政府購買非營(yíng)利組織服務(wù)的效率評(píng)估模式課件

1、A Model in Assessing Efficiency of Non-Profit Organization (NPO) Government Purchase Services 政府購買非營(yíng)利組織服務(wù)的效率評(píng)估模式1What is “Efficiency”?Costs: 成本直接/間接投入干預(yù)服務(wù)Direct/Indirect inputs required to produce intervention/servicesBenefits: 收益直接/間接的積極成果Direct/Indirect positive outcomes效率分析效率分析是考慮到實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)或目的，與在分配資源時(shí)

2、作假設(shè)分析的最好方式Efficiency is the considered the best way to achieve a goal or an objective, with the assumption that lack of unlimited resources results in the need to allocate resources more carefully2分析效益的方法Systematic Approaches to Efficiency AnalysisCOST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS成本收益分析成果以貨幣形式量度Outcomes express

3、ed in monetary terms COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS成本效益分析成果在實(shí)質(zhì)性方面表示Outcomes expressed in substantive terms; outcomes not able to be converted into monetary unitsCONCEPTUAL & TECHNICAL Consider BOTH costs & benefits in disciplined manner 同時(shí)考慮收益和效益Provide a comparative perspective on utility of intervent

4、ions 分析干預(yù)的運(yùn)用31. 效率分析的模型1. Cost-benefit Analysis Cost-Benefit Analysis (def.): 成本與成果之間的關(guān)系A(chǔ)n analytical procedure for determining the economic efficiency of a program, expressed as the relationship between costs and outcomes, usually measured in monetary terms (Rossi & Freeman, 1993, p.362)Considerati

5、ons:評(píng)估目前價(jià)值 Costs & benefits to be converted to the present value計(jì)算“邊際成本等于邊際效益” Efficiency is not necessarily defined as the ratio between benefits to costs; optimum efficiency can be achieved when the marginal cost is equal to the marginal benefit.4效率分析的模型Cost-benefit Analysis Cost-Effectiveness Ana

6、lysis (def.): 干預(yù)成果的方案成本非貨幣計(jì)算的實(shí)質(zhì)成果 The efficacy of a program in achieving given intervention outcomes in relation to the program costs (Rossi & Freeman, 1993, p.364); applicable when benefits cannot be expressed in monetary termsConsiderations:計(jì)算成本與結(jié)果之間的比例 Ratio between costs and outcomes 達(dá)到“邊際成本等于邊際

7、效益” Efficiency can be achieved when the marginal cost is equal to the marginal benefit5成本評(píng)估Co ts: Assessments 評(píng)估各種資源變量的成本 Cost can be assessed by defining variables that characterize various resources consumed in treatment (technique, personnel, materials)服務(wù)的定義和重要性 Perspectives vary in regards to de

8、finition and importance of variables 6成本觀點(diǎn)Co ts: Perspectives Operations Perspective 操作觀點(diǎn)Societal Perspective 社會(huì)視角Client Perspective 案主的角度7成本觀點(diǎn)Co ts: Perspectives Operations Perspective 操作觀點(diǎn)賬簿的成本包括人員，設(shè)施，設(shè)備，材料，作為。在非營(yíng)利組織，操作不是最好的測(cè)量方法是由于（a）工作值和回報(bào)率有差距，（b）忽略志愿時(shí)間和捐贈(zèng)的設(shè)備。8成本觀點(diǎn)Co ts: Perspectives Operations P

9、erspective 操作觀點(diǎn)Societal Perspective 社會(huì)視角按資源多少，付諸最佳和最值得的服務(wù)使用價(jià)值。目的是測(cè)量由服務(wù)系統(tǒng)所消耗資源的價(jià)值。9成本觀點(diǎn)Co ts: Perspectives Operations Perspective 操作觀點(diǎn)Societal Perspective 社會(huì)視角Client Perspective 案主的角度相對(duì)于案主所支付的時(shí)間和投資上的服務(wù)價(jià)值10成本觀點(diǎn)Co ts: Perspectives Operations Perspective: Costs of personnel, facilities, equipment, mater

10、ials, as listed on accounting ledgers. In NPOs, it may have low validity and high measurement errors due to (a) staff not being paid what they are worth and (b) ignoring volunteer time, donated equipment.Societal Perspective: Resources valued according to how much staff time would have been worth if

11、 they had been put to the best use. Goal is to measure the value of resources consumed by service system.Client Perspective: Clients payment for service and time required and invested. 11Effectiveness (def.): 評(píng)估行為頻率與相對(duì)目標(biāo)的近似值A(chǔ)pproximation of client behavior to behavior goals or to normal frequencies

12、of behavior. 效力評(píng)估大多數(shù)比較行為，認(rèn)知和影響，在治療前/期間或后的不同。Most effectiveness assessments compare client behaviors, cognitions or affect at various times before, during and/or after treatment.2. 成本評(píng)估2. Assessing Effectiveness123. Model for Efficiency Analysis: 3. Rival Consumption & Exclusion 消耗和獨(dú)占政府補(bǔ)貼,與市民共付的費(fèi)用;實(shí)現(xiàn)

13、最具成本效益的服務(wù)使用例如：收費(fèi)公路以控制道路擁堵政府支付, 因?yàn)椴荒軌虼_定誰來支付服務(wù)，例如：垃圾收集在公共場(chǎng)所;路燈照明;已知疾病的免疫接種公民按照市場(chǎng)價(jià)格支付;政府不應(yīng)該干預(yù)例如：一個(gè)人的年度體檢政府支付，因?yàn)楣姲踩目刂评纾褐委焸魅静∠?Consumption競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性 Rival 非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性 Non-RivalExclusion 獨(dú)占Exclusive Non-Exclusive(獨(dú)占)排他的 非排他的13 3. Rival Consumption & Exclusion 消耗和獨(dú)占Government subsidized with citizens sharing the cos

14、t; achieving the most cost-efficient use of the service Example: Toll roads to control road congestionGovernment paying because of not able to pinpoint exclusively anyone to pay for the serviceExample: Garbage collection in public places; street lighting; immunization of known diseasesCitizens paying according to market price; government should not interven