解題方法之首字母

1、他做短裙1 停電的使恨力在精國中利怖詞義3-力合運(yùn)用 像力首字母專題解析一、首字母填空題考查什么F泉砒知在（的聾握弄適用二、解題技巧第一招：判斷詞性埴空之通關(guān)秘籍語言邃精常識(shí)前后時(shí)應(yīng)解度，并列德折遞進(jìn)*謂港-動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞豐語-翎司.代詞賓語-名詞、代詞狀語副詞定港-形容同第一招：判斷詞性通過句法分析弄清楚要填的詞是在句中充當(dāng)主語、謂語還是賓語等。如果是主語或賓語，要填的應(yīng)當(dāng)是名詞或代詞；如果是謂語，要填的就應(yīng)是動(dòng)詞；如果是在名詞前作定語或者在系動(dòng)詞后作表語，要填的應(yīng)當(dāng)是形容詞；如像Webusy.Hefine.之類的句子，busy,fine都是形容詞，也就是說句中還無動(dòng)詞，這一定是填系動(dòng)詞be,

2、look等。第二招：語言邏輯就是利用上下文的意思與結(jié)構(gòu)來填空，這個(gè)上下文可能是空格所處的那句本身的前部分和后部分，也可能是空格前后的那個(gè)或那幾句子，還有可能前后段落或?qū)φ恼碌睦斫狻Ｓ袝r(shí)甚至還要結(jié)合常識(shí)進(jìn)行簡單的邏輯推理才能準(zhǔn)確判斷出該填哪個(gè)詞。中考英語段落還是比較簡單的，所以出現(xiàn)的語言邏輯情況不多，縱觀這幾年的真題，基本上用好以下兩個(gè)兵器就能解決了。兵器1、前后解釋呼應(yīng)Rememberthatdogsneede.Youshouldtakeitforawalkeveryday.Dontkeepyourdoginsideallday.【講解】此空后面句子其實(shí)是對(duì)前面句子的進(jìn)一步解釋，尤其是劃橫

3、線部分就相當(dāng)于是對(duì)空格部分單詞的對(duì)應(yīng)解釋，所以聯(lián)想到e開頭的動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)該就是exercise。Whenyoubuyadog,animportantthingtothinkaboutisitssbuyasmalldogifyourhomeissmallandabiggeroneifyourhomeislarger?！局v解】buy這一句是不是就是對(duì)前面那一空的解釋？大房子就買大狗，小房子買小狗，那不就是說要注意狗狗的大小嗎。Alongtime,saidthedoctor.Maybeforther5ofyourlife.【2011年上海中考真題】【講解】一個(gè)人要表達(dá)一個(gè)意思往往不止說一句話，一般說完后

4、，會(huì)再補(bǔ)充幾句以更加說明自己的觀點(diǎn)和意思。此舉就是對(duì)前面“alongtime”的補(bǔ)充說明。想到Therestof.句型了吧?兵器2、連詞提示（轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)、因果等）Mumusedtod97_ustoschool,butnowmysisterandIhavestartedridingourbikestoschool.12009上海中考真題】【講解】but是一個(gè)標(biāo)志性詞，標(biāo)志著前后句意思是轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)在是騎車到學(xué)校，那和這個(gè)相對(duì)比，之前的是什么呢？肯丟只有drive了Westoppedtakinglongbathsandhadshortshowersi95.12009上海中考】【講解】文章就是講

5、節(jié)約能源的方法的，所以這句and前后其實(shí)內(nèi)容是對(duì)比關(guān)系，instead都是至于句尾的，表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞。Mostsunshinerecorderso102recorddirect（直接的）sunshine.Neilmogesaccurateandthisisveryimportantforresearchintowaysofusingsolarpower.Neilplanstokeepinventing.【2008年上海中考】【講解】一看到more,就意味著什么？對(duì)，比較！那就是比較這兩句，more所在這句意思是遞進(jìn)的，更“精確“，前面的肯定就是不夠精確了，為什么不夠精確呢？看到direct馬

6、上會(huì)想到indirect。所以聯(lián)想，會(huì)不會(huì)是，大多數(shù)記錄者only記錄了directsunshine,而沒有記錄indirectsunshine。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生，看到more,but這種標(biāo)志性連詞，要高度興奮。第三招：常識(shí)常理Alanawasonadiet,butshedidntlikeitatall.Shewasnota2_to_eatherfavouritefoodbythedoctor.12011上海中考真題】【講解】減肥期間，醫(yī)生肯定是不讓你隨便吃東西的。這是常識(shí)常理。女生會(huì)更有感觸。Whenpeoplestudytheweather,itsimportanttobeabletorecord

7、thesunshineaccurately.Weneedtoknowhowmanyh101ofsunshinewehaveandhowstrongitis.【2008上海中考】【講解】看到howmany,應(yīng)該判斷這個(gè)空應(yīng)該是個(gè)可數(shù)名詞，還像是一個(gè)量詞，因?yàn)楹竺嬗衞fsunshine,再根據(jù)常識(shí)，記錄陽光精確，是要記錄我們感受陽光的時(shí)間陽光本身的強(qiáng)度。一、/汪忠：1、考慮詞形變化是名詞或代詞要考慮是該用單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)；是人稱代詞是用主格還是賓格；如果是動(dòng)詞就要考慮是謂語動(dòng)詞還是非謂語動(dòng)詞；是謂語動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)語態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，還要考慮該用哪一種時(shí)態(tài)；是非謂語動(dòng)詞是用-ing形式，不定式還是用過去分詞

8、。等等。切不可一確定是填哪個(gè)單詞后，就在不作任何考慮的情況下填上去，犯了不該犯的錯(cuò)。2、注意固定搭配根據(jù)空格前后之間的固定搭配關(guān)系來分析。如begoodat,beinterestedin,makeprogress,atleast,atmost,atlast,inthisway,payavisitto,takecareof,alotof,have a population of ， get on well with ，have a party ， give sb. sth. ，ask sb. to do sth.be /getusedto,spend-doing,sothat等等。三、“臺(tái)階式”

9、教學(xué)法“臺(tái)階式”教學(xué)法也許是在較短時(shí)間里提高缺詞填空能力的途徑之一。臺(tái)階一：掌握七種句子成分與十種詞性之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。通過對(duì)單一成分的分類練習(xí)，掌握該句子成分與何種詞性相對(duì)應(yīng)。詞性正確是答案正確的前提。對(duì)主語的判斷arehelpfultostudents.(teach)ismoreimportanttomethanmoney.(healthy)SomefamousaregoingtogivelecturesinouruniversityinAugust.(science)ismyfavouritesport.(fish)stampsismyhobby.(collect)Key:1.Teache

10、rs2.Health3.scientists4.Fishing5.Collecting分析：以上練習(xí)中，填入詞均為句子的主語。主語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，詞性主要為名詞與代詞(1-3題)；動(dòng)詞不能直接用作主語，必須轉(zhuǎn)化成其對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞或doing(4、5)。此外，形容詞前加the,帶連詞的句子也可作主語。對(duì)謂語的判斷Johnwasstandingonthestepofahouse.Anoldwomancovertohim.“Myboy,”a,“Isyourfatherathome?”“Yes,”ah_e_w_o_m_a_nJobheng.aTnrthebell.Sherangandrang,butthe

11、rewasnoanswer.AtlastshetbacktoJohnandsangrily,“Didntyousthatyourfatherwasathome?”“Idid”,answeredJohn,“butthisi_myhouse.”Key:cameaskedansweredringingturnedsaidsayisnt分析：語篇中所缺字除ringing以外均為謂語動(dòng)詞。謂語是句子所表示的動(dòng)作，詞性只能是動(dòng)詞，在句子中不能缺。當(dāng)一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中同時(shí)出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或以上動(dòng)詞時(shí)，還要判斷他們之間的相互關(guān)系，對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞或非謂語動(dòng)詞的判斷只有在熟練掌握相關(guān)知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，才能作出正確的判斷。多做用動(dòng)詞的

12、適當(dāng)形式填空有助于對(duì)動(dòng)詞形式的判斷。對(duì)賓語的判斷Mr.ChenwassurprisedtoseethefastinShanghaiafterhislongabsencefromthecity.(develop)Thefrontisingreatneedofmedical.(work)Thankyouforyour.(kind)Atlasthesoldhis.(invent)Key:1.development2.workers3.kindness4.invention分析：賓語是動(dòng)作的承受者，分動(dòng)詞賓語與介詞賓語兩種。賓語的詞性同主語的詞性一樣，代詞作賓語時(shí)必須用其賓格。對(duì)表語的判斷Itisfo

13、ranordinaryplanetoflytothemoon.(possible)Thesickmanisgetting.(ill)Patrickisgoingtobea(n)whenhegrowsup.(engine)SuchcoldweatherisquiteinJuneandpeoplehavetowearwarmclothesagain.(usually)Itsatohaveapicnicwithallthemembe(rs.please)Key:1.impossible2.worse3.engineer4.unusual5.pleasure分析：表語是連系動(dòng)詞后接的成分。詞性主要為形

14、容詞，名詞,介詞短語。動(dòng)詞必須改成todo,doing或done的形式。對(duì)定語的判斷TheexamsusuallytakeplaceattheendofJune.(finally)Onanight,youcanseethousandsofstarsinthesky.(clearly)Inweather,theoldhadbetterstayathome.(freeze)TheFrenchartistsaid,“itismytimetovisitShanghai.Ilovethiscitysomuch.(one)Mostpeopledontlikefood.(freeze)Whoisyourte

15、acher?(chemical)Key:(1)final(2)clear(3)freezing(4)first(5)frozen(6)chemistry分析:：定語是修飾名詞與代詞的成分。詞性以形容詞，序數(shù)詞，介詞短語為主。名詞修飾名詞說明后面名稱的性能或用途。如：stampshow/physicsteacher。動(dòng)詞必須變形為：todo,doing或done的形式。對(duì)狀語的判斷TheoldladycouldhardlybelievethatshehadgotthetravelpasstoHongKongso(easy)Watch,andyouwillfindthedifferencebetw

16、eenthetwopictures.(care)Afterflyinginthestormfornearlyonehour,thehelicopterlandedatlast.(safe)Key:(1)easily(2)carefully(3)safely狀語：說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，方式，目的，結(jié)果，條件，伴隨情況的成分。詞性以副詞為主，也可以是介詞短語，動(dòng)詞必須變形為todo,doing或done。對(duì)連詞的判斷在英語中,并列連詞and,but,or,so,notonlybutalso,eitheror,neitherbothan睢接并列的詞，詞組和句子；從屬連詞連接主句與從句。臺(tái)階

17、二：在牢記了七種句子成分與十種詞性的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系之后，多做做綜合的“用所給單詞的正確形式填空”，提高對(duì)句子成分的判斷能力。熟練掌握詞性轉(zhuǎn)化的技巧是通向首字母完形的第二步。臺(tái)階三：鍛煉自己的發(fā)散和歸納思維的能力，或稱為“猜謎”的能力。Exercise:Guessthemissingword.arehelpfultostudents.arehelpfultostudents.Theygivethemknowledge.arehelpfultostudents.Inclasstheyteachthemknowledgeandafterclasstheycareforthemlikeparents.are

18、helpfultostudents.Theykeepthemhealthy.分析：按順序做你會(huì)不假思索地得出答案，1-4均為Teachers,全部解完后再思考，似乎第一題答案不僅僅只有Teachers。按判斷主語的結(jié)論，凡名詞，只要合乎邏輯，都可作為第一題的答案，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)Books也可，繼而得出結(jié)論：“一切有益于學(xué)生的復(fù)數(shù)名詞均為正確答案，Exercises、Doctors、Police、Parentsb第二題受后一句knowledge的限制,答案要少一些：Teachers、Books，第三題限制更多，從“carefor判斷主語只能是人，”Teacher*第四題受healthy的限制，最好填D

19、octors/Nurses。以上練習(xí)說明解完形填空需要如下技能：對(duì)所缺詞的句子成分必須作出精確判斷，然后填入正確的詞性，即必須熟練掌握句子成分與詞性的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。必須訓(xùn)練自己擴(kuò)散性思維能力，如同猜謎，因?yàn)樵~義的確定依靠著對(duì)句中限制性信息的判斷得出。良好的語法基本功。在確定完詞性與詞義后，單復(fù)數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)的確定建立在良好的語法基本功之上。臺(tái)階四：對(duì)詞性、詞義、詞形的精確判斷階段，即綜合運(yùn)用階段。Mr.Wuisgettingold.Heisltheschoolsoon.Thesinhisclasshavegivenhalotofp.Amongtarecards,note-books,photosandb

20、ooks.Mostofthecardsarembythestudentsthemselves.PhotoswillhMr.Wurememberthehappytwhenhewaswithhisstudents.Nextweek,twillhaveaptosgoodbyetohim.分析：通讀短文以后發(fā)現(xiàn)Mr.Wu是一位老師.。從old可推斷他不久要退休了,所以l應(yīng)為謂語動(dòng)詞”leaving;s是第三句的主語”,結(jié)合have判斷為students;h是give的賓語,判斷為him;p的內(nèi)容是cards,note-books所以判斷為名詞presents;t是介詞”among的賓語,應(yīng)為them;

21、m處于”bedoneby的結(jié)構(gòu)中,應(yīng)為過去分詞made;h位于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”will之后,應(yīng)為動(dòng)詞原形help;t是”remember的賓語,并且受到happy的修飾應(yīng)為time;t是主語”,名詞或代詞teachers/they;p是”have的賓語,前面有冠詞,所以是名詞party;s前有”to,分析成分為目的狀語todo即tosay.臺(tái)階五：熟能生巧階段。要做到舉重若輕，必須在前四步的基礎(chǔ)上作長期系統(tǒng)的訓(xùn)練，把上述知識(shí)演化為解題技能。Theuniverseiseverythingoutinspace.(1)knowshowbigtheuniverseis.Whenwetalk(2)theuni

22、verse,wemeantheearth,thesun,themoonandthestars.Nowletmetellyousomethingaboutourearth.Theearthisahugeball.Itturnsroundandroundinspace.(3)surfaceiscoveredbywaterandland.Ifyouareinaspaceplaneandlook(4)attheearthfromupinspace,youwillseelotsofcloudsoverthesurfaceoftheearth.Throughthecloudsyouwillseethebl

23、uecoloroftheoceansandseas.Almosttwo-thirdsoftheearthiscoveredwithwater.Weliveontheoutside(5)oftheearth.Aroundandaboveusistheair.Theearthtakestwenty-fourhourstoturnallthewayroundthatisonedayandonenight.Whenyourcountryisfacingthesun,itisdaytimeforyou.Butastheearthturnsyouawayfromthesun,everythingaroun

24、dyougrows(6).Key:Nobody(2)about(3)Itsdownpart(6)dark四、中考考綱詞匯按詞性整理說明：常考的用正常字體標(biāo)出，比較難想到的用紅色加粗標(biāo)出。名詞：A字母開頭的：abilityaccidentactivityactoractressadditionaddressadvantageadvertisementaim(目的)all(全部，全體人員)ambitionamountanswer(回答，答復(fù)，答案)areaattentionB字母開頭的:balancebasebeginningbeingbest(最好的人或物)bitblockbookbottomb

25、reak(休息)breathbroadcastbusinessbusinessmanC字母開頭的：callcancelcapitalcasecausecenturychancecharitychemicalchemistrychoicecigarettecirclecitizenclasscollectioncollegecolourcompanycompetitionconcertconclusioncontrolcrossculturecustomcustomerD字母開頭的：dailydarkdetaildietdifferencedifficultydisasterdistancedr

26、eamE字母開頭的：earthearthquakeeducationeffectendenergyentranceenvironmentexampleexcuseexerciseexperienceexperimentF字母開頭的：fablefactfavourfemalefigurefingerfisherrmanforecastforeignerformFrancefreedomFrenchfriendfriendshipfuelfunfurniturefutureG字母開頭的：gamegasgeographygoalgradegraduategreenhouseguestH字母開頭的：h

27、abithealthheartheatheighthistoryhobbyholidayhopehouseworkhumourI字母開頭的：ideaincomeindustryinformationinventioninventorinvitationislandJ字母開頭的：jamjournalistjourneyjoyjudgeK字母開頭的：kindkindergartenknowledgeL字母開頭的：languagelawlawyerlengthlielinklistlocationlockluckM字母開頭的：machinemagazinemailmannermarketmatchm

28、attermealmemorymenumessagemethodmindminutemistakemomentmostmuchN字母開頭的：neighbournetworknumberO字母開頭的：offeropinionorderorganizationownerP字母開頭的：painpaint（涂料，顏料）paintingpartpartnerpassengerperformanceplaceplanetpollutionpracticepresidentproblemprocessQ字母開頭的：questionR字母開頭的：reasonrecordrelativeresourceresp

29、onsibilityrestrestaurantresultrobberyrulerunS字母開頭的:safesafetyservicesexsaucesayingsecretsecretarysectionsenseshameshapesightseeingsituationsizeskillsquarestorysuccesssupportsurfacesurprisesurveysystemT字母開頭的：tasktemperaturethoughttickettraffictroubletrytypeU字母開頭的：useV字母開頭的：variatyW字母開頭的：waywisdomwish

30、wonderworrywriter代詞：B字母開頭的：bothE字母開頭的：eacheithereverybody/everyoneeverythingM字母開頭的：manyN字母開頭的：neithernobodynonenothingO字母開頭的：oneotherS字母開頭的：samesomesomebody/someonesomethingT字母開頭的：thatthesethisthoseW字母開頭的：whatwho形容詞：A字母開頭的：ableaccurateactiveallancientangryanotheranyattractiveautomaticavailableawfulB

31、字母開頭的：badbeautifulbestbetterboringbothbraveC字母開頭的：carefulcertainchangeablecheapchemicalclose（近的）coldcommoncompleteconfidentconvenientcorrectcrazycrowdedD字母開頭的：dangerousdifferentdifficultdullE字母開頭的：eacheasyeducationaleitherelseenjoyableenougheveryeverydayexcitedexcitingF字母開頭的：fairfavouritefirstfitfol

32、lowingforeignforgetfulfreezingfreshG字母開頭的：generalgladgoodgreatH字母開頭的：hardworkinghealthyhelpfulHistoricalhorriblehungryI字母開頭的：importantimpossibleindependentinterestedinterestingL字母開頭的：lastlatelikelylimitedlocallowluckyM字母開頭的：modernmoremostmuchN字母開頭的：nearbynecessaryneithernervousnextownO字母開頭的：onlyopen

33、oppositeordinaryotheroutdoorP字母開頭的：paleperfectpersonalphysicalpreciousprettyprivatepublicR字母開頭的：realregularresponsibleretiredS字母開頭的：safesameseriousseveralsimplesomesparespecialsquarestraightstrangestrongsuccessfulsuchsureT字母開頭的：teenageterriblethankfulthatthesethinthirstythisthosetoptraditionaltrueU字

34、母開頭的：unhealthyunusualusefulusualupsetV字母開頭的：variousW字母開頭的：weakwellwhichwoodenwoundedwrongY字母開頭的：young副詞：A字母開頭的：abroadactuallyafteragainagoaheadallalmostalongalreadyalsoalwaysangrilyanywhereasB字母開頭的：backbeforebehindbestbothC字母開頭的：carefullycertainlyclearlycloseE字母開頭的：easilyeitherenoughespeciallyevenev

35、ereverywhereexactlyF字母開頭的：farfinallyfirstforeverG字母開頭的：gentlyH字母開頭的：happilyhardhardlyheavilyherehomehowhoweverI字母開頭的：immediatelyininsideinsteadJ字母開頭的：justL字母開頭的：lastlatelaterluckilyN字母開頭的：nearlyneithernevernextnonotnowhereO字母開頭的：oftenonceonlyoverP字母開頭的：perhapspolitelypossiblyprobablyproperlyQ字母開頭的：q

36、uicklyquiteR字母開頭的：ratherreallyrecentlyrightS字母開頭的：safelysecondseldomseriouslyslowlysosoftlysometimessoonstillsuddenlyT字母開頭的：thentodaytogethertomorrowtooU字母開頭的：underupusuallyW字母開頭的：whatwhenwherewhyY字母開頭的：yet動(dòng)詞：A字母開頭的：acceptachieveaddaffordallowanswerapologizeappeararrangeattackattractB字母開頭的：beatbitebookborrowbornbreakC字母開頭的：cancelcarecausecelebratechangechooseclearclimbcollectcomparecomplaincompletecomfuseconnectconsistcontrolcopycorrectcreateD字母開頭的：decidedecoratedescribedigdisappeardiscoverdisturbdropE字母開頭的：e-mail/emailenableencourageendenjoyenterequalescapeexamineexpectexplaine