經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理(西方經(jīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué))期末考試題庫(kù)

1、MankiwEssentialsofEconomicsTestBankPoints1.Multiple ChoiceEconomicsdealsprimarilywiththeconceptof()scarcity.poverty.change.power.WhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedinthedecisionsthateverysocietymustmake?()whatgoodswillbeproducedwhowillproducegoodswhatdeterminesconsumerpreferences!費(fèi)者的偏好whowillconsumethe

2、goodsArationaldecisionmakertakesanactiononlyifthe()marginalbenefitislessthanthemarginalcost.marginalbenefitisgreaterthanthemarginalcost.averagebenefitisgreaterthantheaveragecost.marginalbenefitisgreaterthanboththeaveragecostandthemarginalcost.MacroeconomicsisthestudyofOindividualdecisionmakers.econo

3、michistory.economy-widephenomena.howfirmsmaximizeprofitAmicroeconomistmightstudyeachofthefollowingEXCEPT()theeffectsofrentcontrolonhousinginNewYorkCity.howacollegestudentmakesfinancialdecisions.howtariffsonshoesaffectstheshoeindustry.theeffectontheeconomywhenunemploymentrateschange.Thetermmarketfail

4、urerefersto()asituationinwhichthemarketonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently.anunsuccessfuladvertisingcampaignwhichreducesbuyerdemand.asituationinwhichpetitionamongfirmsbeesruthless.afirmwhichisforcedoutofbusinessbecauseoflosses.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofanormative!主觀statement?。Ifthepric

5、eofaproductdecreases,quantitydemandedincreases.Reducingtaxratesonthewealthywouldbegoodforthecountry.Ifthenationalsavingrateweretoincrease,sowouldtherateofeconomicgrowth.Alloftheabovearecorrect.Foreachgoodproducedinamarketeconomy,demandandsupplydetermine()thepriceofthegood,butnotthequantity.thequanti

6、tyofthegood,butnottheprice.bothpriceandquantity.neitherpricenorquantityisdeterminedbydemandandsupply,becausepricesareultimatelysetbyproducers.Ahigherpriceforbatteries電7wwouldtendto0increasethedemandforflashlights.increasethedemandforelectricity.decreasethedemandforelectricity.increasethedemandforbat

7、teriesTwogoodsareplementsifadecreaseinthepriceofonegood()increasesthequantitydemandedoftheothergood.reducesthedemandfortheothergood.reducesthequantitydemandedoftheothergood.raisesthedemandfortheothergood.Ifashortageexistsinamarketweknowthattheactualpriceis()belowequilibriumpriceandquantitydemandedis

8、greaterthanquantitysupplied.aboveequilibriumpriceandquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied.aboveequilibriumpriceandquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded.belowequilibriumpriceandquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded.Whenthegovernmentpreventspricesfromadjustingnaturallytosupplya

9、nddemand()itstabilizestheeconomybyreducingmarketuncertainties.itadverselyaffectstheallocationofresourc蕨響了資源的分配c)theimprovementinequityjustifiesthereductioninefficiency.d)theimprovementinefficiencyjustifiesthereductioninequity.Knowingthatthedemandforwheatisinelastic,ifallfarmvoluntarilyplowedunder10p

10、ercentoftheirwheatcrop,then()a)consumersofwheatwouldbuymorewheat.wheatfarmerswouldsufferareductionintheirrevenue.wheatfarmerswouldincreasetheirrevenue.thedemandforwheatwoulddecrease.Supposethatasteelfactoryemitsacertainamountofairpollution,whichconstitutesanegativeexternality.Thesocialcostofproducin

11、gthesteelincludesthe()privatecostsofthesteelproducersandthepriceconsumerspayforthesteel.privatecostsofthesteelproducersandthecoststothebystandersaffectedbythepollution.coststothebystanderseffectedbythepollutiononly.priceconsumerspayforthesteel.TheTragedyofmonscanbecorrectedby()a)providingmoreofthere

12、sourceforpublicuse.assigningpropertyrightstoindividuals.公地悲居U可以通過(guò)產(chǎn)權(quán)私人化來(lái)解決providinggovernmentsubsidiesfortheresource.makingcertaineveryoneintheeconomyhasaccesstotheresourceWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?()Inthepresenceofamarketfailure,governmentactionmightnotimproveonthemarketoutebecausesometimespublic

13、policiessimplyrewardthepoliticallypowerful.Inthepresenceofamarketfailure,governmentactionmightnotimproveonthemarketoutebecausesomeleadersarenotfullyinformedabouttheeffectsoftheiractions.Inthepresenceofamarketfailure,governmentactioncansometimesimproveonthemarketoute.Inthepresenceofamarketfailure,gov

14、ernmentactionwillalwaysimproveonthemarketoute.Ifaneconomyisproducingefficiently。thereisnowaytoproducemoreofonegoodwithoutproducinglessoftheother.itispossibletoproducemoreofbothgoods.itispossibletoproducemoreofonegoodwithoutproducinglessoftheother.itisnotpossibletoproducemoreofonegoodatanycost.Theopp

15、ortunitycostofobtainingmoreofonegoodisshownontheproductionpossibilitiesfrontierasthe()amountoftheothergoodthatmustbegivenu其他商品的數(shù)量需要放棄marketpriceoftheadditionalamountproduced.amountofresourcesthatmustbedevotedtoitsproduction.dnumberofdollarsthatmustbespenttoproduceit.Whenafirmisoperatingatanefficient

16、scale()averagevariablecostisminimized.averagefixedcostisminimized.averagetotalcostisminimized.Noneoftheabovearecorrect.Accordingfigure1,ontheproductionpossibilitiesfrontiershown,theopportunitycosttotheeconomyofgetting30additionaltoothbrushesbymovingfrompointAtopointDis()a)10toasters.15toasters.20toa

17、sters.25toasters.Whenaprof讓s-maximizingfirminaperfectlypetitivemarkethaszeroeconomicprofit,accountingprofit()isnegative(accountinglosses).ispositive.isalsozero.couldbepositive,negativeorzeroInthefigure2shown,themovementfrompointAtopointBisa()shiftofthecurve.changeinpreferences.movementalongthecurves

18、為是價(jià)格的變動(dòng)，所以沿著曲線Alloftheabovearecorrect.Inthefigure3shown,themovementfrompointBtopointCisa()a)shiftofthecurve.changeinprice.movementalongthecurve.changeincoststothefirm.Twogoodsaresubstitutesifadecreaseinthepriceofonegood()a)increasesthedemandfortheothergood.reducesthedemandfortheothergood.reducestheq

19、uantitydemandedoftheothergood.increasesthequantitydemandedoftheothergood.Twogoodsareplementsifadecreaseinthepriceofonegood()increasesthequantitydemandedoftheothergood.reducesthedemandfortheothergood.reducesthequantitydemandedoftheothergood.raisesthedemandfortheothergood.Ifadecreaseinineincreasesthed

20、emandforagood,thenthegoodis()a)asubstitutegood.aplementgood.anormalgood.aninferiorgood.|Onthefirgue3,themovementfromDtoD1iscalledanincreaseindemand.adecreaseindemand.adecreaseinquantitydemanded.anincreaseinquantitydemanded.Whichofthefollowingwilldefinitelycauseequilibriumquantitytofall?()demandincre

21、asesandsupplydecreasesdemandandsupplybothdecreasedemanddecreasesandsupplyincreasesdemandandsupplybothincreaseIfthedemandforaproductincreases,wewouldexpectequilibriumpHce()a)toincreaseandequilibriumquantitytodecrease.todecreaseandequilibriumquantitytoincrease.andequilibriumquantitytobothincrease.ande

22、quilibriumquantitytobothdecrease.Newcarsarenormalgoods.Whatwillhappentotheequilibriumpriceofnewcarsifthepriceofgasolinerises,thepriceofsteelfalls,publictransportationbeescheaperandmorefortable,auto-workersacceptlowerwagesandautomobileinsurancebeesmoreexpensive?。Pricewillrise.Pricewillfall.Pricewills

23、tayexactlythesame.Thepricechangewillbeambiguous.Whatwillhappentotheequilibriumpriceofnewtextbooksifmorestudentsattendcollege,paperbeescheaper,textbookauthorsacceptlowerroyaltiesandfewerusedtextbooksaresold?()Pricewillrise.Pricewillfall.Pricewillstayexactlythesame.Thepricechangewillbeambiguous.Ifthep

24、riceelasticityofdemandforagoodis4.0,thena10percentincreasenpricewouldresultina()4.0percentdecreaseinthequantitydemanded.10percentdecreaseinthequantitydemanded.40percentdecreaseinthequantitydemanded.400percentdecreaseinthequantitydemanded.Accordingtothefirgue4,whenpricefallsfrompoint$40to$30weknowtha

25、tdemandmustbe()elastic,sincetotalrevenueincreasesfrom$8000to$9000.inelastic,sincetotalrevenueincreasesfrom$8000to$9000.inelastic,sincetotalrevenuedecreasesfrom$9000to$8000.unitelastic,sincetotalrevenuedecreasesfrom$9000to$8000.Figure434)Thecross-priceelasticityofdemandcantelluswhethergoodsare()a)nor

26、malorinferior.b)elasticorinelastic.c)luxuriesornecessities.d)plementsorsubstitutes.35)Ifwheatfarmersknowthatthedemandforwheatisinelastic,andtheywanttoincreasetheirtotalrevenue,theyshouldall()a)plantmorewheatsothattheywouldbeabletosellmoreeachyear.increasespendingonfertilizerinanattempttoproducemoreo

27、ntheacrestheyfarm.reducethenumberofacrestheyplantinwheat.usebettermachinery.OPECsuccessfullyraisedtheworldpriceofoilinthe1970sandearly1980sprimarilydueto()aninelasticdemandforoilandareductionintheamountofoilsupplied.areductionintheamountofoilsuppliedandaworld-wideoilembargo.aworld-wideoilembargoanda

28、nelasticdemandforoil.areductionintheamountofoilsuppliedandanelasticdemandforoil.Apriceceiling()isalegalmaximumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold.isalegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold.occurswhenthepriceinthemarketistemporarilyaboveequilibrium.willusuallyresultinamarketsurplus.Apricefloor()isale

29、gal合法的minimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold.isalegalmaximumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold.willgenerallyresultinamarketshortage.willbenefittheconsumer,buthurtthesupplier.Abindingpriceceilingcauses()ashortage,whichcannotbeeliminated消除throughmarketadjustment.asurplus,whichcannotbeeliminatedthroughmar

30、ketadjustment.ashortage,whichistemporary,sincemarketadjustmentwillcausepricetorise.asurplus,whichistemporary,sincemarketadjustmentwillcausepricetorise.Inthefigure5shown,abindingpriceceilingisshownin()panel(a).panel(b).bothpanel(a)andpanel(b).neitherpanel(a)norpanel(b).PriceFigure5Accordingtothefigur

31、e6shown,theequilibriumpriceinthemarketbeforethetaxisimposedis()$1.00.$3.50.$5.00.$6.00.Figure642)Ifataxisimposedonamarketwithinelasticdemandandelasticsupply()a)buyerswillbearmostoftheburdenofthetax.b)sellerswillbearmostoftheburdenofthetax.c)theburdenofthetaxwillbesharedequallybetweenbuyersandsellers

32、.d)itisimpossibletodeterminehowtheburdenofthetaxwillbeshared.43)Ifataxisimposedonamarketwithelasticdemandandinelasticsupply(a)buyerswillbearmostoftheburdenofthetax.b)sellerswillbearmostoftheburdenofthetax.c)theburdenofthetaxwillbesharedequallybetweenbuyersandsellers.d)itisimpossibletodeterminehowthe

33、burdenofthetaxwillbeshared.Supposethatataxisplacedonbooks.Ifthebuyerpaysthemajorityofthetaxweknowthatthe()a)supplycurveismoreinelasticthanthedemandcurve.b)ernmenthasplacedthetaxonthebuyer.Cameronvisitsasportinggoods

34、storetobuyanewsetofgolfclubs.Heiswillingtopay$750fortheclubs,butbuysthemonsalefor$575.Cameronsconsumersurplusfromthepurchaseis()a)$175.b)$575.c)$750.d)$1,325.Accordingtothefigure7shown,whatarearepresentstotalsurplusinthemarketwhenthepriceisP1?()a)A+Bb)B+Cc)C+Dd)A+B+C+DAprofits-maximizingfirmwillshut

35、downintheshortrunwhen()a)priceaveragevariablecost.priceaveragefixedcostfigure8Accordingtothefigure8,thelossintotalwelfareresultingfromthelevyingofthetaxisrepresentedbyarea()A+B+C.D+E+F.A+B+D+F.C+E.Taxescausedeadweightlossesbecause)theytransferpurchasingpowertothegovernmentwhichalwayswastesmoney.they

36、preventbuyersandsellersfromrealizingsomeofthegainsfromtrade.marginalbuyersandsellersleavethemarketcausingthequantitysoldtofall.Bothbandcarecorrect.TheLaffercurveindicateseachofthefollowingEXCEPTinetaxcollectionswillbe()拉佛曲線是一條拋物線verylowifinetaxratesareverylow.verylowifinetaxratesareveryhigh.atamaxim

37、umifinetaxratesareatsomeintermediatelevelbetweenverylowandveryhigh.veryhighifinetaxratesareveryhigh.Theimpactofonepersonsactionsonthewell-beingofabystanderiscalled(D)aneconomicdilemma.deadweightloss.thethird-partyproblem.anexternality.52)Whichofthefollowingstatementsismostcorrectaboutamarketwhich卜ch

38、aracterizedbyanegativeproductionexternality?()P166Theequilibriumquantityofoutputisequaltothesociallyoptimalquantity.Theequilibriumquantityofoutputisgreaterthanthesociallyoptimalquantity負(fù)外部性的明顯特征，市場(chǎng)生產(chǎn)的數(shù)量大于社會(huì)合意的數(shù)量，而正外部性是小于，所以才會(huì)有矯正稅和補(bǔ)貼。Governmentinterventionisnotrequiredtoachieveasociallyoptimalquantit

39、yofoutput.Thecosttotheproducerexceedsthecosttosociety.Whichofthefollowingistrueconcerninggovernmentattemptstointernalizeexternalities?()Governmentshouldtaxgoodswithnegativeexternalitiesandsubsidizegoodswithpositiveexternalities.Governmentshouldtaxgoodswitheitherpositiveornegativeexternalities.Govern

40、mentshouldsubsidizegoodswitheitherpositiveornegativeexternalities.Governmentshouldtaxgoodswithpositiveexternalitiesandsubsidizegoodswithnegativeexternalities.TheCoasetheoremsuggeststhatprivatemarketsmaynotbeabletosolvetheproblemofexternalities()whenthenumberofinterestedpartiesislargeandbargainingcos

41、tsarehigh.ifgovernmentdoesnotactivelybeeinvolvedintheprocess.ifthefirminthemarketisamonopoly.ifsomepeoplebenefitfromtheexternality.nsomecases,pollutionpermitsmaybebetterthanaPigoviantaxbecause(D)pollutionpermitsallowforamarketsolutionwhileaPigoviantaxdoesnot.pollutionpermitsgeneratemorerevenueforthe

42、governmentthanaPigoviantax.PollutionpermitsareneverpreferredoveraPigoviantax.thegovernmentcansetamaximumlevelofpollutionusingpermits.Ifonepersonsuseofagooddiminishesanotherpersonsenjoymentofit,thegoodis()a)rival.excludable.normal.exhaustible.Agoodisexcludableif()onepersonsuseofthegooddiminishesanoth

43、erpersonsenjoymentofit.thegovernmentcanregulateitsavailability.itisnotanormalgood.peoplecanbepreventedfromusingit.Accordingtoexperience,themosteffectivesolutiontohighwaycongestionisto()buildmoreroads.setapriceforaccesstoroads,whichispaidbythosewhousethem.discourageurbansprawlbysubsidizingurbanapartm

44、entrents.Alloftheabovearecorrect.Themarginalcostcurvecrossestheaveragetotalcostcurveat(a)theefficientscale.theminimumpointontheaveragetotalcostcurve.apointwherethemarginalcostcurveisrising.Alloftheabovearecorrect.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcostsiscorrect?()Whenmarginalcostislessthanaveragetot

45、alcost,averagetotalcostisrising.ThetotalcostcurveisU-shaped.Asthequantityofoutputincreases,marginalcosteventuallyrises.Alloftheabovearecorrect.!期中分界Accordingtofigure9,Thisfirmexperiencesdiseconomiesofscaleatwhatoutputlevels?()outputlevelsaboveNoutputlevelsbetweenMandNoutputlevelsbelowMAlloftheabovea

46、recorrect,ifthefirmisoperatinginthelongrun.IptfQ.Useyouranswertopart(b)tosolvefortaxrevenueasafunctionofT.GraphthisrelationshipforTbetween0and300.Thedeadweightlossofataxistheareaofthetrianglebetweenthesupplyanddemandcurves.Recallingthattheareaofatriangleis1/2baseheight,solvefordeadweightlossasafunct

47、ionofT.GraphthisrelationshipforTbetween0and300.(Hint:Lookingsideways,thebaseofthedeadweightlosstriangleisT,andtheheightisthedifferencebetweenthequantitysoldwiththetaxandthequantitysoldwithoutthetax.)Thegovernmentnowleviesataxonthisgoodof$200perunit.Isthisagoodpolicy?Whyorwhynot?Canyouproposeabetterp

48、olicy?13.假設(shè)以下供給和需求方程描述了一個(gè)市場(chǎng)：QS=2PQD=300PA.求解均衡價(jià)格和均衡數(shù)量。答：均衡價(jià)格=100,均衡數(shù)量=200。B.假設(shè)對(duì)買者征收稅收T,因此，新的需求方程式是：QD=300P+T求解新的均衡。賣者得到的價(jià)格，買者支付的價(jià)格和銷售量會(huì)發(fā)生什么變動(dòng)？答：如果對(duì)買者征稅，賣者得到的價(jià)格=100-T/3,買者支付的價(jià)格=100+2T73,銷售量=2002T/3。C.稅收收入是TQ。用你對(duì)(B)的答復(fù)求解作為T的函數(shù)的稅收收入。畫出了在零至300之間這種關(guān)系的圖形。答：稅收收入=TX2002T/3)=200T-2T2/3圖86作為T函數(shù)的稅收收入D.稅收的無(wú)謂損失是

49、供給和需求曲線之間三角形的面積。求解作為了函數(shù)的無(wú)謂損失。畫出了為0到3之間這種關(guān)系的圖形圖87作為T函數(shù)的無(wú)謂損失無(wú)謂損失=200200+2T/3k/2=T2/3E.現(xiàn)在政府對(duì)這種物品每單位征收200美元的稅。這是一種好政策嗎？為什么？你能提出更好的政策嗎？答：對(duì)這種物品每單位征收200美元的稅不是一種好政策。每單位稅收為150美元時(shí)，政府稅收收入最高，再提高稅收反而會(huì)減少稅收收入。我建議每單位征收150美元的稅。TherearethreeindustrialfirmsinHappyValley.Thegovernmentwantstoreducepollutionto120units,so

50、itgiveseachfirm40tradablepollutionpermits.FirmInitialroLLLTTKJMLevelCostofReckingFollutidnby1UnitA70units儂B8025C10Whosellspermitsandhowmanydotheysell?Whobuyspermitsandhowmanydotheybuy?Brieflyexplainwhythesellersandbuyersareeachwillingtodoso.Whatisthetotalcostofpollutionreductioninthissituation?Howmu

51、chhigherwouldthecostsofpollutionreductionbeifthepermitscouldnotbetraded?A.誰(shuí)出賣許可證？出賣多少？誰(shuí)購(gòu)置許可證，購(gòu)置多少？簡(jiǎn)單解釋為什么實(shí)者與買者要這樣做。在這種情況下減少污染的總本錢是多少？答：減少單位污染本錢最小的廠家將出售自己的許可證，在此題中應(yīng)該是C企業(yè)出售許可證。減少污染本錢比C企業(yè)高的企業(yè)將購(gòu)置許可證，此題中應(yīng)該是A、B企業(yè)。A、B、C三家都只得到40單位污染的許可，這就意味著A、B、C企業(yè)必須減少的污染量分別是：30、40、10單位。與此相對(duì)應(yīng)的本錢是：A:3020=600美元B:4025=1000美元C:

52、10X0=100美元(1)C可以將自己的許可證以每污染單位1020美元之間的價(jià)格出售給A30單位，C最多可得到600美元。剩下的10個(gè)污染單位，C可以以每單位1025美元的價(jià)格出售給B,C最多可得250美元。在這種交易方法下，C最多可得600+250=850美元。(2)C也可以將40個(gè)單位的污染量全部以10-25美元的價(jià)格出售給B,C最多可得4025=1000美元。這樣做的收益大于方案(1)中的收益，所以C會(huì)實(shí)施本方案，向B出售40個(gè)單位的污染許可證。最后，A排放40單位污染，B排放80單位，C不排放污染。在這種情況下，減少污染的總本錢是3020+50M0=1100美元。B如果許可證不能交易，

53、減少污染的本錢會(huì)高多少?答：如果許可證不能交易，減少污染的本錢是3020+4025+10X0=1700美元，比A題中可交易時(shí)高出600美元(17001100=600)。Thinkaboutthegoodsandservicesprovidedbyyourlocalgovernment.UsingtheclassificationinFigure6,explainwhatcategoryeachofthefollowinggoodsfallsinto:_policeprotection_snowplowing_education_ruralroads_citystreetsWhydoyouthi

54、nkthegovernmentprovidesitemsthatarenotpublicgoods?Figure6YesExcludable?NoPrivate GoodsIcecream conesClottiingCongested toll roadsNatural MonopoliesAre protectionCable TVUncongested toll roadsCommon Resources, Fish in the oceanTTie environmentCongested nontoll roadsPublic GoodsNational defenseKnowled

55、geUncongested nontoll roadsRival? YesNo11-1中的分類解釋以下每種物品屬于哪個(gè)疇:A.用（教材）圖。警察保護(hù)。鏟雪。教育。鄉(xiāng)間道路。城市街道答：。警察保護(hù)屬于自然壟斷，因?yàn)樗信潘詤s無(wú)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性。鏟雪屬于自然壟斷，因?yàn)樗信潘詤s無(wú)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性。教育，尤其是義務(wù)教育屬于共有資源，因?yàn)樗鼰o(wú)排他性卻有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性。鄉(xiāng)間道路屬于公共物品，因?yàn)樗礋o(wú)排他性又無(wú)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性。城市道路屬于共有資源，因?yàn)樗鼰o(wú)排他性卻有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性。B.為什么你認(rèn)為政府提供了不是公共物品的東西？答：即使政府提供的物品和勞務(wù)不收費(fèi)，也不能防止該種物品或勞務(wù)有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性。例如城市道路，它一般是擁擠的，人們使用它不收費(fèi)，

56、但多一個(gè)人行走，就會(huì)使他人覺(jué)得更擁擠。無(wú)排他性卻有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的物品是共有資源，不是公共物品。而且，政府提供的某些物品或勞務(wù)可以不通過(guò)收費(fèi)產(chǎn)生排他性。如警察保護(hù)，只要警察對(duì)某個(gè)犯罪行為袖手旁觀，就會(huì)使被害人不能享受這種勞務(wù)。這種有排他性卻無(wú)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的物品不是公共物品，而是自然壟斷。9Asmalltownisservedbymanypetingsupermarkets,whichhaveconstantmarginalcost.Usingadiagramofthemarketforgroceries,showtheconsumersurplus,producersurplus,andtotalsurpl

57、us.Nowsupposethattheindependentsupermarketsbineintoonechain.Usinganewdiagram,showthenewconsumersurplus,producersurplus,andtotalsurplus.Relativetothepetitivemarket,whatisthetransferfromconsumerstoproducers?Whatisthedeadweightloss?一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)有許多相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的超市，它們有不變的邊際本錢。A.用日用品市場(chǎng)圖形說(shuō)明消費(fèi)者剩余、生產(chǎn)者剩余和總剩余。在該市場(chǎng)上由于邊際本錢不變，所以只

58、有消費(fèi)者剩余，生產(chǎn)者剩余為零，總剩余等于消費(fèi)者剩余。市場(chǎng)上的價(jià)格由需求曲線和邊際本錢曲線的交點(diǎn)決定。B.現(xiàn)在假設(shè)，獨(dú)立的超市聯(lián)合為一個(gè)連鎖店，用新圖形說(shuō)明新消費(fèi)者剩余、生產(chǎn)者剩余和總剩余。相對(duì)于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)而言，從消費(fèi)者轉(zhuǎn)移給生產(chǎn)者的是什么？什么是無(wú)謂損失？答：價(jià)格圖157存在壟斷的日用品市場(chǎng)獨(dú)立的超市聯(lián)合成一個(gè)連鎖店，在市場(chǎng)上形成壟斷，壟斷者的價(jià)格是它的邊際收益和邊際本錢曲線的交點(diǎn)決定的。價(jià)格高于自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)的價(jià)格，產(chǎn)量低于自由市場(chǎng)上的數(shù)量，社會(huì)總剩余減少，因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)生了無(wú)謂損失。相對(duì)于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)而言，消費(fèi)者轉(zhuǎn)移給生產(chǎn)者的是利潤(rùn)。因?yàn)閴艛鄡r(jià)格高于壟斷者的邊際本錢。無(wú)謂損失是因?yàn)榫植肯M(fèi)者對(duì)該物品的評(píng)價(jià)

59、雖然高于其邊際本錢，卻低于其壟斷價(jià)格，這局部消費(fèi)者最終不會(huì)購(gòu)置該物品。壟斷定價(jià)使一些對(duì)雙方有益的交易無(wú)法進(jìn)展，產(chǎn)生無(wú)謂損失。Supposethereare1,000hotpretzelstandsoperatinginNewYorkCity.EachstandhastheusualU-shapedaverage-total-costcurve.Themarketdemandcurveforpretzelsslopesdownward,andthemarketforpretzelsisinlong-runpetitiveequilibrium.Drawthecurrentequilibrium,

60、usinggraphsfortheentiremarketandforanindividualpretzelstand.Nowthecitydecidestorestrictthenumberofpretzel-standlicenses,reducingthenumberofstandstoonly800.Whateffectwillthisactionhaveonthemarketandonanindividualstandthatisstilloperating?Usegraphsto川ustrateyouranswer.Supposethatthecitydecidestocharge