英語段落的展開與技巧——段落的組成

1、英語段落的展開與技巧段落的組成段落的組成根據(jù)題目的要求，短文寫作主要包括三個(gè)段落。第一段：通常要求考生闡述對(duì)于一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的理解，或者對(duì)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反駁，或者對(duì)圖畫的主要信息進(jìn)行描述。這個(gè)段落不必太長(zhǎng)，三到 四個(gè)句子就可以了。第二段：通常要求考生對(duì)圖畫的意義進(jìn)行解釋，或者要求對(duì)一個(gè)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行原因解釋，或者舉例說明觀點(diǎn)合理性。這個(gè)段落需要在內(nèi)容上適 當(dāng)延伸，需要五到七個(gè)句子完成。第三段：通常要求考生提出一些建議措施，或者對(duì)觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納，或者對(duì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行前途預(yù)測(cè)。該段落大約需要四到五個(gè)句子完成。好的段落必須是意思完整，語義連貫，完全體現(xiàn)文章主旨中心，同時(shí)又是層次分明，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，邏輯關(guān)系應(yīng)用合理的。以下主要

2、討論各種段落的基本創(chuàng)作思路和變化。一個(gè)段落由三部分組成：主題句、擴(kuò)展句和結(jié)尾句。主題句用來點(diǎn)出段落的主題( 談?wù)撌裁?; 擴(kuò)展句用來說明和支持主題 ; 結(jié)尾句用來得出結(jié)論。1. 主題句主題句的位置主題句一般位于段首，也可置于段尾或段中，考生最好放在段首。位于段首。在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主題句。開門見山地提出問題，后面的擴(kuò)展句圍繞主題句加以說明、支持、補(bǔ)充和解 釋。例如：An important part of police strategy, rapid police response is seen by police officers and the public alike a

3、s offering tremendous more obvious ones are the abilities of police to apply first aid life saving techniques quickly, and the greater likelihood of arresting people who may have participated in a crime. It a ids in identifying those who witnessed an emergency or crime as well as in collecting evide

4、nce. The overall reputation of a police department too is enhanced if rapid response is consistent and this in itself promotes the prevention of crime. Needless to say rapid response offers the public some degree of satisfaction in its police force.位于段尾。主題句位于段尾便于總結(jié)全段的內(nèi)容，給讀者以深刻的印象，是寫作中的一種演繹方法。例如：At p

5、resent rates of demand, the world has enough oil to last for more than 40 years, enough gas for more than 60 years and enough coal for more than 230 years. Naturally, demand will increase; but so will reserves as companies explore more widely and costs fall. Since 1970 viable reserves of oil have al

6、most doubled while those of gas have leapt three-fold. One distant day a crunch will come, but as it approaches fossil-fuel prices will rise, making alternative forms of energy, perhaps including nuclear power, is no reason to spend on nuclear now.位于段中。位于段中的主題句起承上啟下的作用，這類主題句多起轉(zhuǎn)折作用，一般由“but，however， y

7、et， anyhow， nevertheless ”等詞連接，用于引起下文。例如：What we teach ourselves sometimes ， indeed ， is more useful than what we learn from great men had little or no these great men probably studied harder by themselves than most boys do in greatest minds do not necessarily of those who have never been able to di

8、stinguish themselves at school ， have been very successful in life has been said that Wellington and Napoleon were both dull boys at school ， and so were Newt on and Albert Einstein.寫好主題句的方法文章是否切題是路線性、方向性的問題。英語中的一致性(unity) 原則要求每段只能有一個(gè)中心思想或主題，只能說明某一件事或某一個(gè)問題等，具體體現(xiàn)為要求段落“中心突出”。段落的中心思想或主題通常概括為一個(gè)主題句 (topi

9、c sentence); 其他各句稱為支持句或從屬句 (supporting sentences) ，將主題思想充分展開。概括地說，“中心突出”要求主題句與段落中其他各句統(tǒng)一，從意義上體現(xiàn)段落的完整性。例如：Ever since this century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. In fact, it has exerted great influence on our life and behavior. Electrical household appliances are making p

10、eople more and more lazy. TV has been depriving children of their time for study after class. They can hardly finish their assignments. It is also depriving the cinema and theater of business. Electricity makes noises not only in factories but also in household by so many loudspeakers.If there were

11、no electricity,things would be much better. Children could both finish their homework and read a lot of books.People would enjoy peace of their minds and find reunion of family members by telling stories.People can even develop ties amongthemselves by visiting each other rather than watching TV all

12、the time at home.Therefore, authority should bring the development and production of electricity under control so that people can enjoy their true life.分析文章語言流暢，語法錯(cuò)誤也不多。但作者脫離了文章開頭的主題Ever since this century, electricity has becomean essential partof our modern life, 只是一味地發(fā)感慨。因此，本文在思想內(nèi)容上并不切題。要想寫好主題句，首

13、先應(yīng)該認(rèn)真審好題，明確自己要用幾個(gè)段落、從幾個(gè)方面說明主題，然后確定每個(gè)段落的中心。有了中心思想，就可以寫主題句了。主題句首先應(yīng)是完整句。一個(gè)完整的句子才能做主題句，主題句不應(yīng)是單個(gè)詞組或什么修飾成分。例如：不完整：How to write a composition.完整： How to write a composition is not an easy thing to talk about.不完整：If the weather had been fine.完整： If it had been fine, we would have had a good time.主題句應(yīng)有明顯的導(dǎo)向。

14、主題句一般由兩部分組成，即主題和對(duì)該主題的態(tài)度，或稱主題導(dǎo)句。如： Good health is very important to everyone.主題句應(yīng)盡量具體。寫好主題句的關(guān)鍵在于抓住重點(diǎn)、留有余地、避免空泛。也就是說，主題句既要能夠反映該段落的中心思想，又要為段落的拓展規(guī)定適當(dāng)?shù)目臻g。不是什么樣的句子都能充當(dāng)段落主題句的。請(qǐng)看下面的例句：People try to improve their health.He is great.Women are going out to work.The air is dirty.主題句要明確表達(dá)段落的中心思想，因此主題句不能太籠統(tǒng)，所以上述四

15、個(gè)句子不適合做主題句。試比較下面幾句：People try many ways to improve their health.There are many LeiFengs followers in our society.Some of the female intellectuals lead families in earnings.Air pollution should be prevented.以上四個(gè)句子都比較適宜做段落的主題句，因?yàn)楦骶涠急磉_(dá)了明確的觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)全段的展開具有指導(dǎo)意義。主題句不能太具體。屬于描寫細(xì)節(jié)的句子，不能做主題句，如：They moved to anothe

16、r province last year.A lorry driver smashed through the gates of Buckingham Palace.Gunmen killed two officers late on Tuesday in a village.Zhejiang exports reached$681 million last year.這四句都是具體細(xì)節(jié)的描寫，很難以其為核心觀點(diǎn)展開段落。請(qǐng)對(duì)比下面四句：They like their new residence.A careless lorry driver had an accident at the ga

17、te of Buckingham Palace.The villagers showed great concern about their safety.Zhejiang doubled the value of exports last year.上述四句從不同角度對(duì)前面四句作了改寫，改寫后就適合做段落主題句了。(4) 盡量使用簡(jiǎn)單句或簡(jiǎn)潔明了的句子，例如：簡(jiǎn)潔： Collecting stamps is her hobby.復(fù)雜： She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby.簡(jiǎn)潔： I enjoyed watchingGone with

18、the Windvery much.復(fù)雜： Gone with the Windwas a good film which I enjoyed watching very much.3) 主題句的句型模板(1)has become a hot topic among people (2)has been playing an increasing important role in our day-to-day life.(3)According to the number/figure/statistics/percentages, it can be seen that.(4)This i

19、s a general discussion today about the issue of.(5)Everything has two sides andis not an exception. It has both advantages and disadvantages.2. 擴(kuò)展句圍繞主題句展開，支持、說明和闡述主題句的句子便是擴(kuò)展句。擴(kuò)展句緊扣主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞而展開，句子與句子之間邏輯清楚，上下轉(zhuǎn)承結(jié)合得當(dāng)，簡(jiǎn)明扼要，重點(diǎn)突出。一般來說，每個(gè)自然段除了主題句與結(jié)尾句之外，還包含了36個(gè)擴(kuò)展句。所以，寫好了擴(kuò)展句便基本上完成了一個(gè)自然段落。做題時(shí)，一旦定下了主題和關(guān)鍵詞，作者便可以

20、按照自己的思路來組織段落中的句子。句子之間要具有連貫性，就必須由一系列的邏輯關(guān)系構(gòu)成，例如：并列關(guān)系，因果關(guān)系，遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，解釋關(guān)系，概括關(guān)系，順序關(guān)系，讓步關(guān)系，對(duì)照、比較關(guān)系，轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系，等等，這些邏輯關(guān)系可由一系列的過渡詞來完成。過渡詞在句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間起到承上啟下的作用，使句子或段落之間的銜接自然、連貫，邏輯合理，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，因此極為重要。1) 擴(kuò)展句的常用詞語段落擴(kuò)展中的常用詞語如下：總結(jié)關(guān)系過渡詞語。generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to

21、 take the idea further, to take the aboveopinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in. terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up,

22、 to conclude 等。比較對(duì)比關(guān)系過渡詞語。similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless 等。列舉關(guān)系過渡詞語。f

23、or example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third,finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition(to that), first and foremost, last b

24、ut not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another等。因果關(guān)系過渡詞語。Because(of), as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in(from), consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence等。讓步關(guān)系過渡

25、詞語。although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that等。強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系過渡詞語。anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, indeed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt等。表示空間順序過渡詞語。beyond, above, under, nearby, outside, in

26、 here, across, close to, on(to, at)the left(right), ahead of, in front of, above, from, adjacent to , against, around, at the bottom, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, close at hand, close to down, far, farther, in the center of, in the distance, in the middle of, nearby, near to, nex

27、t to, on the opposite side, opposite to, on top of, over, under, up 等。例文The wide use of e-mail may be due to its unique advantages(主題句 ). First of all, people who adore e-mail love to say thatits quick and convenient( 擴(kuò)展句 1). A response can be shot back within seconds, provided that the intended rec

28、ipient checks it frequently. And the recipient doesnt even have to be at the other end because the message can simply be left for him or her.In addition, this kind of computerized exchange may create friendship( 擴(kuò)展句 2). People who are lazy at writingletters may prefere-m ail. Whats more, e-mail is a

29、 relatively cheap way to leave a message for someone who is far away(擴(kuò)展句 3).Despite the advantages of e-m ail, it also has some disadvantages( 主題句 ). It eliminates face-to-face conversation and makes people feel isolated( 擴(kuò)展句 1). And when we are cut off from our co-workers, our sense of community an

30、d commonpurpose withers( 擴(kuò) 展句 2).擴(kuò)展句的句型模板 TOC o 1-5 h z (1)we may quote a single example of.(2)However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, also has its own disadvantages, such as.(3)Confront with, we should take a series of effective measures. For one thing, we should, for another

31、, governmentshould lay down rules and regulations to.結(jié)尾句在寫英文作文時(shí)，結(jié)尾是值得考生重視的另一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的地方。如果寫得好，往往能給讀者留下深刻印象。結(jié)尾句的寫作方法下面介紹幾種常見的結(jié)尾寫法：重復(fù)文章的主題句。重復(fù)文章的主題句的目的在于強(qiáng)調(diào)作者的主要論點(diǎn)。例如：With the foregoing three points in mind, one can be a true good student.If any items mentioned above arouse your interest, please let us know

32、.概括結(jié)論。用幾句話概括上文內(nèi)容來加深讀者對(duì)文章觀點(diǎn)的理解。例如：From what has been discussed above, we may draw the conclusion that no success can be achieved without laboring.In summary, we should create such an environment in which each child in his or her own way follows his curiosity where it leads him, develops his ability a

33、nd talents, pursues his interests and likes.提出展望或期望。表示對(duì)將來的期待或是鼓動(dòng)讀者采取行動(dòng)。例如：It is essential that effective measures should be taken to redress such inequality.It is high time that we should urge an immediate end to this phenomenon.強(qiáng)調(diào)意義。從更高或一個(gè)新的角度來強(qiáng)調(diào)上述論點(diǎn)的重要性或其深遠(yuǎn)的意義。例如：Admittedly, science has created at

34、omic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people.結(jié)尾句的句型模板結(jié)尾句的常用句型模板如下：(1)In(the)course of time/In a long run(the long term), sth. is more likely/believed/bound/sure to.例如： In a long run, the practice of birth control is believed to do a great benefi

35、t to the future of China.(2)In spite of the fact that/Although, sth. Will(not)in our/ones assiduous/conscious/consistent efforts.例如： In spite of the fact that there is no hope of attaining the final goal at one go, this reform will be spreading far and wide in our consistent efforts.(3)In one/a word

36、, there is every/little chance/probability/possibility that in time to come.例如： In one word, there is every chance that this wise move in economic construction will acquire a broader significance in time to come. TOC o 1-5 h z (4)Anything/Anyone that/Whowill have to.例如： Those who have a strong bias

37、against the Chinese nation will have to treat her with increased respect.(5)The quotations/remarks/popular saying/maxim/proverb may be a better/sure cure/remedy for(或sound/practical/sensible/well-weighted advice on how to.)例如： The old saying “ Laziness in youth spells regret in old age” may be sensi

38、ble advice on how to cherish the years of youth.(6)And worst of all/best of all, it has effected(或 it will/would effect)the most unfavorable/favorable change in.例如： And worst of all. the official corruption has effected the most unfavorable change in peoples attitude towards the government.(7)As ano

39、ther severe shock to the people/society(或 As the most destructive/pushing effect on our life/nation), it haspermeated among the people/through our social soil/throughout the whole country.(或 has melted/penetrated into/been rooted inthe Chinese soil)例如： As the most destructive effect on the nation, h

40、is heretical ideas have been rooted in many peoples minds. TOC o 1-5 h z (8)As a sensational/an unexpected result of, more and more people have come/got/begun to.例如： As an unexpected result/consequence of the patriotic education, more and more people have come to regain/restore their sense of justice.(9)To ones greatest astonishment/delight, sth. has affectedto the point of.例如： To our greatest astonishment, corrupt ion has affected the society