分析語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論

1、Lecture 12Pragmatics (2)4. Conversation principlesOne of the two basic channels of linguistic communication, the oral channel isthe primary one. A larger portion of conversation. Naturally conversation pragmaticistscommunication is carried out throughes a topicterests theCooperative principleCo-oper

2、ative principle and its foursWe knowt a speaker does not always express what he wants to say in adirect and explicit manner. He often imps, suggests or even hs what heends to say, thus meaning a lot moren what is said. e.g.A: Can you answer the phone?B: Imhe bath.The problem is then to explain how t

3、he speaker can manage to convey more n what is said and how the hearer can arrive at the speakers meaning. P.Grice beves and comprehent there must be some mechanismserning the production t there is a set oft is, to understand twoof such utteran. He suggestsamptions guiding the conduct of conversatio

4、n.utteranin the exchanges as forming a coherent, meaningful stretch oflanguage, we need to make certain inferenbasethe knowledge amedto be shared by the two speakers. And these are also inferenspeaker A has tomake in order toret what B says as adequate responses to what he has said.This is what he c

5、alls the cooperative principle, which all participants areexpected to observeaking conversations.It runs as follows: make your conversational contribution such as required atthe stage at which it occurs by the accepted pur exchange in which you are engaged.e or direction of the talkHe further specif

6、ies fours:Theofty(數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則)1. Make your contribution as informative as required.2.ot make your contribution more informativee.g. A: What color is the flag?B: The flag is whiten is required.- The flag is only white, not red, nor blue nor white. Otherwise B should havesaid so, (It its white and blue, its

7、square)e.g.A: I saw Mr X having dinner wiwoman yesterday.B: Really? Does his wife know about it?A: Of course, she was the woman he was having dinner with.-B felt cheated.Theof quality (質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則)Make your contributiont is true.1.2.e.g.ot say what you beve to be false.ot sayt for which you lack adequate e

8、vidence.A: How many children does Tom have?B: Three.- Tom has only three children, no more no less.When B does no make it clear, e.g. Ive adequate evidence for what he is going to say he mustt know exactly, but maybe three. or They say he hasthree I hear he has three. to qualify the truth value of t

9、he sement.Theof relation（關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則）Make your contribution relevant. e.g.A: Are you going to the party? B: I have an exam tomorrow.What B says in response must be relevant to the ongoing talk. So B means he is not going to the party because he has to go over his lessons for the coming exam.Theof manner（方式

10、準(zhǔn)則）Avoid obscurity of expresAvoid ambiguity.Be brief (avoid unneBe orderly. e.gsary prolixity).A: Li hit Wang and Wang hit Li.- Li hit Wangand then Wang hit Li. A cant reverse the order.4.1.2. Conversational implicature (會(huì)話含義)It is important to notet theses are not always strictly observed. Rather,f

11、or various reasons they are often violated or flouted. When any of thesis blatantly violatedt the hearer knowst it is being violated, thenconversational implicatures arise,t is, the language mighte indirect,some non-explicit messages areended by the speaker to be inferred by thehearer. (not pureful

12、violation whieans non-cooperation, e.g. lying)Examples*ofty.A: Do you know where Mr. X lives?B: Somewherehe southern suburbs of the city.(Said when A and B botowt B has Mr Xs address)( Make your contribution as informative as required)A: How much is your salary?B:dreds of yuan. (Less informative.)A

13、young manroducing himself to a girl at a party, says:Im Robert Sampson from Leeds, 28, unmarried. (more informative)-The girl would immediayt he has some motive behind.A: Will John cour party?B: Either he will come or he wont.- Its not our business. If he does it he does it- its not our business.War

14、 is war- war is cruel, disaster, brings misery.mendation: Dear Sir:Mr Xsbeen regular.d of English is excellent and his attendance at the tutorials hasYours truly (Less informative)*of qualityA: Would you like to cour party tonight?B: Im afraid Im not feeling so well today.(Said when A and B botow B

15、is feeling perfectly well)*of relationA: How do you think out our lecturer on philosophy? B: He is a good cook. The lecturer is no good.A: How much did you pay for the blouse? B: Do you like it?I got it in. B does not want tol A the price.A: How do you find Joos pr?B: It was well-typed. B avoids mak

16、ing comment on Joos pr.A: Where is Bill?B: There is a BWM outside Sues house. Bill is in Sues house.A: The hostess is an awful bore.t you think?B: The roseshe garden are beautiful, arent you?(Said when it is known to bo a comment on the hostess.)and Bt it is entirelysible for B to make*of mannerA: S

17、hall we get something for the kids? B: Yes, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.(Said when it is known to bo the word ice-cream).and Bt B has no difficulty in pronouncing4.2. The Politeness principleThe cooperative principle alone cannot fully explain how people talk. Itexplains how conversational implicatur

18、e is given rise to but it does notl uswhy people are often so indirect in conveying what they want to say. This iswhere the politeness principle comes in. PP can be sed as minimizing theexpresof befs which are unfavorable to the hearer andizingthe expresof befs which are favorable to the hearer.It c

19、onsists of a set of and sympathy.s: tact, generosity, approbation, Modesty, agreement得體準(zhǔn)則：盡量少讓別人受損；盡量讓人受益準(zhǔn)則：盡量少使自己受益；盡量多使別人得益贊譽(yù)準(zhǔn)則：盡量少貶低別人；盡量多贊譽(yù)別人謙虛準(zhǔn)則：盡量少贊譽(yù)自己；盡量多貶低自己一致準(zhǔn)則：盡量減少雙方同情準(zhǔn)則：盡量減少雙方；盡量增加雙方一致；盡量增加雙方同情Tact(得體準(zhǔn)則)Minimize hearer costsize hearer benefitGenerosity（）Minimize your own benefitize heare

20、r benefitApprobation（贊譽(yù)）Minimize hearer dispraiseize hearraiseModesty（謙虛）Minimize self-praiseize self-dispraiseAgreement（一致）Minimize disagreementbetn yourself and othersize agreement betnyourself and others.Sympathy（同情）Minimize antipathy betn yourself and othersize sympathy betn yourself and othersE

21、xamples Tactand generosity:A: Could you lend me your car for thekend?B: Lend you my car for thekend? Its imsible!(B is impolite: violating Minimize hearer costs;ize hearer benefit )Approbation& ModestyA: How efficient of you to get all this B: Its nothing. (Minimize self-praise)e at once! (ize hearr

22、aise)AgreementA: The dress she is wearing beautiful, isnt it? B: The pattern is nice.(Minimize disagreement betn yourself and others;ize agreement betn)SympathyA: I was very sorry to hear about your grandma.B: I was terribly sorry to heart your grandma killed herself.C: I was sorry to heart your gra

23、ndma tripped over the cat, cartwheeleddown the stairs and brained herself on the electricity meter.(Both B and C violated, to different extent, the requirements to Minimize antipathybetn yourself and others;ize sympathy betn yourself and others)A combination of CP and PP to account for conversationA: How do you like my paing?B: Sorry, I(From CP hearer benefit)ve an eye for beauty.of relation is violated; From CP, to Minimize hearer costs;izeA: Where is your mother?B: She is eithe