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1、Unite12、TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinese/English.1)CompressionMembers受壓構(gòu)件3)theslendernessratio細(xì)長(zhǎng)比5)reducedmodulus簡(jiǎn)化模量Residualstress殘余應(yīng)力9)Radiusofgyration回轉(zhuǎn)半徑2)criticalbucklingstubcolumn6)Effectivelengthload臨界屈曲荷載短柱計(jì)算長(zhǎng)度Trial-and-errorapproach試算法10)Tangentmodulus切線模量3、Translatethefollowingsente

2、nceintoChinese.Thisidealstateisneverachievedinreality,however,andsomeeccentricityoftheloadisinevitable.然而,在現(xiàn)實(shí)中,這種理想狀態(tài)從來(lái)沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn),一些荷載偏心是不可避免的Inmanyinstancesthemembersarealsocalledupontoresistbending,andinthesecasesthememberisabeam-column.在許多情況下,構(gòu)件同樣需要能夠抵抗彎矩,在這些情況下,構(gòu)件被稱之為梁柱。Ifthememberissoslenderthatthest

3、ressjustbeforebucklingisbelowtheproportionallimit-thatis,thememberisstillelastic-thecriticalbucklingloadisgivenbyQ.如果該構(gòu)件很細(xì)長(zhǎng)以至于在壓曲前的應(yīng)力低于比例極限-也就是說(shuō),該構(gòu)件仍然是彈性狀態(tài)該構(gòu)件的該臨界屈曲荷載就可以由公式Q給出。TheratioL/ristheslendernessratioandisthemeasureofacompressionmembersslenderness,withlargevaluescorrespondingtoslendermembers

4、.L/r這一比值是長(zhǎng)細(xì)比,是受壓構(gòu)件的長(zhǎng)細(xì)的量度,細(xì)長(zhǎng)的構(gòu)件具有較大的值。Ifthestressatwhichbucklingoccursisgreaterthantheproportionallimitofthematerial,therelationbetweenstressandstrainisnotlinear,andthemodulusofelasticityEcannolongerbeused.如果屈曲發(fā)生時(shí)的應(yīng)力超過(guò)了材料的比例極限,應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變之間的關(guān)系不再是線性的,彈性模量E不能再使用Ifthememberismorestocky,astheoneinFig.1.1b,alar

5、gerloadwillberequiredtobringthemembertothepointofinstability.如果構(gòu)件更粗壯,如圖Fig.I.lb所示,要把構(gòu)件到達(dá)不穩(wěn)定點(diǎn),一個(gè)更大的荷載將被要求。Thetipsoftheflanges,forexample,coolatafasterratethanthejunctionoftheflangeandtheweb.Thisunevencoolinginducesstressesthatremainpermanently.例如,輪緣的尖部比輪緣的結(jié)合部以及中部冷卻的速度更快。這種不均勻冷卻引起的應(yīng)力會(huì)長(zhǎng)久的存在。In1947,FRSh

6、anleyresolvedtheapparentinconsistenciesintheoriginaltheory,andtodaythetangentmodulusformula,Eq.1.3,isacceptedasthecorrectoneforinelasticbuckling.1947年,F(xiàn)RShanley解決原有理論的表面不相容性,并且切線模量公式,Eq.1.3,被接受作為非彈性屈曲計(jì)算的正確公式。Thecompositecurve,calledacolumnstrengthcurve,completelydescribesthestabilityofanycolumnofagi

7、venmaterial.這條復(fù)合曲線,被稱為柱強(qiáng)度曲線,完全描述了任何一個(gè)給定的材料柱的穩(wěn)定性。Sinceitisvirtuallyimpossibletoconstructafrictionlesspinconnection,eventhissupportconditioncanonlybecloselyapproximatedatbest.因?yàn)閷?shí)際上不可能構(gòu)建一個(gè)無(wú)摩擦銷連接,更不用說(shuō)這個(gè)支撐條件至多只可以盡量近似。5、TranslatethefollowingsentenceintoEnglish.(1)受壓構(gòu)件是只承受軸向壓力的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件。Compressionmembers(受壓構(gòu)件)

8、arethosestructuralelementsthataresubjectedonlytoaxialcompressionforces(2)公式1.1要成立,構(gòu)件必須是彈性的并且其兩端必須能自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)但不能橫向移動(dòng)。ForEq1.1tobevalid,themembermustbeelastic,anditsendsmustbyfreetorotate旋轉(zhuǎn))butnottranslatelaterally(側(cè)移).(3)臨界荷載又是被稱為歐拉荷載或歐拉屈曲荷載。Thecriticalload(臨界荷載)issometimesreferredtoastheEulerload歐拉荷載)orth

9、eEulerbucklingload(歐拉彎曲荷載).(4)圖1.2中的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線不同于延性鋼的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線,因?yàn)樗忻黠@的非非線性區(qū)域。Thestress-straincurveinFig.1.2isdifferentfromtheonesforductilesteel延性鋼材)becauseithasapronouncedregion(顯著區(qū)域)ofnonlinearity.(5)其他因素,想焊接和冷彎,都能影響殘余應(yīng)力,但冷卻過(guò)程是殘余應(yīng)力的主要來(lái)源。Otherfactors,suchaswelding焊接)andcold-bending(冷彎)tocreatecurvature(曲率

10、)inabeam,cancontributetotheresidualstress,butthecoolingprocessisthechiefsource(主要因素).Unite22、TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinese/English.(1)crosssection截面(2)bendingmoment彎矩(3)liveload活載(4)forceduetogravity重力(5)buildingcode建筑規(guī)范(6)functionaldesign功能設(shè)計(jì)(7)nonstructuralcomponents非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件(8)Nonprofitorga

11、nization非贏利組織(9)theUniformBuildingCode統(tǒng)一建筑規(guī)范(10)theStandardBuildingCode標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建筑規(guī)范3、TranslatethefollowingsentenceintoChinese.(1)Thestructuraldesignofbuildings,whetherofstructuralsteel(結(jié)構(gòu)鋼)orreinforcedconcrete(鋼筋混凝土),requiresthedeterminationoftheoverallproportions(整體比例)anddimensionsofthesupportingframewor

12、k(支撐結(jié)構(gòu))andtheselectionofthecrosssectionsofindividualmembers.建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),不論是用結(jié)構(gòu)鋼還是用鋼筋混凝土材料,都要決定其整體比例和支撐結(jié)構(gòu)的大小,以及選擇單個(gè)構(gòu)件的截面尺寸。2)Thearchitectdecideshowthebuildingshouldlook;theengineermustmakesurethatitdoesntfalldown.建筑師決定建筑物的外觀,結(jié)構(gòu)工程師必須保證它不會(huì)倒塌。(3)Agooddesignrequirestheevaluationofseveralframingplans框架平面圖)-th

13、atis,differentarrangementsofmembersandtheirconnections.一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì),要求要評(píng)估不同的框架平面圖,也就是說(shuō),對(duì)構(gòu)件和它們之間的連接可進(jìn)行不同的布置。4)Beforeanyanalysis,however,adecisionmustbemadeonthebuildingmaterialtobeused;itwillusuallybereinforcedconcrete,structuralsteel,orboth.然而,在做任何分析之前,必須決定建筑物的使用材料,通??梢允卿摻罨炷?,結(jié)構(gòu)鋼,或者兩者公用。(5)Alloftheloadsme

14、ntionedthusfar(目前為止)areforcesduetogravityandarereferredtoasgravityloads.目前為止所提到的荷載,均是由于重力而產(chǎn)生的,或者被當(dāng)作是重力荷載。(6)Iftheloadisappliedandremovedmanytimesoverthelifeofthestructurefatiguestress疲勞應(yīng)力)becomesaproblem,andwemustaccountforitseffects.若果荷載在結(jié)構(gòu)壽命里被多次應(yīng)用并撤除,則疲勞應(yīng)力就會(huì)成為問(wèn)題,我們必須考慮它的影響。(7)Sincelateralloads(側(cè)向荷

15、載)aremostdetrimental對(duì)有害)totallstructures,windloadsareusuallynotasimportantforlowbuildings,butuplift(浮托力)onlightroofsystems(屋頂體系)canbecritical.由于側(cè)向荷載對(duì)高層建筑物最有害,因此,對(duì)于低層建筑物風(fēng)荷載通常都是不重要的,但是浮托力對(duì)屋頂體系卻是至關(guān)重要的。8)Astructuralanalysisoftheeffectsofanearthquakerequiresananalysisofthestructuresresponsetothegroundmot

16、ionproducedbytheearthquake分析地震對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的作用,需分析由于地震而引起的相應(yīng)的地面運(yùn)動(dòng)。9)Othertypesofliveloadareoftentreatedasseparatecategories,suchashydrostaticpressure(液體靜壓力)andsoilpressure其他類型的活載通常被當(dāng)作獨(dú)立的類別,例如液體靜壓力和土壓力。(10)Althoughsomelargecitieswritetheirownbuildingcodes,manymunicipalities(自治市)willadoptamodel”(典型)buildingcode

17、andmodifyittosuittheirparticularneeds.雖然有些大城市編寫了自己的建筑規(guī)范,但是許多自治市仍然采用典型的建筑規(guī)范,即修改建筑規(guī)范以適應(yīng)他們的特殊需求。5、TranslatethefollowingsentenceintoEnglish.(1)作用在結(jié)構(gòu)上的力被稱為荷載。Theforcesthatactonastructurearecalledloads.(2)恒載就是固定不變的荷載,包括結(jié)構(gòu)自身的重量。Deadloadsarethosethatarepermanent,includingtheweightofthestructureitself,(3)活載不

18、是恒載那樣固定不變的活載,活載也可以是重力荷載。Liveloads,whichcanalsobegravityloads,arethosethatarenotaspermanentasdeadloads.(4)建筑規(guī)范不規(guī)定設(shè)計(jì)方法,但規(guī)定必須滿足的設(shè)計(jì)要求和強(qiáng)制條件。Buildingcodesdonotgivedesignprocedures,buttheydospecifythedesignrequirementsandconstraintsthatmustbesatisfied.(5)與建筑規(guī)范不同,設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件及其連接的設(shè)計(jì)做了詳細(xì)的指導(dǎo)。Incontrasttobuilding

19、codes,designspecificationsgivemorespecificguidanceforthedesignofstructuralmembersandtheirconnections.Unite42、TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinese/English.(1)Sustainedload長(zhǎng)期荷載(2)Cementgel水泥凝膠體(3)Water-cementratio水灰比(4)Thestabilityofthestructure結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定(5)Theexpansionjoint伸縮縫(6)Moisturecontent含水量3、Tran

20、slatethefollowingsentenceintoChinese.(1)Thecauseofthevolumechangesinconcretecanbeattributedtochangesinmoisturecontent,chemicalreactionofthecementwithwater,variationintemperature,andappliedloads.混凝土的體積變化的原因可以歸結(jié)為水分含量,水泥和水的化學(xué)反應(yīng),溫度以及施加荷載的變化。(2)High-early-strengthandlow-heatcementshowmoreshrinkagethannor

21、malPortlandcement.高早強(qiáng)和低熱水泥顯示超過(guò)普通硅酸鹽水泥收縮。(3)Thegreatertheaggregatecontent,thesmalleristheshrinkage.骨料含量越大,收縮越小。(4)Therefore,cracksmaydevelopinconcretewhenahighpercentageofsteelisused.因時(shí)間作出蠕變?cè)黾樱?)Creepisreducedwithanincreaseinthehumidityoftheambientair蠕變的減少是由于在周圍的空氣濕度增加(9)Creepisdecreaseswithanincreas

22、einthesizeofthetestedspecimen.蠕變是一個(gè)經(jīng)過(guò)測(cè)試的試件尺寸增大而減小.(10)High-temperaturesteamcuringofconcreteaswellasperuseofaplasticizerwillreducetheamountofcreep.高溫蒸汽作為增塑劑正確使用混凝土養(yǎng)護(hù)將減少蠕變量.5、TranslatethefollowingsentenceintoEnglish.(1)如果通過(guò)蒸發(fā)失去水分,混凝土就會(huì)收縮,但在水中硬化則會(huì)膨脹。Ifitlosesmoisture(水份)byevaporation(蒸發(fā)),concreteshrink

23、s,butiftheconcretehardensinwater,itexpands.(2)影響混凝土收縮的因素很多,如水泥和水的含量、骨料的級(jí)配以及環(huán)境條件等。Manyfactorsinfluencetheshrinkageofconcretesuchascementandwaterconten、tgradation(等級(jí))ofaggregateandambientconditionsandsoon。(3)混凝土拌合物中的水泥含量越多或含水量越多,收縮量則越大。Themorecementorwatercontentintheconcretemix,thegreatertheshrinkage

24、.(4)混凝土不是熱的良導(dǎo)體,而鋼筋是。Concreteisnotagoodconductorofheat,whereassteelisagoodone.(5)在荷載作用期間,大約80%的徐變產(chǎn)生在前4個(gè)月內(nèi),大約2年后完成90%的徐變。Creepincreaseswiththeloadingperiod.About80%ofthecreepoccurswithinthefirst4months;90%occursafterabout2years.Unite52、TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinese/English.(1)buildingcode建筑規(guī)

25、范(6)隨機(jī)變量randomvariation(2)stochasticanalyse隨機(jī)分析(7)半經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式semiempiricalequation(3)multistorybuilding多層建筑(8)風(fēng)洞荷載windtunneltesting(4)code-prescribeddata規(guī)范規(guī)定的數(shù)值(9)持續(xù)活荷載sustainedliveload(5)transientliveload瞬時(shí)活荷載(10)名義值nominalvalue3、TranslatethefollowingsentenceintoChinese.(1)Thebuildingcodeloadshavetraditi

26、onallybeengivenasnominalvalues,determinedonthebasisofmaterialproperties(e.g.,deadload)orloadsurveys(e.g.,liveloadandsnowload).該建筑代碼加載歷來(lái)給出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值,根據(jù)材料的性質(zhì)(如,恒載)或負(fù)載調(diào)查(如,活荷載和雪荷載)的基礎(chǔ)上確定。(2)Sincetherandomvariationoftheloadsisafunctionoftimeaswellasanumberofotherfactors,themodeling,strictlyspeaking(嚴(yán)格來(lái)講),shoul

27、dtakethisintoaccountbyusingstochasticanalyses(隨機(jī)分析)toreflectthetimeandspaceinterdependence(互相依賴).由于載荷的隨機(jī)變化是時(shí)間的函數(shù)以及一系列其他因素,造型數(shù)量,嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō),應(yīng)考慮到利用隨機(jī)分析,以反映時(shí)間和空間互相依賴。(8)Liveload,aremoreaccuratelythegravityliveload,isthenamethatiscommonlyusedfortheloadsonthestructurethatarenotpartofthepermanentinstallations永久設(shè)

28、施)活載,更準(zhǔn)確的重力活荷載,即通常是結(jié)構(gòu)上的負(fù)荷,不屬于永久性設(shè)施的一部分荷載的使用名稱。(9)Theliveloadonthestructureatanygiventimeisalsocalledthearbitrarypointin-timeliveload.在任意給定時(shí)間作用在結(jié)構(gòu)上的活荷載也被稱作任一點(diǎn)時(shí)活荷載。(10)Theliveloadonthestructureatanytimeisnormallywellbelowthecodevalue;themaximumlifetime(50-year)liveloadmaybeacertainamountlarger.在任意時(shí)刻結(jié)構(gòu)

29、上的活荷載一般是低于規(guī)范值的,(根據(jù))最高壽命(50年)(確定的)活荷載可能有一定數(shù)量的擴(kuò)大。5、TranslatethefollowingsentenceintoEnglish.(1)對(duì)某些荷載來(lái)說(shuō),結(jié)構(gòu)的地理位置起重要作用。Thegeographicallocation(地理位置)ofthestructureplaysanimportantroleforcertainloads.(2)風(fēng)荷載既不是靜荷載也不是均勻變化的荷載,并且除了受周圍結(jié)構(gòu)和地形影響外還受結(jié)構(gòu)幾何形狀的嚴(yán)重影響。Atthesametimewindloadsareneitherstaticnoruniformlyvaryi

30、ng,andareheavilyinfluencedbythegeometryofthestructureaswellasthesurroundingstructuresandthelandscape景觀).(3)風(fēng)荷載和雪荷載可根據(jù)模型試驗(yàn)來(lái)確定。Windloadsandsnowloadsaredeterminedonthebasisofmodeltests.(4)特殊荷載及荷載效應(yīng)包括溫度變化、結(jié)構(gòu)地基沉降、沖擊和爆炸的影響。Specialloadsandloadeffectsincludetheinfluenceoftemperaturevariations(溫度變化),structur

31、alfoundationsettlements,impact撞擊),andblast(爆炸).(5)至少在理論上,結(jié)構(gòu)上的恒載被認(rèn)為是保持不變的。Intheory,atleast,thedeadloadonastructureissupposedtoremainconstant.Unite62、TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinese/English.(1)themagnitudeoftheappliedload所施加負(fù)荷的大?。?)懸掛結(jié)構(gòu)suspensionstructure(2)quasi-staticloading擬靜力荷載(7)應(yīng)力應(yīng)變成正比st

32、ressisproportionaltostrain(3)planarstructure平面結(jié)構(gòu)(8)結(jié)構(gòu)的變形thedeformationofthestructure(4)planarloading平面荷載(9)分析模型analyticalmodel(5)plasticmaterial塑性材料(10)彈性材料elasticmaterial3、TranslatethefollowingsentenceintoChinese.(1)Furthermore,itistheneedforasafe,serviceable,feasible,andaestheticallypleasingfulfil

33、lmentofafunctionthatdictates(扌旨示)theform,material,andmannerofloadingofastructure.此外,滿足結(jié)構(gòu)安全性、適用性、可行性以及美觀這一功能的需要決定了結(jié)構(gòu)的形式,材料和加載方式。(2)Fig.6.1illustratesschematically(按圖說(shuō)明)therelationshipsamongthefunctionastructureistofulfill,theformandmaterialandloadingonthestructure,thebehaviorofthestructure,andtheanal

34、yticalmodelofthestructure.圖6.1說(shuō)明:結(jié)構(gòu)要實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能、形式、材料、結(jié)構(gòu)上的荷載、結(jié)構(gòu)的性能以及結(jié)構(gòu)分析模型之間的關(guān)系。(3)Atthispoint(此時(shí)此刻)weneedtodiscusssomeoftheaspectsofstructuralbehaviorindicatedinFig.6.1andtoexplaintheirrespectiverelationshipstotheformandmaterialofthestructure.此時(shí)此刻,我們需要討論圖6.1中表示出來(lái)的結(jié)構(gòu)性能的某些方面,并且解釋結(jié)構(gòu)的形式和材料之間各自的關(guān)系。(4)Material

35、smaybeclassifiedaselastic,plastic,orviscoelastic.材料可分為彈性,塑性,或粘彈性。(5)Thedeformationsofviscoelasticmaterialsdependontimeandthereforeloadhistory,whereasthedeformationsofelasticandplasticmaterialsdonot.粘彈性材料的變形取決于時(shí)間和先前的加載歷史,然而彈塑性材料的變形卻不是。(6)Energyisgenerallylostifasystemdoesnotrecoveritsinitialshapeafte

36、runloadingowingeithertoplasticbehaviorofthematerialortofricationforceswithinorbetweenpartsofthestructure.如果一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體系在卸載之后不能恢復(fù)到原先的形狀,則能量一般會(huì)丟失,原因是材料的塑性性能,或結(jié)構(gòu)各部分內(nèi)部或之間的摩擦力。(7)Allthesebehavioralaspectsofthestructurewillhaveasignificantinfluenceonthenatureoftheanalysisusedinstudyingthestructure.所有結(jié)構(gòu)的這些性能方面將對(duì)

37、研究結(jié)構(gòu)分析的本質(zhì)產(chǎn)生重大影響。(8)Inaddition,indevelopingtheanalyticalmodelitwillbenecessarytoconsiderwhetherthestructuralmaterialishomogeneous(均勻的)ornonhomogeneousandwhetheritisisotropic,orthotropic,oranisotropic此外,在發(fā)展分析模型中,將有必要考慮結(jié)構(gòu)材料是否是均勻的,或者是非均勻的,以及它是否是各向同性,正交異性,或各向異性。(9)However,itisimportanttorecognizeattheout

38、set(起初)thattheconceptsthatwillbepresentedcanbeextendedtothesolutionofmanyotherclassesofstructuralproblems,includingthoseinvolving(涉及)dynamicresponse(動(dòng)力響應(yīng)),materialandgeometricnonlinearities,inelasticity,instability,andcontinuoussystems.然而,一開(kāi)始就要認(rèn)識(shí)到提出的概念可以延伸到許多其他各種類型的結(jié)構(gòu)性問(wèn)題的解決方法,這些問(wèn)題包括涉及動(dòng)力響應(yīng),材料和幾何非線性,非

39、彈性,失穩(wěn)和連續(xù)的體系。(10)Loadsusuallyneedbetreatedasdynamiconlyiftheyareperiodicinnatureortheyareappliedverysuddenly.只有荷載本質(zhì)上是定期或者施加很突然時(shí),則荷載通常需要被視為動(dòng)態(tài)的。5、TranslatethefollowingsentenceintoEnglish.(1)結(jié)構(gòu)的分類有多種方法,普通觀察者會(huì)首先根據(jù)它們各自的功能把結(jié)構(gòu)分為房屋、橋梁、船舶、塔架等等。Structurescanbeclassifiedinavarietyofway.Thecasualobserver(臨時(shí)觀測(cè)人)m

40、ightfirstconsiderclassifyingstructures(把建筑分級(jí))accordingtotheirrespectivefunctions(各自功能):buildings,bridges,ships,aircraft,towers,andsoon.(2)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中,需要考慮的是結(jié)構(gòu)的安全性、適用性和可行性。Instructuraldesign,itistheneedforasafe,serviceable,feasible.(3)如果結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)荷載的反應(yīng),比如一點(diǎn)的位移,與施加的荷載大小成正比,則結(jié)構(gòu)為線性的。Astructureislinearifitsresponseto

41、loading,saydisplacementatapoint,isdirectlyproportionaltothemagnitudeoftheappliedload.(4)各向同性材料的物理性能在任一點(diǎn)的所有方向是相同的。Thephysicalpropertiesofhomogeneousmaterialsarethesameateachpoint.(5)結(jié)構(gòu)的性能通常是很難清除描述的,因?yàn)榻Y(jié)構(gòu)的材料既不是線性或非線性的,也不是彈性或塑性的。thepictureofstructuralbehaviorisgenerallynotsoclearasthatjustpainted.Thatis

42、,materialsarenoteither“l(fā)inear”or“nonlinear”and“elastic”or“plastic”.Unite72、TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinese/English.1)untrainedsettlement不排水沉降6)極限承載力ultimatebearingcapacityimmediatesettlementsurfacesurchargehydrostaticpressure2)bearingcapacity承載能力(7)瞬時(shí)沉降3)siteinvestigations場(chǎng)地調(diào)查,場(chǎng)地勘探(8)表面超載4)b

43、rickandmasonryconstruction磚石建筑(9)靜水壓力5)lateralsupport側(cè)向支撐3、TranslatethefollowingsentenceintoChinese.(1)Mostbuildingdamagethatoccursbecauseoffoundationmovementoccurswhenunforeseen(不可預(yù)見(jiàn)的)soilconditionsarise;inadequatesiteinvestigations(實(shí)地勘測(cè))andalackofunderstandingofsoilbehaviorarelargelytherootcauses根

44、本原因).大多數(shù)建筑物損壞的出現(xiàn)是由于基礎(chǔ)運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)生不可預(yù)見(jiàn)的土壤條件出現(xiàn)時(shí);不足的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查(實(shí)地勘測(cè))和缺乏對(duì)土的性能的了解是最大的根本原因。(2)Inheavilyoverconsolidatedclays,therefore,sincetheyieldpointwillbeveryhigh,settlementcalculationscanbebasedonelastictheory,usingparametersreferredtoeffectivestresses.在超固結(jié)土中,由于屈服點(diǎn)將會(huì)很高,因此沉降計(jì)算可以基于彈性理論,使用與有效應(yīng)力有關(guān)的參數(shù)。(3)Alargepartoft

45、heremainder(剩余)ofthechapterisdevotedto(專注于)adetailedstudyoftheconsolidationprocessandtomethodsofassessing評(píng)價(jià))resulting(產(chǎn)生)settlements.本章的其余大部分都用來(lái)詳細(xì)研究固結(jié)過(guò)程和估計(jì)其引起的沉降的方法。(4)Theradialextent(徑向伸長(zhǎng))ofsometreerootsystemsisgreaterthantheheightofthetree;theymayalsoreachdepthsofseveralmeters.一些樹根體系的徑向伸長(zhǎng)比樹的高度更大,它

46、們也可能達(dá)到數(shù)米深處。(5)Oneofthemostimportantsoilpropertiesinthecontextoffoundationengineeringisitscompressibility基礎(chǔ)工程方面最重要的土壤特性之一是它的壓縮。(6)Terzaghiassumedthatboththesoilparticlesandtheporewaterareincompressible.Therefore,themagnitudeofthesettlementisrelateddirectlytothechangeinvolumeofthevoids,andtherateofset

47、tlementinasaturatedsoilisgovernedbytherateporewaterescapesfromthevoids.太沙基假定土壤顆粒和孔隙水兩者都是不可壓縮的。因此,沉降的大小與孔洞的體積的變化有直接的關(guān)系,在飽和土中沉降的速率取決于孔隙水從孔洞的逸出速率。(7)Soilisaparticulatematerial,soitsstress-strainpropertiesaremuchmorecomplexthanthoseofothermorefamiliarmaterialssuchassteel.土壤是一種顆粒物質(zhì),所以其應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變性質(zhì)的復(fù)雜性遠(yuǎn)大于其他更熟悉

48、的材料,如鋼材料。(8)Theprocessofconsolidationisintimatelytiedwiththebuildupanddissipationofexcessporewaterpressuresandthecorrespondingchangesineffectivestress.固結(jié)過(guò)程是與超孔隙水壓力的形成和消散以及相應(yīng)的有效應(yīng)力的改變密切相關(guān)的。ThetestprocedureandmethodsofcorrectingthetestresultstocompensateforsampledisturbancearedescribedinChapter4.修改實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果

49、以彌補(bǔ)樣品干擾的試驗(yàn)過(guò)程和方法在第四章中描述。5、TranslatethefollowingsentenceintoEnglish.不排水模量(Eu)在某一深度處可假設(shè)為彈性模量,因而可用彈性理論進(jìn)行沉降估算。Theuntrainedstiffness(Eu)canbeassumedasanelasticconstantforagivendepthandsoestimatescanbeobtainedusingelastictheory.本章的其余大部分都用來(lái)詳細(xì)研究固結(jié)過(guò)程和估計(jì)其所引起的沉降的方法。Alargepartoftheremainder(剩余)ofthechapterisdevo

50、tedto(專注于)adetailedstudyoftheconsolidationprocessandtomethodsofassessing評(píng)價(jià))resulting(產(chǎn)生)settlements.(3)在有些巖石和土體中,地下水的運(yùn)動(dòng)可以溶解巖土體填充物中的膠結(jié)礦物。Incertainrocksandsoilsthemineralcement(礦物成分)inthematrix(基巖)maybedissolved(溶解)duetogroundwatermovement.(4)經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的、甚至是災(zāi)難性建筑破壞的常見(jiàn)基礎(chǔ)位移與基礎(chǔ)旁的深孔開(kāi)挖有關(guān)。Acommonformoffoundationmovement,often

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