第22講_閱讀理解2

1、df 2012年 高考總復(fù)習(xí)英語df第22講 文體突破記敘文說明文議論文 考生掌握文體的結(jié)構(gòu)特點可以迅速提高閱讀速度，把握文章主旨，理解文章大意，因此，我們設(shè)置了“文體突破”這個欄目。就文章體裁而言，高考中閱讀理解?？嫉挠杏洈⑽摹⒆h論文和說明文三種。本部分歸納了各類體裁的特點，并根據(jù)各自的特點進行閱讀方法的指導(dǎo)，同時選取典型的高考真題和原創(chuàng)試題進行針對性地練習(xí)。返回目錄記敘文返回目錄 記敘文是以記敘為主要表達(dá)方式，以記敘人物的經(jīng)歷或事物的發(fā)展變化為主要內(nèi)容的一種文體。它包括日記、游記、傳說、新聞、通訊、趣聞逸事、寓言、傳奇故事、小說等。記敘文常伴隨著作者思想情感的流露和表達(dá)，因此，議論和抒情往

2、往夾雜其中。在引出話題，講完一件事情后，作者往往會表達(dá)個人感悟或提出建議等。高考中的記敘文講述的內(nèi)容多為和中學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)生活密切相關(guān)的故事。 文體概述返回目錄記敘文有以下幾個特點：六個要素：作者一般要交代何人、何時、在何地、為什么、干了何事、怎么樣等等，這也就是我們常說的5個W (who, when , where, why, what) 和1個H (how)。線索/情節(jié)：貫穿全文的線索有人物發(fā)展的線索、事件發(fā)展的線索、人物思想感情變化或作者思想感情變化的線索、時間順序的線索等等。分析線索有助于把握行文的思路和全文的結(jié)構(gòu)。記敘順序：記敘文的敘事順序主要有順敘和倒敘，也可能有插敘。寫作目的：講故事

3、必定有其目的，或證明某一理論，或闡明某一概念，或贊美某種美德，或譴責(zé)某種罪惡，或者讓人娛樂等等。返回目錄閱讀記敘文時，注意以下幾點：(1) 在閱讀過程中，首先要找出“5Ws 和 1H”；然后，按照線索弄清事情的來龍去脈，理解了文章的脈絡(luò)，就能理解整個故事。(2)遇上倒敘的記敘文，閱讀時要從事情本身的發(fā)展去理解故事情節(jié)而不要只看事件在文中出現(xiàn)的先后位置。(3)我們在閱讀時要通過作者的重要細(xì)節(jié)描寫聯(lián)系故事情節(jié)去領(lǐng)會作者的意圖，對作者重墨潑就的細(xì)節(jié)描寫要重點關(guān)注。(4) 這個故事講了什么？它會告訴我們一個什么道理等。帶著這些疑問，在閱讀時就能抓住中心。讀完一個故事，不同的人會得出不同的結(jié)論，但是作者

4、的結(jié)論只有一個，我們必須以文章為立足點，絕對不能“想得太多”。(5)夾敘夾議的記敘文，若能理解作者最后的結(jié)論就能更透徹地理解記敘部分的內(nèi)容。閱讀方法返回目錄(2009年廣東卷閱讀理解B篇) 閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D項中，選出最佳選項。 We once had a poster competition in our fifth grade art class. “You could win prizes, our teacher told us as she wrote the poster information on the blackboard. She passed ou

5、t sheets of construction paper while continuing, “The first prize is ten dollars. You just have to make sure that the words on the blackboard appear somewhere on your poster. ”實例分析返回目錄 We studied the board critically. Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard,

6、rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured up our designs. Others twisted their hair around their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought. We had plans for that tendollar grand prize, each and every one of us. “Im going to spend mine on candies,” one hopeful would announ

7、ce, while another practiced looking serious, wise and rich. 返回目錄 Everyone in the class made a poster. Some of us used parts of those fancy paper napkins, while others used nothing but colored construction paper. Some of us used big designs, and some of us preferred to gather our art tidily down in o

8、ne corner of our poster and let the space draw the viewers attention to it. Some of us would wander past the good students desks and then return to our own projects with a growing sense of hopelessness. It was yet another grown-up trick of the sort they seemed especially fond of, making all of us be

9、lieve we had a fair chance, and then alwaysalwaysrewarding the same old winners. 返回目錄 I believe I drew a sailboat, but I cant say that with any certainty. I made it. I admired it. I determined it to be the very best of all of the posters I had seen, and then I turned it in. Minutes passed. No one ca

10、me along to give me the grand prize, and then someone distracted me, and I probably never would have thought about that poster again. I was still sitting at my desk, thinking, what poster? When the teacher gave me an envelope with a ten-dollar bill in it and everyone in the class applauded for me. 返

11、回目錄 短文分析：本文作者(who)回憶五年級(when)美術(shù)課(where)海報設(shè)計比賽(what)得獎的經(jīng)歷(how)，以及得獎的原因(why)。事件發(fā)展的線索：老師宣布比賽內(nèi)容、要求與獎項并分發(fā)圖畫用紙設(shè)想構(gòu)思具體制作我畫了一個自認(rèn)為是最好的帆船，上交老師給我發(fā)獎，全班同學(xué)為我鼓掌。思想情感線索：對獎金的使用作計劃老師每次讓我們覺得有一個公平機會，但每次獲獎的卻都是相同的人認(rèn)為自己的最好但不敢肯定能否獲獎沒有人給我頒獎，本不應(yīng)想但還是在想著想著想著，意外獲獎！返回目錄 閱讀試題：46. What was the teachers requirement for the poster?A.

12、 It must appear in time. B. It must be done in class. C. It must be done on a construction sheet. D. It must include the words on the blackboard. 47. The underlined phrase in paragraph 3 most probably means _. A. formed an idea for B. made an outline forC. made some space for D. chose some colors fo

13、r46. D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段末句，“You just have to make sure that the words on the blackboard appear somewhere on your poster”可知。47. A。詞義猜測題。上下句是SomeOther句式，while we conjured up our designs的對應(yīng)部分是while deep in thought，可見conjured up的意思是“思考，想象”，故選A。返回目錄 48. After the teachers words, all the students in the class_.

14、A.1ooked very seriousB. thought they would be richC. began to think about their designsD. began to play games49. After seeing the good students designs, some students _. A. loved their own designs moreB. thought they had a fair chanceC. put their own designs in a cornerD. thought they would not win

15、the prize48. C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段，特別是該段第一句We studied the board critically可知。49. D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第四段倒數(shù)第二句中的a growing sense of hopelessness可知。返回目錄50. We can infer from the passage that the author _. A. enjoyed grown-up tricks very muchB. loved poster competitions very muchC. felt surprised to win the competitionD. b

16、ecame wise and rich after the competition50. C。推理判斷題。由“alwaysalwaysrewarding the same old winners”, “I cant say that with any certainty”和“I probably never”等可推斷出，作者對得獎還是驚訝的。返回目錄真題再練本文貫穿兩條線索，事件發(fā)展線索和人物情感線索：(My grandfather擔(dān)心my uncle去參軍，參加一次世界大戰(zhàn))my uncle接到入伍通知書(my grandfather煩惱，my mother高興)坐火車開往前線(眾人chee

17、red，而my grandmother落淚)途中調(diào)頭，戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束回到家，被視作英雄(my mother高興，有點失落感)返回目錄 閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D項中，選出最佳選項。 2009年湖北卷My grandfather came from Hungary and was the only one in his family who settled down in the United States. The rest of his family remained in Europe. When World War I broke out, he seemed to have b

18、ecome another man, downhearted. Such obvious change was not born out of concern for his welfare, but out of fear: if his only son, my uncle, had to go to war, it would be cousin fighting against cousin.返回目錄 One day in 1918, my Uncle Milton received his draft notice. My grandparents were very upset.

19、But my mother, at the age of 10, felt on top of the world about her soldier brother going off to war. Realizing how he was regarded by his little sister and all of her friends, my uncle bought them all service pins, which meant that they had a loved one in the service. All the little girls were deli

20、ghted.返回目錄 The moment came when my uncle and the other soldiers, without any training but all in uniforms, boarded the train. The band played and the crowd cheered. Although no one noticed, Im sure my grandmother had a tear in her eye for the only son. The train slowly pulled out, but not about a th

21、ousand yards when it suddenly paused. Everyone stared in wonder as the train slowly returned to the station. There was a dead silence before the doors opened and the men started to step out. Someone shouted, “The war is over!” For a moment, nobody moved, but then the people heard someone bark orders

22、 at the soldiers. The men lined up in two lines, walked down the steps, and with the band playing, marched down the street, as returning heroes, to be welcomed home. My mother said it was a great day, but she was just a little disappointed that it didnt last a tiny bit longer.返回目錄 51. What the grand

23、father was most worried about was .A. the spread of the world warB. the safety of his two cousinsC. a drop in his living standardsD. his relatives killing each other52. The underlined phrase “draft notice” means “ ”.A. order for army service B. train ticket for EuropeC. letter of rejection D. note o

24、f warning52. A。猜測詞義題。結(jié)合第1段可推知,My grandparents擔(dān)心的事可能發(fā)生了，再由第二段第2和3句可確定，my Uncle接到了“應(yīng)征入伍的通知”。51. D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段末句可知。返回目錄53. What did the “service pins” (in Para.2) stand for in the eyes of the little girls?A. Strength. B. Courage. C. Victory. D. Honor.53. D。推理判斷題。由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句及本段末句，“這意味著他們有心愛的人在參軍。所有

25、這些女孩子都非常高興。”可見這是“榮耀”的象征。返回目錄 54. Why was the writers mother a little disappointed at the end of the passage?A. Her brother didnt go to the battlefront.B. The war finished before her brother could succeed.C. The happiness was a sudden and didnt last long.D. Her brother didnt gain honor for his family

26、.55. Which of the following words can best describe the ending of the story?A. Disappointing. B. Unexpected. C. Uncertain. D. Inspiring.55. B。推理判斷題。從最后一段可知，作者的叔叔準(zhǔn)備開往前線時，卻戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束了，這當(dāng)然是“出乎意料的”。54. C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后一段的最后兩句可知，母親當(dāng)時年齡還小,所以盡管哥哥沒有去前線打仗，但也像英雄一樣歸來了，所以母親很驕傲,但是這種喜悅太突然而短暫了,所以母親有點失落。返回目錄說明文返回目錄 說明文是用平實的語言

27、客觀地解說事物、闡明事理，給人以知識的文體。它通過對實體事物(如儀器、產(chǎn)品、自然環(huán)境)的解說，或?qū)Τ橄笫吕?如概念、原理、定律)的闡釋，使人們對事物的形態(tài)、特征、構(gòu)造、性能、種類、成因、功能等有所了解，或?qū)κ吕淼奶攸c、來源、演變、異同等有所認(rèn)識，從而獲得有關(guān)的知識。說明文實用性很強，它包括廣告、說明書、內(nèi)容提要、規(guī)則章程、解說詞、科學(xué)小品等。復(fù)習(xí)這類文體，注意以下幾點：主要題材：題材涉及科技、社會和文化生活等各個領(lǐng)域。如：介紹科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的最新成果、機器的制造過程、產(chǎn)品工藝流程或使用說明、工程項目的規(guī)劃、社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展過程中出現(xiàn)的新生事物、生物的生存狀況、自然或社會現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因和解決辦法、人文地理

28、知識等。文體概述返回目錄說明順序：時間順序(如事物的發(fā)展變化)、空間順序(如建筑結(jié)構(gòu))、邏輯順序(如因果、現(xiàn)象與本質(zhì))。說明方法：為了把事物的本質(zhì)特征說清楚，或者把事理闡述明白，常用下列說明方法：舉例子、作比較、分類別、析因果、列數(shù)字、作詮釋、打比方、下定義、列圖表、作引用、作假設(shè)、對比說明相異、類比說明相似等。結(jié)構(gòu)特點：說明文的大體結(jié)構(gòu)有：(1)總體敘述+細(xì)節(jié)或過程說明+概括評述；(2)現(xiàn)象或變化+細(xì)節(jié)或原因闡述+引發(fā)的后果和相關(guān)啟示。返回目錄閱讀方法閱讀說明文的關(guān)鍵是：抓住說明對象的本質(zhì)特征。閱讀時須注意：(1)把握說明的順序，了解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握文章的脈絡(luò)。(2)在閱讀過程中劃出長難句的

29、主干成分(主謂賓)、標(biāo)出關(guān)鍵詞、有的可邊看邊畫草圖或結(jié)構(gòu)、流程圖。語言特點：高考英語閱讀理解中的說明文多為科普知識方面的題材，文中常包含有結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、句意深奧的長句難句。因?qū)W術(shù)性強、抽象度高，解題的難度相對較大，在高考中多為C篇(閱讀的最后一篇)。返回目錄(2008年廣東卷閱讀理解C篇)閱讀理解 閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D項中，選出最佳選項。 1Napoleon, as a character in Tolstoys War and Peace, is more than once described as having “fat little hands. Nor does he

30、 “sit well or firmly on the horse. He is said to be “undersized. With “short legs and a “round stomach”. The issue here is not the accuracy of Tolstoys description-it seems not that far off from historical accounts but his choice of facts: other things that could be said of the man are not said. We

31、are meant to understand the difference of a warring commander in the body of a fat little Frenchman. Tolstoys Napoleon could be any man wandering in the streets and putting a little of powdered tobacco up his noseand that is the point.實例分析返回目錄2 It is a way the novelist uses to show the moral nature

32、of a character. And it turns out that, as Tolstoy has it, Napoleon is a crazy man. In a scene in Book Three of War and Peace, the wars having reached the critical year of 1812, Napoleon receives a representative from the Tsar(沙皇), who has come with peace terms. Napoleon is very angry：doesnt he have

33、more army? He, not the Tsar, is the one to make the terms. He will destroy all of Europe if his army is stopped. “That is what you will have gained by engaging me in the war!” he shouts. And then, Tolstoy writes, Napoleon “walked silently several times up and down the room, his fat shoulders moving

34、quickly.返回目錄 3Still later, after reviewing his army amid cheering crowds, Napoleon invites the shaken Russian to dinner. “He raised his hand to the Russiansface,” Tolstoy writes, and “taking him by the ear pulled it gently.” To have ones ear pulled by the Emperor was considered the greatest honor an

35、d mark of favor at the French court. “Well, well, why dont you say anything? said he, as if it was ridiculous in his presence to respect any one but himself, Napoleon. 4Tolstoy did his research, but the composition is his own.返回目錄短文分析：題材說明方法結(jié)構(gòu)特點短文長度文學(xué)舉例子現(xiàn)象1原因分析/舉例子23概括評述4330個詞本文主要介紹了小說家是如何勾畫某一角色的個性及

36、道德本性的。第1段首先是指出現(xiàn)象：作為托爾斯泰的戰(zhàn)爭與和平中的一個人物，拿破侖在小說中被描述為有一雙“胖而小的手”，“騎馬的姿勢也不端正或者坐不穩(wěn)”，被說成是“個子矮小”，長著“兩條短短的腿”和一個“圓圓的肚子”。接著指出本文要說明的重點：不是討論托爾斯泰描述的準(zhǔn)確性與歷史的記述似乎相去不遠(yuǎn)，而是他對事實有所選擇有關(guān)此人的其他情況該說的他卻沒有說。返回目錄分析托爾斯泰這樣描寫拿破侖的目的：讓讀者明白這類外貌的人在街上游蕩的人中隨處可見，但是這個身材肥胖矮小的法國人卻有著非凡的(difference)軍事統(tǒng)帥能力。第23兩段，在指出這種“對事實有所選擇”的方法是小說家勾畫某一角色的個性及道德本性

37、的慣用手法。并舉例說明托爾斯泰是如何具體描寫拿破侖瘋狂追求權(quán)力和別人對他的尊重的。第4段，概括評述：“托爾斯泰確實做過一些研究，但是這些話卻是他自己的創(chuàng)作。”即作者不一定會忠實于他的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。返回目錄51. Tolstoys description of Napoleon in War and Peace is _.A. far from the historical factsB. based on the Russian historyC. based on his selection of factsD. not related to historical details51. C 細(xì)節(jié)

38、理解題。由第1段第4句The issue here is not the accuracy of Tolstoys description-it seems not that far off from historical accounts but his choice of facts關(guān)鍵句式notbut(不是而是)，關(guān)鍵詞是該句中的choice與選項中的selection。返回目錄52. Napoleon was angry when receiving the Russian representative because _.A. he thought he should be the

39、one to make the peace termsB. the Tsars peace terms were hard to acceptC. the Russians stopped his military movementD. he didnt have any more army to fight with52. A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第2段中的He, not the Tsar, is the one to make the terms.可知 返回目錄53. What did Napoleon expect the Russian representative to do?A. To

40、walk out of the room in anger.B. To show agreement with him.C. To say something about the Tsar.D. To express his admiration.53. D 推理判斷題。由第3段的倒數(shù)第2句可推知，他認(rèn)為他輕輕地拉了沙皇代表的耳朵，沙皇代表應(yīng)當(dāng)感到最大的光榮和受寵；由該段第后一句“Well, well, why dont you say anything? 可推斷，他是希望沙皇代表贊美他。返回目錄54. Tolstoy intended to present Napoleon as a man

41、 who is _.A. ill-mannered in dealing with foreign guestsB. fond of showing off his iron willC. determined in destroying all of EuropeD. crazy for power and respect54. D 推理判斷題。第2段和第3段，作者選取拿破侖會見沙皇代表這件事將其描寫成一個渴望權(quán)力(power)和尊重(respect)的人。返回目錄55. What does the last sentence of the passage imply?A. A writer

42、 doesnt have to be faithful to his findings.B. A writer may write about a hero in his own way.C. A writer may not be responsible for what he writes.D. A writer has hardly any freedom to show his feelings.55. A 推斷隱含意義。選項B、C、D都推理過度。返回目錄 2009年全國卷IIGUATEMALA CITY（Reuters）A fish that lives in mangrove sw

43、amps (紅樹沼澤) across the Americas can live out of water for months at a time, similar to how animals adapted to land millions of years ago, a new study shows. The Mangrove Rivulus, a type of small killifish, lives in small pools of water in a certain type of empty nut or even old beer cans in the mang

44、rove swamps of Belize, the United States and Brazil. When their living place dries up, they live on the land in logs (圓木), said Scott Taylor, a researcher at the Brevard Endangered Lands Program in Florida.真題再練返回目錄 The fish, whose scientific name is Rivulus marmoratus, can grow as large as three inc

45、hes. They group together in logs and breathe air through their skin until they can find water again. The new scientific discovery came after a trip to Belize. “We kicked over a log and the fish just came crowding out,” Taylor told Reuters in neighboring Guatemala by telephone. He said he will make h

46、is study on the fish known to the public in an American magazine early next year. In lab tests, Taylor said he found the fish can live up to 66 days out of water without eating. 返回目錄 Some other fish can live out of water for a short period of time. The walking catfish found in Southeast Asia can sta

47、y on land for hours at a time, while lungfish found in Australia, Africa and South America can live out of water, but only in an inactive state. But no other known fish can be out of water as long as the Mangrove Rivulus and remain active, according to Patricia Wright, a biologist at Canadas Univers

48、ity of Guelph. Further studies of the fish may tell how animals changed over time. “These animals live in conditions similar to those that existed millions of years ago, when animals began making the transition(過渡) form water onto land, ” Wright said.返回目錄本文是一篇自然科學(xué)研究的報道。研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)一種可以在兩個月內(nèi)脫離水域生活在美洲陸地的小魚Ma

49、ngrove Rivulus的一些特性。本文的說明方法是：作詮釋。結(jié)構(gòu)特點是：總敘+細(xì)說+概括。返回目錄51. The Mangrove Rivulus is a type of fish that _.A. likes eating nutsB. prefers living in dry placesC. is the longest living fish on earthD. can stay alive for two months out of water52. Who will write up a report on Mangrove Rivulus?A. Patricia W

50、right. B. Researchers in Guatemala.C. Scientists from Belize. D. Scott Taylor.52. D。推理判斷題。由第五段Taylor toldin an American magazine early next year可知。51. D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第六段第一句fish can live up to 66 days out of water可知。返回目錄53. According to the text, lungfish can _.A. breathe through its skinB. move freely on

51、dry landC. remain alive out of waterD. be as active on land as in water53. C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第七段while lungfish can live out of water, but only in an inactive state可知。返回目錄 54. What can we say about the discovery of Mangrove Rivulus?A. It was made quite by accident.B. It was based on a lab test of sea life.C.

52、It was supported by an American magazine.D. It was helped by Patricia Wright.55. How many kinds of fish found can live out of water?A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 155. B。推理判斷題。由第七段可知，除 Rivulus marmoratus外，還有 the walking catfish和lungfish兩種，共三種。54. A。推理判斷題。由第五段 We kicked over a log and the fish just came crowding

53、out可知研究者意外地發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種魚。返回目錄議論文返回目錄 議論文也就是說理性的文章，通常由論點、論據(jù)、論證過程和結(jié)論組成。為了突出寫作目的，作者常在文章開頭就提出論點，以便讀者對作者觀點有一個比較清晰的了解。提出論點之后，作者就會提供論據(jù)來論證論點是否正確。作者可以用來論證的方法較多，最為常見的方法是正反論證，這樣的論證思路清晰，觀點明確，說服力強，震憾度高。論證結(jié)束之后，作者就論點是否正確提出明確結(jié)論，它體現(xiàn)作者的寫作目的和文章的現(xiàn)實意義。也就是說，議論文一般會按提出問題、分析問題、解決問題的邏輯順序來按排層次。文體概述返回目錄 閱讀議論文我們要抓住論題、抓住作者提出的觀點、給出的例證及最

54、后得出的結(jié)論。抓住了論題、抓住了觀點，我們就把握了中心，再結(jié)合作為論據(jù)的諸多事例和理由之間以及它們和觀點/結(jié)論之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，我們就能理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，閱讀議論文的關(guān)鍵是：抓論題、抓觀點。而作者提出論題或觀點多在文首或文尾，段首或段尾，這些都是閱讀的重點部分。閱讀方法返回目錄 (2007年廣東卷閱讀理解B篇)1Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self-respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly ca

55、tegorized as “honor” help you create this life of good feelings.2Heres an example to show how honorable actions create happiness.3Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerks mistake, we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement. Later we m

56、ight tell our family or friends about, our good fortune. On the other hand, if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item, the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul.實例分析返回目錄 4Then, what i

57、s it to do with our sense of happiness? 5In the first case, where we dont tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. In the process, we would lose some peace of mind and self-respect. We would also demonstrate that we cannot be trust

58、ed, since we advertise our-dishonor by telling our family and friends. We damage our own reputations by telling others. In contrast, bringing the error to the clerks attention causes different things to happen. Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable. Upon leaving the store, we feel honorable

59、 and our self-respect is increased. Whenever we take honorable action we gain the deep internal rewards of goodness and a sense of nobility.返回目錄 6There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions

60、 lead us to a happier existence. And its easy to think and act honorably again when were happy. While the positive cycle can be difficult to start, once its started, its easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind, which is important for our happiness.返回目錄 短文分析：第1段以疑問句開頭，那么