蘇教譯林版初中英語八年級下冊語法專項解析與鞏固練習

1、被動語態(tài)【概念引入】一、含有被動語態(tài)的名言欣賞Life is measured by thought and action, not by time.衡量生命的尺度是思想和行動，而不是時間長短。Men are known by his companions.觀其友而知其人。Rome was not built in a day.羅馬不是一天建成的。A friend without fault will never be found.沒有缺點的朋友永不可得。二、被動語態(tài)的概念英語的語態(tài)是通過動詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。英語中有兩種語態(tài):主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。Many

2、people speak Chinese.許多人說漢語。謂語speak的動作是由主語many people來執(zhí)行的。被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者，即行為動作的對象。Chinese is spoken by many people.漢語被許多人說。主語Chinese是動詞speak的承受者?！居梅ㄖv解】一、被動語態(tài)結構【高清課堂：Passive Voice與時態(tài)】一般現(xiàn)在時：am / is / are +及物動詞的過去分詞You are wanted on the phone.有你的 。一般過去時：was / were +及物動詞的過去分詞China was liberated in 1949

3、.1949 年中國解放。一般將來時：will / shall be +及物動詞的過去分詞The problem will be discussed tomorrow.明天將對這個問題進行討論?，F(xiàn)在完成時：have / has been +及物動詞的過去分詞Not a book in the library has been taken away.圖書館里沒有一本書被人拿走。現(xiàn)在進行時：am / is / are being +及物動詞的過去分詞My bike is being repaired.我的自行車正在修理。過去完成時：had been +及物動詞的過去分詞The book had be

4、en borrowed when I got to the library.我到了圖書館時，那本書已經(jīng)借出去了。二、主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉換1）把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。2）把謂語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構（be+過去分詞）注意：根據(jù)被動語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來主動語態(tài)句子中動詞的時態(tài)來決 定be的形式。3）把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語，將主格改為賓格。All the people laughed at him.所有人都嘲笑他?！眷柟叹毩暋恳弧雾椞羁?。Li Hong has the army for 2 years.A. joined B. be in C. been i

5、n D. joined inWe have been friends since.A. childrenB. five yearsC. five years agoD. five years beforeMike the story for a month.D. has borrowedD. since a week agoD. have studiedD. liveA. has bought B. has had C. had hadYou that question three times.A. already askedB. have already askedC. already ha

6、ve asked D. asked alreadyThose foreign friends left Guangzhou.A. since last week B. a week ago C. for a week1 at this school for two years.A. am studying B. study C. studiedThey in the city since last summer.A. live B. didnt live C. have livedMrs. Wang has lived in Haikou 1992.A. since B. from C. af

7、terD. inMr. Black China since the summer of 1998.A. has been to B. has been in C. has come toD. came toHis father for years.A. has died B. has been dead C. died D. dies真題鏈接一 Beibei, is Mr. Chen in the office?No. He for half an hour.A. leftB. has leftC. has been away一 Is Miss Green in the office?一 No

8、, she to the library.A. goesB. had goes C. has gone D. would goAnew shop fbr a week nearby. Lets have a look there.一 Good idea. But it doesnt on Mondays.A. opened; opened B. has been opened; openC. has opened; opened D. has been open; open二、用 already 或 yet 填空。Have they taken down the old pictures? N

9、o, not.Most of us have finished our compositionsHe said he hadnt visited the exhibition.三、用since或for填空。We have learned five lessons the beginning of this term.Mrs. Liao has been in hospital last week.I have stayed at my aunts two weeks.四、用 have/has been to/in, have gone to 及 go 的各種形式填空。一 Where is Ja

10、ck?一 He his country.John England since he came back.How long you this village?The Smiths Beijing for years.一 you ever America? Yes, I there many times.I this school since three years ago. When he?一 He an hour ago. Would you like to the zoo with me?一 Yes, but I there before.一 Where you just now?一 I t

11、he zoo.He often swimming.you there last year?they often skating in winter?五、句型轉換，每空一詞。He has already gone home.He home.（否 定句）he home?（一般疑問句）He has lunch at home.He lunch at home.（否認句）he lunch at home?（一般疑 問句）He has been there twice.（對劃線局部提問） he been there?have lunch at school.（對劃線局部提問） you lunch.The

12、y have been here since 2000. have they been here?（對劃線局部提問）This factory opened twenty years ago.（改為同 義句） This factory for twenty years.Miss Gao left an hour ago.（改為同義句）Miss Gaoan hour ago.Her mother has been a Party member for three years.（改為同 義句） Her mother the Party three years.The Green Family mov

13、ed to France two years ago.（改為同義句） two years the Green family moved to France.The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago.（把兩個句子合并成一個句子）【參考答案】一、單項填空。l.Co現(xiàn)在完成時在肯定句中，與since或for引出的時間狀語連用的是延續(xù)性動詞，不能是 短暫性動詞。在此題中join是短暫性動詞，不能與for+時間段連用，須把它改成相應的延續(xù) 性動詞。此題join要改成be in。這兩種詞的轉換是學習現(xiàn)在完成時需要注意的。Co現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去

14、已經(jīng)開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。它的時間狀語since + 表過去的時間點，for +時間段連用。B。在肯定句中，與since或for引出的時間狀語連用的是延續(xù)性動詞，不能是短暫性動詞， 在此題中buy是短暫性動詞，不能與for+時間段連用，須把它改成相應的延續(xù)性動詞。此 題buy要改成has had。Bo現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài)對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果; already應放在have后面。Bo該題考查一般過去時。Do現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去已經(jīng)開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。與for+時間段連用。Co since是現(xiàn)在完成時的標志詞。Ao本句為完成時態(tài)，此處應該選擇

15、since； since +表過去的時間點”是完成時態(tài)的標志 性時間狀語。Bo與since或for引出的時間狀語連用的是延續(xù)性動詞，不能是短暫性動詞，come是短 暫性動詞因此選B。B。現(xiàn)在完成時與since或for引出的時間狀語連用的是延續(xù)性動詞，不能是短暫性動詞， die是短暫性動詞，因此要用be dead來代替。真題鏈接Co句意：一貝貝，陳先生在辦公室嗎？一沒有，他出去一個小時了。因為題中說道“他 出去一個小時了”，所以到應該用延續(xù)性動詞，應選C。Co句意：一格林老師在辦公室嗎？一不在，她去圖書館了。此題考查動詞的時態(tài)。由語 境可知她去圖書館了，現(xiàn)在還沒回來，應選C項。Do此題意為：一這

16、附近有一家新開了一周的店，我們?nèi)タ匆幌掳?。一好主意，但是周?不開門。此題第一空應該用延續(xù)性動詞，第二空在助動詞后面，應該用動詞原形。應選D。 二、用 already 或 yet 填空。1. yet; yet 2. already 3. yet三、用since或for填空。1. since 2. since 3. for四、用 have/has been to/in, have gone to 及 go 的各種形式填空。1. has gone to 2. has been in 3. have; been in 4. have been in 5. Have; been to; have be

17、en6. have been in 7. did; go; went 8. go; have been 9. did; go; went to 10. goes11. Did; go 12. Do; go五、句型轉換，每空一詞。1. hasn t gone; yet; Has; gone; yet 2. doesn t have; Does; have 3. How many times has4. Where do; have 5. How long 6. has been open 7. has been away since8. joined; ago 9 It s; since 10.

18、 The bus has been here for ten minutes.f He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory.他們在那家工廠制造自行車。f The bikes are made by them in the factory.He cut down a tree.他砍倒了 一棵樹。f A tree was cut down by him.4)含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)含有情態(tài)動詞的主動句變成被動句時，由“情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞”構成。Little Tom can work out this m

19、aths problem easily.小湯姆能容易地做出這道數(shù)學題。f This maths problem can be easily work out by little Tom.They should do it at once.他們應該立刻做那件事。fit should be done at once.5)含有雙賓語的主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)主動語態(tài)的雙賓語句式：主語+謂語動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語+其他被動語態(tài)的雙賓語句式：間接賓語+be+過去分詞+直接賓語+其他或:直接賓語+be +過去分詞+介詞(for / to)+間接賓語+其他My father gave me a new boo

20、k on my birthday.我的父親在我生日那天給我一本新書。一 I was given a new book on my birthday (by my father). A new book was given to me on my birthday (by my father).My father bought me a new computer yesterday.我的父親昨天給我買了一臺新電腦。一 I was bought a new computer yesterday (by my father).一 A new computer was bought fbr me ye

21、sterday (by my father)6)帶有復合賓語的主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)帶有復合賓語(賓語+賓語補足語)的主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，只把賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的 主語，原來的賓語補足語不動。His teacher found him a very good pupil.他的老師發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個很好的學生。一 He was found a very good pupil by his teacher.7)在主動句中，let, make, see, hear等動詞后作賓補的動詞不定式不帶to,但在被動句中，那么要 還原tOoLindas parents make her practice the p

22、iano every Sunday.一Linda is made to practice the piano every Sunday.8)有些及物動詞如have(有)，reach, cost等，以及有些聯(lián)系動詞如smell, taste, sound, feel等, 不用于被動語態(tài)。【誤】Five dollars is cost by this book.【正】This book costs five dollars.這本書花費五美元?！菊`】 The food is tasted nice.【正】The food tastes nice.這種食物嘗起來很好。被動語態(tài)【鞏固練習】L把以下主動語

23、態(tài)的句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的句子。Do you sweep the floor every day?Did people in the old days grow tea?We have learned Lesson 60.We cant see many of the stars.China has sent up man-made satellites into space.They will plant the trees tomorrow.see him go to school every day.8. Our teacher made us close our eyes in the g

24、ame.IL使用被動語態(tài)翻譯以下句子。.我們不把英語當作第一語言使用。.這些電視機是1990年日本出產(chǎn)的。.法國人說英語還是法語？中國什么地方生產(chǎn)鹽？.這些樹可以被種在道路的兩邊。.每天早晨都能聽到小鳥唱歌的聲音。.世界被變成了一個更小的地方。IIL單項選擇。D. puttedLook! A big modern building in our city.A. is builtB. is being builtC. has been builtD. is building2. Your bike cant there.A. be put B. is put C. be puttedMary t

25、he song at a party.A. heard singB. was heard singC. heard to sing D. was heard to singtrees usually in April?A. Have, plantedB. Are, plantedC. have, been planted D. Do, plantedMy room tomorrow.A. is cleaned B. be cleaned C. will be cleaned 6. When your school?A. did, builtB. was, builtC. is, builtTh

26、e window of our house once a week.A. have been cleaned B. is cleaned C. are cleaned 8. The sick girl to the hospital at once.A. must sendB. be must sent C. must be sentMany books on science since I went to college.A. were boughtB. have been boughtC. will be boughtD. are boughtPeople have come to kno

27、w that their health must.A. pay more attentionB. pay more attention toC. be paid more attention D. be paid more attention to 11. A beautiful picture the children in the classroom.A. was shown toB. was shown C. were shown toD. is cleaningD. was, buildingD. are cleaningD. be sentD. is cleaningD. was,

28、buildingD. are cleaningD. be sentD. were shownA new bike Tom tomorrow.A. will lendB. will lentC. will be lentD. will be lent toSome eggs and a glass of milk the Frenchman.A. have been brought toB. has been brought toC. have been broughtD. has been broughtMiss White said she some beautiful coats in t

29、he shop.A. had been showB. has been shownC. had been shown toD. had been shownJack answer the question in French.A. asked to B. was ask C. was askedD. was asked to【真題鏈接】The novel by many people today.A. is readB. are readC. readsD. were readA. are madeA. are madeB. were made C. makeD. madeThese mode

30、l cars in China in 2013.一 How clean your car is!一 Thank you. It very often.A. is washed B. washes C. was washed D. washedWhen you a difficult task, try to continue with it and finish it.A. giveB. are givingC. gaveD. are givenWe to start at once, or we will miss the train.A. tellB. have toldC. are to

31、ldD. toldIV.看圖完成以下對話。Whats that? It looks strange.Its an old machine.What it used 2?It 3 4 for getting water from a river or a lake.How did it work?Usually two people stood on it. They pushed the pedals（踏 板）down hard with their feet. Then 5 could 6 brought up.What 7 it made 8?I think it 9 10 1wood.

32、It can 12 hardlyseen in China now.【答案與解析】I.把以下主動語態(tài)的句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的句子。Is the floor swept (by you) every day?Was tea grown by people in the old days?Lesson 60 has been learned by us.Many of the stars cant be seen by us.Man-made satellites have been sent up into space by China.The trees will be planted tomor

33、row.He is seen to go to school every day.We were made to close our eyes in the game.IL使用被動語態(tài)翻譯以下句子。English isnt used as our first language.The TV sets were made in Japan in 1990.Is English or French spoken by Frenchmen?Where is salt produced in China?These trees can be planted at the sides of the ro

34、ad.The birds are heard to sing every morning.The world is made to be a much smaller place.HL單項選擇。l.Bo本句結構為：現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)。句意為“在我們城里，一座現(xiàn)代化的樓房正在 被建”。2.A。本句結構為：含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)。句意為“你的自行車不能被放在那二3.Do本句結構為：一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。此句中復合賓語的不定式to不能省略。句意為 “瑪麗被聽到在宴會上唱歌”。4.Bo本句結構為：一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。句意為“植樹通常是在四月份嗎？二5.Co本句結構為：一般將來的被動語態(tài)。句意為“我

35、的房間將在明天被清掃”。6.Bo本句結構為：一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。句意為“你們學校是什么時候被建造的？ 7.Bo本句結構為：一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)，且主語是單數(shù)，用be動詞is。句意為“我們房 子的窗戶一周被清洗一次二8.Co本句結構為：情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)。句意為“那個生病的女孩必須馬上被送到醫(yī)院”。 9.Bo本句結構為：現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。句意為“自從我上大學，已經(jīng)買了許多關于科 學的書”。10.D。本句結構為:情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)，這里pay attention to是固定搭配，它的賓語是heal th。 句意為“人們已經(jīng)漸漸意識到必須關注他們的健康工H.Ao本句結構為：一般過去時的被動語態(tài)

36、。句意為“一張漂亮的圖片被出示給教室里的孩 子們二.Do本句結構為：一般將來時的被動語態(tài)。句意為“明天一輛新的自行車將被借給湯姆”。.Ao本句結構為：現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。句意為“一些雞蛋和一杯牛奶已經(jīng)被帶給了那 個法國人”。.Do本句的主句是過去時，所以賓語從句要用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)。句意為“懷特小姐 說她在商店里被出示了一些漂亮的上衣二.Do本句結構為：一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。句意為“杰克被要求用法語回答以下問題”?！菊骖}鏈接】l.Ao主語是the novel,所以謂語要用單數(shù)形式，所以排除答案B和D；題中出現(xiàn)明顯時間 詞today,所以時態(tài)應為一般現(xiàn)在時。故答案為A。Bo句意：這些模型汽

37、車是中國2013年制造的。由時間狀語in 2013可知時態(tài)為一般過去 時，model cars與動詞make之間為被動關系。應選B。Ao解析：句意：一一你的車真干凈。一一謝謝，它經(jīng)常清洗。根據(jù)often可知，應用一 般現(xiàn)在時；車應該是被洗，所以用被動語態(tài)。應選A項。Do句意：“當你被給一項艱巨的任務時，試圖繼續(xù)做并完成它。give sb. sth.改成被動是 sb. be given sth.；根據(jù)語境,應選DoCo句意：“我們被告知立刻出發(fā)，否那么將趕不上火車。”根據(jù)句意可知，主語we不是動 作的執(zhí)行者，而是動作的承受者，因此要使用被動語態(tài)。IV.看圖完成以下對話。l.was2. for3.

38、was4.used5. water6.be7.was8. of9.was10. made11.of12.be專項語法講練 現(xiàn)在完成時【概念引入】如何學習時態(tài)？對中學生來說，最好還是從各個時態(tài)的基本概念、基本形式和基本用法 學起。在過了這一階段之后，再放開步伐，通過大量的聽、讀和筆頭實踐，獲得感性的知識。 現(xiàn)在，我們就從最基本的概念、形式和用法等方面來總結一種新的時態(tài)一一現(xiàn)在完成時?！居梅ㄖv解】一、現(xiàn)在完成時的定義現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果。二、現(xiàn)在完成時的構成.肯定句現(xiàn)在完成時的肯定句式是“have (has) +過去分詞”。注意：該句式中的have或ha

39、s是助動詞，has用于第三人稱單數(shù)，其它人稱一律用have。.否認句：現(xiàn)在完成時的否認句式是“havent (hasnt) +過去分詞”。.疑問句：現(xiàn)在完成時的一般疑問句式是把助動詞have或has提到主語之前?；卮鹩肶es, .have(has)./No, .haven,t(hasn,t).三、動詞過去分詞規(guī)那么變化與不規(guī)那么變化(一)規(guī)那么變化變化規(guī)那么：與動詞過去式規(guī)那么相同。. 一般直接在詞尾加上ed。look 一 looked.以e結尾的動詞，直接加d。move 一 moved.以y結尾，y前面是輔音字母的動詞，變y為i,再加ed。carry carried.局部動詞需雙寫尾字母，加

40、ed。stop stopped(二)不規(guī)那么變化不規(guī)那么動詞的變化因詞而異。但是如果對不規(guī)那么動詞的過去式和過去分詞做一分析，就 可發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的“規(guī)那么”。同學們在記憶時，可按下面的形式對教材后不規(guī)那么動詞表進行分析、 整理。例如：AAB型原形過去式過去分詞中文beatbeatbeaten打敗ABC型原形過去式過去分詞中文1bewas / werebeen是，在beginbeganbegun開始blowblewblown吹breakbrokebroken破裂、折斷AAA型原形過去式過去分詞中文costcostcost花費cutcutcut砍、切、割hithithit打、撞ABA型原形過去式過去分

41、詞中文becomebecamebecome成為comecamecome來ABB型原形過去式過去分詞中文understandunderstoodunderstood理解、明白bringbroughtbrought帶來buildbuiltbuilt建造burnburned/burntburned/burnt燃燒四、現(xiàn)在完成時的用法現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去某時發(fā)生的行為對主語目前產(chǎn)生的影響。即用過去發(fā)生的某個行為來 說明現(xiàn)在的某種情況。例如：We are good friends.（現(xiàn)在的情況）我們是好朋友。I knew him in 1997.（過去的動作）我1997年認識了他。We have know

42、n each other since 1997.我們自從 1997 年相互認識。（現(xiàn)在完成時把過去的動作和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來并著眼于現(xiàn)在）（1）表示動作發(fā)生在過去某個不確定的時間，但對現(xiàn)在留下了某種影響和結果。常被just、 already yet等副詞修飾。例如:一 Have you had lunch yet?你（已經(jīng)）吃午飯 了嗎？一 Yes, I have. T ve just had it.是的，吃過了。我剛剛吃過。（現(xiàn)在我不餓了） （2）表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。這個動作可能剛停止，可能仍 然在進行。常帶有for和since等表示一段時間的狀語。例如：He has

43、 taught here since 1981.他自1981年就在這兒教書。（可能還要繼續(xù)教）I haven t seen her for four years.我有四年沒見到她了。（3）表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或屢次的動作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗，一般譯為漢語“過二常帶 有 twice, ever, never, three times 等時間狀語。例如：I have been to Beijing twice.我去過北京兩次。五、現(xiàn)在完成時常用的時間狀語before, by now （so far）, once, twice., just, recently, yet（否/疑），already（W）

44、, ever, never, all one s life , in /during the past /last 5 years例如：We have already finished our homework.我們 已完成作業(yè)了。They haven t finished their homework yet.他們還沒有完成作業(yè)。一 Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾經(jīng)去過長城嗎？一 I have never been to the Great Wall.我從未去過長城。I have seen her before, but I can not r

45、emember where.我以前見過她，但記不起在哪里見過。He has been there three times the last few days.近幾天他去過那里三次了。六、現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的比擬1） 一般過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純表達過去的事情，強調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為 過去發(fā)生的，強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調(diào)的是影響。I saw this film yesterday.我昨天看了這部電影。（強調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了。）I have seen this film.我看過這部電影了。（強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。） 2） 一般過去時常與具體的表示過去的時間狀語連用；現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連 用，或無時間狀語。一般過去時的時間狀語：yesterday； last week； .ago； in 1990； in October； just now . 現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語：already； ever； for； just； never； since； yet； so far； till