上海市2020屆高考英語專題沖刺-閱讀理解講解與訓(xùn)練

1、上海市2020屆高考英語專題沖刺（六） 閱讀理解一、上海高考閱讀理解的命題特點(diǎn)體裁：每年試題都包含在應(yīng)用文、敘述文、說明文和議論文這四種體裁之中。 題材：涉及自然科學(xué)、社會(huì)科學(xué)和人文科學(xué)。包括日常生活、人物、社會(huì)、文化、史地、科技、環(huán)保和經(jīng)濟(jì)等等。 材料：改革后新高考閱讀理解材料基本上是3篇文章，篇幅一般在400詞左右；在語言文化上，以美國英語和文化為主，多為以母語為英語的人寫的原汁原味的反映外國生活內(nèi)容的文章，很少涉及國內(nèi)題材，符合中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的目的和實(shí)踐。題材的文章選擇多源自歐美英語社會(huì)主流媒體；體現(xiàn)了貼近時(shí)代、貼近生活、貼近學(xué)生的原則。 閱讀時(shí)間和速度：三篇閱讀參考的閱讀時(shí)間是20分鐘

2、，要求的閱讀速度是每分鐘55詞左右。二、考試大綱對(duì)于閱讀理解能力的基本要求及考查方式 掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意，以及用以說明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)；既理解具體的事實(shí)，也理解抽象的概念；既理解字面的意思，也理解深層的含義，包括作者的態(tài)度、意圖等；既理解某句、某段的含義，也理解全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，并據(jù)此進(jìn)行推理和判斷；既能根據(jù)所提供的信息去理解，也能結(jié)合中學(xué)生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)去理解。對(duì)考綱的要求，高考閱讀理解分別以細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題、詞匯題、句子理解題、指代題、推理題、作者態(tài)度題、判斷題、主旨題等題型進(jìn)行考查。三、閱讀理解痛點(diǎn)單題分值大結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、長難句多，生詞太多看不懂官方解析不知所云，解決的僅僅是淺表問題習(xí)慣性講

3、解僅僅是翻譯文章、題干、題支四、對(duì)閱讀理解對(duì)認(rèn)知不是考察精讀，而是泛讀，不過不是泛泛而讀，而是信息提取我們走的最長的路是出題人的套路所以尊重題干信息 + 出題人的“千年老坑”五、閱讀理解三要素A. 題干信息的識(shí)別 確定是細(xì)節(jié)題、主旨題B. 回原文定位劃定 定位信息一定是來自于題干，而非文章。常常在長難句處出題，需要對(duì)其分割、信息提取C. 正確答案的平行 去常識(shí)(不可臆想)、無推理(高考無推理題，只有平行，所以不要自行推測(cè))可以讀完文章第一段文字，接下來只讀每段話段首第一句話 因?yàn)槲恼露际且环N解釋與被解釋概念之下，提出主題之后，剩下內(nèi)容都是對(duì)他的解釋。所以請(qǐng)以最快速度把文章梳理一遍，最關(guān)鍵的是理

4、解、把握題干信息六、建立一種思想：平行解題&關(guān)注題干如：Why類型題目解題思路：找線索：(1) because(2) to do(3) 非謂語之分詞作各種狀語如：原因狀語(4) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 來源于狀語從句例：(有定位且有設(shè)問型)Some people will do just about anything to save money. And I am one of them. Take my familys last vacation. It was my six-year-old sons winter break from school, and we were heading hom

5、e from Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip. The flight was overbooked, and Delta, the airline, offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day. I had meetings in New York，So I had to get back. But that didnt mean my husband and my son couldnt stay. I took my nine-

6、month-old and took off for home.1. Why did Delta give the authors family credits?AThey took a later flight.BThey had early bookings.CTheir flight had been delayed.DTheir flight had been cancelled.例：(有定位但無設(shè)問型)In an effort to prevent language loss，scholars from a number of organizationsUNESCO and Nati

7、onal Geographic among themhave for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect1. Many scholars are making efforts to _Apromote global languagesBrescue disappearing languagesCsearch for language communitiesDset up language research organizations啟示：分割長難句是解題的一大救贖之路。找出主干 誰做

8、什么(是什么)七、各種題型解題思路詳解 1細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題標(biāo)志：題干中明確提到時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物等細(xì)節(jié)信息；針對(duì)文章中的一句或幾句發(fā)問；題干和選項(xiàng)之間是因果關(guān)系。 例1：Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, a

9、nd later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature.58When did Paul Zindel win the ALAN Prize? AIn 2002. BIn 2003.CBetween 1967 and 1992. DBetween 2002 and 2003. 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)是：一般可以在文章中直接或間接找到答案，但是不可能與閱讀材料一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語或句型表達(dá)相同的意思題干 + 正確選項(xiàng)的信息等

10、于或者約等于原文中某句的信息值。做題的關(guān)鍵在于返回原文，返回原文的方式有： 根據(jù)題干中的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物返回原文； 根據(jù)出題順序返回原文（60的準(zhǔn)度）；根據(jù)題干中的重點(diǎn)詞或其同義詞返回原文（如名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞，70的準(zhǔn)度）； 在本題中，迷惑人的手段在于用題干中的 win 來代替文中的 was presented with，考生可以根據(jù)題干中的重點(diǎn)詞 Zindel 和 ALAN Prize 返回原文，在原文中，可以看出在 2002 年 Zindel被授予 Margaret A 獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，緊接著又說，在同一年，他被授予了 ALAN Prize 獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，由此推理，正確答案是 A. In 2002。即，Z

11、indel 獲得 ALAN Prize 獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的時(shí)間是在 2002 年。 2詞匯題 標(biāo)志：在題干中明確指出原文中某處的單詞或詞組，要求辨別其意思。例 2：Charlottes tale was inspired by the girls coin collection. Weve collected foreign coins for years since our families went on holiday to Tenerife. she explains. That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in. Lauren continues

12、: I find a coin in the road, go to get it and get run over. Im in hospital and then I die. Charlotte adds: Or she might not die. I havent decided yet. 60. The underlined word pesetas in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _. A. story B. collectionC. inspiration D. foreign coin 【解析】做題的關(guān)鍵在于：該單詞本身并不重要，重要的是該單詞的上下，

13、如果該單詞認(rèn)識(shí)，并不超出大綱，則其字面意思必然不是正確答案，其正確答案是根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)的一個(gè)更加深刻的含義。要找到正確的詞義，關(guān)鍵在于在上下文中尋找同詞性的詞或詞組。如在本題中，根據(jù)句式我們可以判斷pesetas是一個(gè)名詞，在pesetas的上下文附近出現(xiàn)了的名詞有coin, Euro (歐元)，road等，根據(jù) I find a coin in the road（我在路上發(fā)現(xiàn)埋著一枚硬幣），可以知道埋在地下的是 pesetas 是硬幣之類的東西，所以正確答案是 D.foreign coin. 3句子理解題標(biāo)志：在題干中明確指出原文中的一句話，要求理解其意思。例 3：（2018 崇明區(qū)二模第

14、58 題）In the world of higher education in the United States, competition seems more common than schools working together. Every college and university competes for students, as well as the best teachers and money for research programs.But one thing almost every school has in common is the difficulty

15、they face in serving low-income students.The National Center for Education Statistics reports that low-income college students are less likely to complete their study programs than other students.It was only natural that the leaders of Michigan State University and ten other universities discussed t

16、his issue when they met in 2014. The 11 schools are spread across the United States and serve different populations and needs. But their leaders all saw improving graduation rates for all students as the biggest problem facing American higher education.So the group created an organization called the

17、 University Innovation Alliance or UIA for sharing information related to this problem. Its main goal is to get 68,000 more students at the member schools to graduate by 2025, with at least half of those students being low-income. The 11 schools now say their number of graduates has increased by ove

18、r 7,200 in just three years. This includes an almost 25 percent increase in the number of low-income graduates.How were they able to make this （理清代詞的指代之處）happen? It began with each university looking at its own situation and finding out what it had been doing right and what it had been doing wrong.F

19、or example, before joining the UIA, academic advising at Michigan State mostly involved reacting to problems students faced after the problems had already arisen. Then school officials heard about a computer program that fellow UIA member Georgia State University was using. This computer program fol

20、lows decisions students make about their classes and the progress they are making in their studies. It then sends academic advisors messages whenever a student shows signs that they are making mistakes or facing difficulties. That way the advisors can try to help students before the problems become

21、too serious. 【Michigan State began using the computer program】 and 【 it 】 has meant a world of difference. Michigan State has not only received useful information from its partners. It has also shared helpful information of its own.Bridget Burns, the executive director for the UIA, says efforts like

22、 this have never been as successful. “There are rankings that measure all kinds of things,” Burns said. “But how well you do for low-income students has not historically been highlighted.” 58. By “it has meant a world of difference” in paragraph 6, the author means Michigan State _.A. has found the

23、computer program quite different from theirsB. has discovered the computer program is very difficult to useC. has helped students successfully with the computer programD. has involved more academic advisors in the computer program 【解析】做題的關(guān)鍵在于：返回原文對(duì)出題的句子進(jìn)行上下文分析，要精確理解其涵義； 正確答案與原句之間是一種同義關(guān)系，可以通過推理得出正確答案

24、。在本題中，在句子 it has meant a world of difference 的上文中說：This computer program follows decisions students make about their classes and the progress they are making in their studies. It then sends academic advisors messages whenever a student shows signs that they are making mistakes or facing difficulties

25、. That way the advisors can try to help students before the problems become too serious.說的是 computer program 的好處，繼而 Michigan State began using the computer program，產(chǎn)生的積極的結(jié)果是 not only received useful information from its partners. It has also shared helpful information of its own. 注意到設(shè)問的主語Michigan St

26、ate，故而正確的答案只能是has helped students successfully with the computer program。4指代題 標(biāo)志：在題干中明確指出原文中某處的指代詞，要求辨別其指代關(guān)系。?？嫉闹复~有：it，that ，this，one，these，those 等。 例4There are also rules which deal with the standard of services you get from ,say ,travel agents ,shoe repairers ,hairdressers and builders. These tel

27、l you what you should expect from any service you pay for. 64The underlined word “these” in Paragraph 2 refers to “_”. Athe services Bthe workers Cthe goods Dthe rules 【解析】首先返回原文定位該指代詞，并且 90向上、10向下搜索其指代的詞、詞組或句子。然后在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中找出與所找到的詞、詞組或句子意思接近的一個(gè)作為答案。在本題中，我們可以看到原文中 these 之前的名詞有rules, services, travel agen

28、ts, shoe repairers, hairdressers, builders等名詞，根據(jù) These tell you what you should expect from any service you pay for.(這些使你明白你所得到的付費(fèi)服務(wù)應(yīng)該達(dá)到怎樣的水平)的意思，可以知道正確的答案是 D. the rules(制度) 。因?yàn)橹挥兄贫炔拍芗s束服務(wù)行為，使服務(wù)行為得到保障。 5推理題 標(biāo)志：推理題一般含有關(guān)鍵詞 infer，imply 等。 例5Under a Canadian government program for multiculturalism, the t

29、hree students have received two thousand dollars with which they will do a study to find out whether Torontos immigrant businessmen would support an open-air market. They hope the merchants will support the plan strongly. “A study done earlier this year showed that 90 percent of shoppers would be in

30、 favor of it,” Salvatori said. “At first it would be an experiment. But we think it will prove to be good business for the merchants, as well as tourist attraction.”64It can be inferred from the text that the Canadian government supports _.A. the protection of different culturesB. the plan of an ope

31、n-air marketC. the request of merchantsD. the attitude of shoppers 【解析】推理題干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)為只是原文的簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)述,而非推斷出來的結(jié)論,把直接表達(dá)當(dāng)作間接推理；或者看似從原文推斷出來的結(jié)論,然而實(shí)際上與原文不符,如因果倒手段變目的等，【這是命題人慣用的伎倆！】本題中的B. the plan of an open-air market C. the request of merchants D. the attitude of shoppers 就是根據(jù)這些原理設(shè)計(jì)出來的。做題時(shí)可以尋找四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中三錯(cuò)一對(duì)的關(guān)系。 如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有

32、兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的選項(xiàng)都是成立的推理步驟，那么與原文意思接近、所用推理少的選項(xiàng)即是正確答案。本題中找出正確答案的關(guān)鍵是讀懂Under a Canadian government program for multiculturalism，the three students have received two thousand dollars（從加拿大政府一個(gè)多元文化項(xiàng)目中，三個(gè)學(xué)生獲取了 2000 美圓的基金）,這個(gè)句子，試想想，如果加拿大政府不支持對(duì)不同文化的保護(hù)，能設(shè)多元文化保護(hù)項(xiàng)目嗎？能撥出 2000 美金給學(xué)生們從事多元文化的研究嗎？所以，答案 A. the protection of

33、different cultures（對(duì)多元文化的保護(hù)）自然就是正確答案了。 6態(tài)度題 標(biāo)志：考查態(tài)度題中的題干一般都含有according to the writer，attitude，believe ，consider，regard 等詞和短語。 例 6When someone has deeply hurt you, it can be extremely difficult to let go of your anger. But forgiveness is possible - and it can be surprisingly helpful to your physical

34、and mental health. Indeed, research has shown that people who forgive report more energy, better appetite (胃口) and better sleep patterns. People who forgive show less anger and more hopefulness, says Dr. Frederic Luskin, who wrote the book Forgive for Good. So it can help save on the wear and tear o

35、n .Our system allow people to feel more energetic. 66. According to the writer, what is the right way to calm down after being hurt?A. Try to figure out why you get hurt. B. Write a letter to the person who hurt you. C. Persuade yourself to accept what others have done to you.D. Think about pleasant

36、 things and forget about the hurt. 【解析】作者態(tài)度只分為三大類：支持、贊同、樂觀；客觀、中立；反對(duì)、批評(píng)、懷疑、悲觀；除此之外，沒有其他的作者態(tài)度。 識(shí)別作者態(tài)度有以下方法：找文中帶有感情色彩的名次、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞；根據(jù)作者舉的例子判斷等。在涉及本題的文段中，反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的此是 forgive和 forgiveness(寬容)，因此，不難判斷，作者對(duì)于受到傷害后解脫的態(tài)度是D. Think about pleasant things and forget about the hurt.（多去想想愉快的事情，忘掉別人對(duì)你的傷害）。 7判斷題 標(biāo) 志 ：Whic

37、h of the following statement is not ture/correct/mentioned? All of the following statements are ture /correct/mentioned except? 例7The sandhills still breathed heat from yesterday s sun, though the top of the sand was cool. He ran down to the beach impatiently, but there was no one, just dry sand dan

38、cing in the early wind and seabirds marching up and down watching the waves.The light changed suddenly. The first rays of sunlight stretched (延伸) across the sea. The sun was pushing its way over the edge of the world.Over the first rocks, along to the point. Tim glanced back. The beach was still emp

39、ty. The sun sailed higher in the sky.He could see the cave now, even darker in the morning light. The sand turned silver than dark gold as the water flowed away from it. He had to force himself to go closer. Why was it so much more mysterious (神秘的) now? But it would be silly to go back now after so

40、much trouble. He neednt go in all the way. 46. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the story? A. The sea looked like a piece of gold. B. Seabirds flew away when Tim arrived. C. Tim was the only person on the beach. D. The sky got dark as Tim reached the cave. 【解析】做這樣的題首先應(yīng)判斷是三錯(cuò)一對(duì)還是

41、三對(duì)一錯(cuò)，所謂“對(duì)”是指符合原文，所謂“錯(cuò)”是指和原文有矛盾，或原文未提及；接著每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)都應(yīng)力爭(zhēng)返回原文，不能通過印象進(jìn)行判斷。在本題的四個(gè)答案中，A. The sea looked like a piece of gold.（大?？雌饋硐笠粔K金字），文中沒有提及，文中涉及金子（gold）的句子是 The sand turned silver than dark gold as the water flowed away from it.（海水退去之后，沙灘的顏色變得比黑金更暗），如果不仔細(xì)閱讀推敲，考生很容易憑印象誤選這個(gè)答案。答案 B. Seabirds flew away when T

42、im arrived.（迪姆到達(dá)時(shí)，海鳥都飛走了）與原文中的 seabirds were marching up and down watching the waves.(海鳥上下飛翔，俯瞰海浪)相矛盾。答案 D. The sky got dark as Tim reached the cave.（當(dāng)?shù)夏返竭_(dá)洞穴時(shí)，天色暗下來了）與 The sun sailed higher in the sky.（太陽已經(jīng)高高地升上了天空）相矛盾。原文中的 but there was no one（一個(gè)人都沒有）, The beach was still empty（海灘上仍然不見人蹤）倒是和答案 C. T

43、im was the only person on the beach.互相印證，所以正確答案可以判定為 C. 8主旨題 標(biāo)志：best title; main idea; main problem; conclusion; conclude等。 例 8（2018 年寶山區(qū)二模閱讀 A 篇第 59 題）I believe in getting lost. Lost in the text of the novel that is particular to your thoughts and feelings that you consider special. The song that r

44、eminds you of your childhood summers, where you close your eyes and lose yourself reliving a memory; feeling the warm wind brushing against your arm, the smell of the dusty sand that you stir up as you ride your bicycle, murmuring the tune of that song. Like the unprepared Sunday Drive, with no dest

45、ination. Youre free to wander, take paths that youve never noticed, discover places you havent been. Then falling off on the path to lead you back home, leaving you to test directions and alertly absorb your surroundings in order to find your way back; that kind of lost.I get lost daily; whether its

46、 in thought, or the unplanned drive I just decided to go on. Gettinglost is an adventurous learning experience that trains you how to be more aware of your surroundings. A few of my most favorite memories involve physically getting lost. That one late night trip back to Ludington from Grand Rapids I

47、 took with a few friends. We finally realized we were going the wrong way when we hit South Haven, almost three hours out of our way. There was also the time where I got lost in the DeVos Place in Grand Rapids after the Presidents Ball and then the parking garage for a solid two hours. I felt like m

48、y life was that one scene of an American television situation comedy, minus the air conditioner. At the time, these are nervous experiences that get your anxiety pumping. Youre fearful that you wont be safe, but it always works itself out in the end. Physically losing yourself prepares you for how y

49、ou manage when you emotionally or mentally lose yourself.You dont always have to be lost in a literal sense to “get lost” and some of the time, losing yourself may not be a positive experience. There are times where I lose sight of who I am. While lost, I test out metaphorical paths and sometimes th

50、ey turn out to be the right direction and other times they were a wrong turn. I make note of these wrong turns, so I can avoid them further on up the road of finding my way back to who I am.In Walden, Henry David Thoreau wrote “Not till we are lost, in other words not till we have lost the world, do

51、 we begin to find ourselves, and realize where we are and the infinite extent of our relations.” Getting lost fuels my curiosity and teaches me lessons on finding my way back to the right track. I believe in getting lost through day dreams, a misplacement, adventures, and difficult times where you m

52、ake discoveries about yourself and the atmosphere around you. In order to truly find yourself, I believe that you should put down the map and get wonderfully lost.59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. I Once Was Lost B. Wonderfully LostC. Physically Getting Lost D. Men

53、tally Getting Lost【解析】要利用宏觀閱讀技巧（scan skip ）做主旨題，既要特別小心首段、末段陷阱，又要重視段首、末段提供的重要信息。具體操作的時(shí)候，要注意依據(jù)選項(xiàng)、快速與原文核對(duì)。在本文中，第一段就開宗明義地點(diǎn)明了文章的主題，亮明了作者的態(tài)度：I believe in getting lost；同時(shí)注意 believe 的感情色彩；此后注意每一段的句首，作者多次講到 be/get lost; 末段引用梭羅瓦爾登湖中的名句：Not till we are lost, in other words not till we have lost the world, do w

54、e begin to find ourselves, and realize where we are and the infinite extent of our relations.” 所以很容易鎖定正確答案是 B；A 是第二段的中心句，作者通過自身經(jīng)歷，說明 get lost 是一種冒險(xiǎn)的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷，可以教會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)周身環(huán)境，進(jìn)而舉了一例 A few of my most favorite memories involve physically getting lost.文章這里首次出現(xiàn)了 physically getting lost，亦不可作為全篇主旨句；D 選項(xiàng)文中并沒有對(duì)應(yīng)支撐信息，可

55、輕易排除。 例 9（2018 年寶山區(qū)二模閱讀 B 篇第 60 題）Two in three Americans shower once a day or more, according to a YouGov poll.Heres why you might be better off showering less frequently (and here are other ways HYPERLINK /health/beauty/showering-mistakes t _blank you might be showering wrong Daily showers are best

56、 for people with physically demandingjobs, those who live in hot, damp climates. But if you dont sweat that often, you could probably go two to three days without stepping into the shower, skin doctor Monika G. Kiripolsky, MD, told HYPERLINK /health/how-often-should-you-shower t _blank Mens Health.

57、Use these HYPERLINK /health/beauty/morning-hacks-no-shower/1/ quick morning hacks to freshen up without showering. Drying off with a towel can further make your delicate birthdaysuit become worse. Its best to air dry, according to HowStuffW, but if that takes too long or you dont like leaving wet fo

58、ot prints all over the house, use a soft towel and gently pat your skin dry instead of vigorously rubbing it. Check out these other HYPERLINK /health/beauty/showering-mistakes/1/ mistakes everyone makes in the shower. If the thought of showering every other day or a few times a week makes your skin

59、crawl, consider a mini cleaning. Rub your chest, armpits, and outer sex organs with a washcloth and a mild cleaner,Mens Healthadvises. Right now, your skin is teeming with good bacteria, but showering launches these microbes into the air. Theyll repopulate, but theres no good reason to get rid of th

60、em on a daily basis, according to this HYPERLINK /publichealth/2015/01/19/shower/ t _blank blog post on PLOS.org. Find out what the HYPERLINK /health/wellness/healthiest-temperature-shower/ healthiest temperature for your showeris. Showers are typically the third largest water consumer in the averag