氣候變化與清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制ppt課件

1、氣候變化與清潔開展機(jī)制Introduction to Climate Change and the Clean Development Mechanism中國(guó)CDM才干建立工程培訓(xùn)講義Training Material Building Capacity for the CDM in China.氣候系統(tǒng): The climate system大氣圈、水圈、生物圈和地圈的整體及其相互作用。The totality of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphereand their interaction.溫室氣體效應(yīng)：Greenho

2、use Gas Effect.氣候變化：Climate change指除在類似時(shí)期內(nèi)所觀測(cè)的氣候的自然變化之外，由于直接或間接的人類活動(dòng)改動(dòng)了地球大氣的組成而呵斥的氣候變化。A change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparabl

3、e time periods.全球氣候變化：Change of Global Temperature根據(jù)新的證據(jù)以及思索到不確定要素的情況下，在過去50年所察看到的全球變暖是由于溫室氣體濃度的添加而導(dǎo)致In the light of new evidence and taking into account the remaining uncertainties, most of the observed warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas conc

4、entrationsSource: IPCC Third Assessment Report 2001.氣候變化的影響：Climate Change Impacts .公約目的：UNFCCC objectives將大氣中溫室氣體的濃度穩(wěn)定在防止氣候系統(tǒng)遭到危險(xiǎn)的人為干擾的程度上。這一程度該當(dāng)在足以使生態(tài)系統(tǒng)可以自然地順應(yīng)氣候變化，確保糧食消費(fèi)免遭到要挾，并使經(jīng)濟(jì)開展可以可繼續(xù)地進(jìn)展之時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)。Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dang

5、erous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. A

6、RTICLE 2 .京都議定書：The Kyoto Protocol附件一締約方應(yīng)該個(gè)別地或共同地確保附件A所列二氧化碳、甲烷等六種受控的溫室氣體排放總量，在2021年至2021年的承諾期內(nèi)比1990年程度至少減少5.2，The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A reduc

7、e their overall emissions by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2021 to 2021. Article 3 到2005年12月31日前，附件一締約方應(yīng)在履行這些承諾方面做出可予證明的進(jìn)展 Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005, have made demonstrable progress in achieving its commitments under this Protocol.附件一國(guó)家：Annex I co

8、untries附件一工業(yè)興隆國(guó)家承諾減排溫室氣體。Annex I countries(industrialised countries)commited themselves to reduce their GHG emissionsAnnex I非附件一國(guó)家開展中國(guó)家Non-Annex I countries(developing countries).對(duì)工業(yè)國(guó)家要求：The requirements for Annex I countries 為開展中國(guó)家締約方提供新的和額外的資金Provide new and additional financial resources to meet

9、the agreed full costs incurred to developing country Parties in complying with their obligations協(xié)助特別易受氣候變化不利影響的開展中國(guó)家締約方Assist the developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change應(yīng)采取一真實(shí)踐可行的步驟，酌情促進(jìn)、協(xié)助和資助向其他締約方特別是開展中國(guó)家締約方轉(zhuǎn)讓或使他們有時(shí)機(jī)得到環(huán)境友好技術(shù)和專有技術(shù)Take all

10、 practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies and know-how to other Parties, particularly developing country Parties.京都議定書附錄B：Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol歐盟氣泡.減排目的：Reduction objectives1990200020212020246GtC-5

11、%Kyoto-Protocol-24%Source: ABB Corporate Research.控制溫室氣體種類：Kyoto Protocol Greenhouse Gases 二氧化碳 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 甲烷 Methane (CH4) 氧化亞氮 Nitrous oxide (N2O)氫氟碳化物 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 氟化碳 Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 六氟化硫 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) .為實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期可丈量符合本錢效益原那么的減排目的，京都議定書提出三種機(jī)制The KP identifi

12、es three mechanisms to supplement national actions to achieve real, long-term, measurable and cost-effective GHG reductions:三機(jī)制：Three mechanismsClean Development Mechanism清潔開展機(jī)制CDMJoint Implementation 結(jié)合履行JIEmissions Trading (ET)排放貿(mào)易ET.Annex I/B清潔開展機(jī)制CDM：Clean Development Mechanism Annex I/BDevelopi

13、ng countries發(fā)起國(guó)Sponsor東道國(guó)Host發(fā)起CDM工程CDM Project Sponsoring獲得經(jīng)核證的減排Certified Emission Reductions開展中國(guó)家.CDM目的：CDM Purpose并協(xié)助附件一所列締約方遵守其依第三條規(guī)定的排放量限制和削減承諾。-to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments協(xié)助未列入附件一的締約方實(shí)現(xiàn)可繼續(xù)開展并

14、增進(jìn)的最終目的，-to assist Parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention Article of KP 12 .清潔開展機(jī)制的管理：Management of CDM清潔開展機(jī)制由作為本議定書締約方會(huì)議的締約方會(huì)議授權(quán)和指點(diǎn)，并由清潔開展機(jī)制的執(zhí)行理事會(huì)監(jiān)視。The clean development mechanism shall be subject to the

15、authority and guidance of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol and be supervised by an executive board of the clean development mechanism. 締約方會(huì)議 COP 是結(jié)合國(guó)氣候框架公約的最高機(jī)構(gòu)，每年召開一次會(huì)議評(píng)審公約的進(jìn)程。Conference of the Parties (COP) The COP is the supreme body of the Conv

16、ention. It currently meets once a year to review the Conventions progress. 作為京都議定書締約方會(huì)議的公約締約方會(huì)議 ( 議定書/ 公約締約方會(huì)議) COP/MOP是京都條約最高機(jī)構(gòu)，Meeting of the Parties (MOP) The Kyoto Protocols supreme body will be the MOP, which will serve as the Protocols meeting of the Parties.CDM 管理架構(gòu)：CDM Bodies作為京都議定書締約方會(huì)議的公約締

17、約方會(huì)議 ( 議定書/ 公約締約方會(huì)議) Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol ( COP/MOP)CDM 執(zhí)行理事會(huì)CDM Executive Board (CDM-EB)認(rèn)可專家組Accreditation Panel 林業(yè)任務(wù)組Afforestation and Reforestation Working Group/Panel 方法學(xué)專家組Methodology Panel小工程專家組Small scale CDM Panel .執(zhí)行理事會(huì)組成：Executive

18、 Board 執(zhí)行理事會(huì)EB是在COP/MOP指點(diǎn)下的擔(dān)任CDM活動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)Executive Board (EB) The Executive Board operates under the authority of the Parties.執(zhí)行理事會(huì)由十個(gè)專家構(gòu)成，其中五個(gè)專家分別代表五個(gè)結(jié)合國(guó)官方區(qū)域(非洲、亞洲、拉丁美洲、加勒比海地域、中東歐、OECD 國(guó)家)，一個(gè)專家來自小島國(guó)組織，兩個(gè)專家來自附件國(guó)家，兩個(gè)專家來自非附件國(guó)家。The Executive Board consists of 10 members, including one representative from ea

19、ch of the five official UN regions (Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Central Eastern Europe, and OECD), one from the small island developing states, and two each from Annex I and non-Annex I Parties. The CDM-EB 2004MembersAlternatesMr. John W. Ashe 1Ms. Desna Solofa 1Mr. Jean-Jacques B

20、ecker 2Mr. Martin Enderlin 2Mr. John Shaibu Kilani 2 (Chair)Mr. Ndiaye Cheikh Sylla 2Mr. Sozaburo Okamatsu 2Ms. Sushma Gera 2Ms. Marina Shvangiradze 1Ms. Anastasia Moskalenko1Mr. Georg Brsting 1(Vice-Chair)Mr. Hans Jrgen Stehr 1Mr. Fareed Al-Asaly 2 Mr. Chow Kok Kee 2Mr. Richard Muyungi 1 Mr. Hernn

21、Carlino1Mr. Xuedu Lu 1Mr. Juan Pablo Bonilla 1Mr. Jos Miguez 2Mr. Eduardo Sanhueza 21Term: 2 Years e.g. ending 20052Term: 3 years e.g. ending 2004.執(zhí)行理事會(huì)任務(wù)：EB tasks同意建議的基準(zhǔn)和監(jiān)測(cè)方法Approval of proposed baseline and monitoring methodologies執(zhí)行理事會(huì)EB擔(dān)任認(rèn)證運(yùn)營(yíng)實(shí)體DOEAccreditation of designated operational entities執(zhí)

22、行理事會(huì)EB擔(dān)任建立、維護(hù)并管理清潔開展機(jī)制工程的注冊(cè)登記 CDM registry ，簽發(fā)經(jīng)核證減排證明 CERs The CDM-EB is responsible for the maintenance of a CDM registry, which will issue new CERs .運(yùn)營(yíng)實(shí)體的任務(wù)：task of DOE審定CDM工程Validation of CDM projects懇求工程的登記Presentation of projects for registration核對(duì)監(jiān)測(cè)報(bào)告Verification of monitoring reports引薦簽發(fā)CERsR

23、ecommendation for CER issuance. 目前共有4個(gè)指定運(yùn)營(yíng)實(shí)體(DOEs)，20個(gè)懇求實(shí)體(AEs)At present 4 DOEs, approximately 20 Applicant Entities. .CDM參與條件：Participation requirements 一切的締約方都應(yīng)滿足三個(gè)根本要求： All Parties must meet three basic requirements: 自愿參與CDM工程活動(dòng)i) voluntary participation, 建立一個(gè)CDM工程活動(dòng)的管理機(jī)構(gòu)ii) establishment of the

24、 National CDM Authority, 曾經(jīng)同意京都條約iii) ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. .工程合格規(guī)范：Project Eligibility 京都議定書第12條規(guī)定溫室氣體的減排應(yīng)是在沒有經(jīng)證明的工程活動(dòng)的情況下產(chǎn)生任何減少排放而言是額外的，與減緩氣候變化有關(guān)的真實(shí)的、可丈量的和長(zhǎng)期的效益Article 12 of the Protocol states that projects must result in “reductions in emissions that are additional to any that woul

25、d occur in the absence of the project activity. The CDM project must lead to real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change. Kyoto article 12溫室氣體的排放應(yīng)小于可信和能夠的基準(zhǔn)排放能否是真實(shí)的Real if actual GHG emissions are less than the emissions in a credible and probable baseline sc

26、enario測(cè)定確定工程排放程度與基準(zhǔn)排放程度方法的可行性應(yīng)是在合理的范圍內(nèi)Measurable if the actual level of GHG emissions of the project case and the level of GHG emission in the baseline scenario can be established with a reasonable degree of certainty工程對(duì)溫室氣體的減排的收益應(yīng)是長(zhǎng)期的Avoiding GHG emissions is per definition a long-term benefit.可繼續(xù)開

27、展規(guī)范：Sustainable development criteria 京都條約中規(guī)定清潔開展機(jī)制的目的是協(xié)助未列入附件一的締約方實(shí)現(xiàn)可繼續(xù)開展，可繼續(xù)開展目的主要包括：The protocol specifies that the purpose of the CDM is to assist non-Annex I Parties in achieving sustainable development. 社會(huì)目的：工程可以提高生活質(zhì)量、減少貧困、增進(jìn)公平等Social criteria The project improves the quality of life, alleviat

28、es poverty, and improves equity. 經(jīng)濟(jì)目的： 工程可以為地方實(shí)體提供經(jīng)濟(jì)來源，對(duì)收支平衡及新技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移起到積極作用Economic criteria The project provides financial returns to local entities, results in a positive impact on balance of payments, and transfers new technology. 環(huán)境目的：工程經(jīng)過減少對(duì)石化燃料的運(yùn)用導(dǎo)致溫室氣體的減排，可以降低對(duì)地方環(huán)境的壓力，提供安康的生活環(huán)境等，實(shí)現(xiàn)能源環(huán)境政策Environm

29、ental criteria The project reduces greenhouse gas emissions and the use of fossil fuels, conserves local resources, reduces pressure on the local environments, provides health and other environmental benefits, and meets energy and environmental policies. .Annex I/B結(jié)合履行JI: Joint ImplementationAnnex I

30、/BEconomies in Transition發(fā)起結(jié)合履行工程JI Project SponsoringBoth Parties are Annex I Parties在附件I國(guó)家之間減排單位Emission Reduction Units發(fā)起國(guó)Sponsor東道國(guó)Host.199020002021202080100120Index排放貿(mào)易ET：International Emission Trading Emission target排放目的可以出賣can sell credits國(guó)家Country A國(guó)家Country B必需購(gòu)買must buy credits市場(chǎng)信譽(yù)MARKET F

31、OR CREDITStodays emission目前排放程度.京都機(jī)制總結(jié)：Summary KP “Flexible Mechanisms清潔開展機(jī)制：Clean Development Mechanism輸出：經(jīng)核證的減排(CERs)Output: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs)在附件一和非附件一國(guó)家之間，開場(chǎng)時(shí)間為2000年Between Annex I and non-Annex I countries, started year 2000結(jié)合履行：Joint Implementation輸出：減排單位(ERU)Output: Emission

32、 Reduction Units (ERU)在附件一國(guó)家之間，開場(chǎng)時(shí)間為2021年Between Annex I countries, starts from 2021排放國(guó)際貿(mào)易：International Emissions Trading 輸出：分配的數(shù)量單位(AAU)Output : Assigned Amount Units (AAU)在附件一國(guó)家之間，開場(chǎng)時(shí)間為2021年Between Annex I Parties, starts from 2021.馬拉喀什協(xié)定：Marrakech accords17/CP.7京都議定書第十二條確定的清潔開展機(jī)制的方式和程序Decision 17/CP.7 Modaliti