil heat fluxWater infiltration Soil evaporationPhysical charactersSoil water charactersSoil water contentSoil matrixGroundwater EvapotranspirationntionEvaporationTranspirationRoot water uptakemovementnWater movementEnergy change and tension for water transferGroundwater rec

29、hargeVariation of groundwaterComplexity SystemsATMCROPSoilG.WG - SPACRunoffInfiltrationLateral FlowSoil Layer 1Soil Layer nEvaporationTranspirationInterceptionOverstoreyUnderstoreyTranspirationGround SurfaceSoil moistureETseepageWater balance+ GroundwaterRstemRrootRleafAtmosphereSPAC systemVarieties

30、 heredityReduce water lossIrrigation varieties(Air-leaf)mulching(Air-soil)Uptaking(Soil-root)+Decrease the exploitationprecipitationThrough-fullinterface controlIA=0.4Ym+0.4WUE+0.1(Rs+Tr)+0.1DI 綜合分值 品種 最高產(chǎn)量 WUE 蒸騰強度 氣孔阻力 葉水勢 抗旱系數(shù) 加權(quán)平均 占最大 位次 6203 93.10 93.37 92.09 91.64 100.00 92.52 93.79 96.60 3 61

31、72 100.00 96.12 88.26 91.92 99.38 92.51 94.70 97.54 2 萊3279 79.60 98.58 84.20 100.00 91.91 100.00 92.38 95.15 5 4185 93.10 93.37 89.06 81.78 88.33 92.69 89.72 92.41 7 6365 99.43 100.00 100.00 98.44 92.44 92.22 97.09 100.00 1 煙優(yōu)361 94.11 92.43 92.08 85.31 96.95 92.92 92.30 95.07 6 9905 93.68 94.89 89

32、.60 83.65 96.36 97.36 92.59 95.37 4 Measurements of physological indexes of various varieties for water saving optios Leaf-Atmosphere interface control Different varieties have WUE differences from 15% to 20%，from which a water saving variety gene can be selected for controlling higher transpiration

33、. Wheat： 4185、 6365、Shixin733 Corn： Zhengdan958，Laiyu2，Yedan20 Root-Soil interface control60%65%70%65%55%Soil water index0.1496 0.2061 0.3645 0.1116Sensitive indexMature Grain-fillingSpinningStem-elongationSeedlingGrowing stageSummer maize50%60%60%65%55%60%Soil water index-0.0870.10160.27210.3145-0.

34、12130.0712Sensitive indexMatureGrain-fillingAnathesisStem-elongationRecoveragePre-dormancyGrowing stageWinter wheatWinter wheatTo adopt lower limit index by limited irrigationEffects of straw mulching on soil evaporationSummer maizeWinter wheatWheat straw mulching can decrease soil evaporation 40-50

35、mm；Summer maize straw mulcing can decrease soil evaporation 39.7mm. Soil-Atmosphere interface control3. agricultural water-saving system Water-saving agriculture is a complex system involving agronomic and hydraulic engineering techniques in the integrated management of water, soil and crop resource

36、s. Only when water-saving agriculture is considered as an integrated system can comprehensive water-saving measures be properly evaluated and applied. Discussions of some ideas of water-saving:Agriculture Water-saving systemsRational exploitation and utilization of water resourcesIrrigation engineer

37、ing and techniquesAgronomic water-saving practicesWater-saving management measuresAgriculture Water-saving System complexFour sub-systems context 3. agricultural water-saving system Rational exploitation and utilization of water resourcesEffective use of precipitationFive-water interaction mechanism

38、sUtilization of low quality waterRainwater harvesting systemRain-fed agricultureSoil water reservoir establishmentFive-water interaction systemInterface processesUtilization of brackish waterSewage utilization alter creatingConjunctive well &canal irrigationEfficient water source subsystem for agric

39、ultureWater-saving agronomic measuresWater-matched productionBiological water saving technologyWater-saving irrigation schemeWater-matched agricultural structureWater-matched plantingWater saving biological basisSoil moisture conservancyFertilizer applicationLimited irrigationWater saving breeding R

40、egulated deficit irrigationControlled alternative irrigationMulching techniqueTillage measureAgronomic measures subsystem Water-saving engineering and technical measurerWaters conveyance worksWater-saving irrigation techniquesAssociatied canal systemsLined canal (cleek proof)Water conveyed through l

41、ow pressure pipeWater conveyed through surface pipe Drip irrigationSprinkler irrigationSeeping irrigationRational surfaceBorder irrigation with small plotsIrrigation on the filmIntermittent irrigationDitch irrigation (fine flow)Alternative ditch irrigationengineering and technical measures subsystem

42、 Water-saving management subsystemInstitutions規(guī)章制度與節(jié)水法規(guī)組織機構(gòu)管理政策OperationTech-economyEco-environment多種經(jīng)營綜合作用水量調(diào)控、調(diào)度量水設(shè)施監(jiān)測農(nóng)田生態(tài)平衡水源保護（水量、水質(zhì)）工程維護、改建配水計劃自動化控制技術(shù)經(jīng)濟核算水價與水費制度節(jié)水措施推廣應(yīng)用人員編制Managt. PolicyOrg. departmentPersonnelLegislationWater fee/priceTech popularise economic accountingdiversified economyAuto

43、. control Water allocationWater measuringMaintaining struc.Water regulating Monitoring protectionEnvironment Ecology Achievements obtained by system integration at Luancheng Station in NCP Water-saving system integration demonstrated a highest benefit as integration of agronomic and irrigation tech.

44、:Water-saving quantity: 1500 m3 / ha.Grain yield: winter wheat + corn = 15 t / ha.Earning increase: 1500 RMB / ha. Agricultural water-saving: Policy & CountermeasuresMajor understandingAgricultural water-saving is of great significance to ensure food security for China with its largest sized populat

45、ion of worlds 22%. We will be facing a great challenge to meet 1.5 billion population in about 30 years to come. Major understanding1. Food security is subject to water supply;2. Agriculture uses the most amount water & dominant consumer; 3. Agriculture can use all-kind of water, including “green an

46、d blue waters”and recycling water and unconventional water as well; Major understanding4. Water saving is complex systems & needs multidisciplinary technologies;5. Water saving has great potential;6. Agriculture widely uses all-kind of water, including “green and blue waters”and recycling water as well; Major understanding7. To resolve water shortage problem, biotech has a prosperity advantages:(1) high reliability for water saving; (2) high efficiency; (3) high