專四必備語(yǔ)法

1、PAGE PAGE 18專四必備語(yǔ)法一、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài) 時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)：1.表達(dá)將來(lái)時(shí)的形式：(1)在時(shí)間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：Ill tell him when you will ring again. 我告訴他你什么時(shí)候再來(lái)電話。(賓語(yǔ)從句)比較：Ill tell him when you ring again.你再打電話時(shí)我告訴他。(狀語(yǔ)從句)(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，如：See to it that you include i

2、n the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time.(include 不能用will include或其他形式)2.完成時(shí)是時(shí)態(tài)測(cè)試的重點(diǎn)，注意與完成時(shí)連用的句型和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：(1)by/between/up to/till +過(guò)去時(shí)間、since、by the time/when +表示過(guò)去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Between 1897 and 1919 at le

3、ast 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況)(2)by +將來(lái)時(shí)間、by the time/ when +謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。如：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come ba

4、ck next year.(3)by now、since +過(guò)去時(shí)間、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), 但在it is +具體時(shí)間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。如：The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scient

5、ists at the turn of the 19th century.It is four years since John left school.(4)在It is the +序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級(jí)+that的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如： It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.(5)在no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。3.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指動(dòng)作在完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如： The company ha

6、s been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)答題思路：(1)先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時(shí)態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案；(2)根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。二、不定式1.不定式做主語(yǔ)(1)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語(yǔ)的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般由介詞for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語(yǔ)時(shí), 不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)則由of引導(dǎo)：absurd, bold, brave, courageous,

7、careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如：Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.Its clever of you to have invented such a

8、 device.(2)不定式做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：掌握常用不定式做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句型。注意不定式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth.2.不定式做賓語(yǔ)掌握要求接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend,

9、 venture。如：Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.3.不定式做定語(yǔ)(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定詞時(shí)，該名詞用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一個(gè)登上月球的女性(2)如果其動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓語(yǔ)，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：tendency to dot

10、end to do, decision to dodecide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：ambition to do “干的雄心”be ambitious to do“有雄心干”curiosity to do “對(duì)的好奇心”be curious to do“對(duì)好奇”ability to do“做的能力”able to do“有能力做”According to Darwin, ra

11、ndom changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.(4)表示方式、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語(yǔ)，這些名詞包括：way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (運(yùn)動(dòng))，effort等。如：I worked so late in the of

12、fice last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.(5)不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.4.不定式做狀語(yǔ)不定式做狀語(yǔ)主要表示

13、目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)，so as to不能置于句首。如：(2)soas to, suchas to, enoughto, tooto結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語(yǔ)。如：The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, dont have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.The vocabulary and grammatical diff

14、erences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時(shí)用only加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。常見(jiàn)的不定式動(dòng)詞有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如：Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked.(4)not/never t

15、oo to, too not to, but/only tooto, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義。如：I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再聽(tīng)到你的消息，我太高興了。三、動(dòng)名詞1.必須接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞牢記下列要求接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, confess, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, fa

16、vor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.2.動(dòng)名詞做介詞短語(yǔ)考生尤其要識(shí)別下列短語(yǔ)中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)：object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, lo

17、ok forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, preferto, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with

18、 a view to, on the way to。如：四、分詞分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。在概念上應(yīng)清楚： 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。 過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。1.分詞做定語(yǔ)，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于省略了的定語(yǔ)從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動(dòng)意義。如：Its easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-in

19、creasing world.(相當(dāng)于the changes which take place.)There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相當(dāng)于which gave.)How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interes

20、ted in the discussion?(相當(dāng)于How many of us who will attend.)(2)過(guò)去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動(dòng)意義。如：Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (相當(dāng)于recapture of the port which had been announced)Just as the value o

21、f a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. (相當(dāng)于each new phone which is added to)The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.(相當(dāng)于description which was

22、 based on)(3)下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過(guò)去分詞形式做定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，但不具有被動(dòng)意義：deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。如：an escaped prisoner一個(gè)逃犯a retired worker一位退休工人a faded curtain一個(gè)褪了色的窗簾a newly arrived student一個(gè)新來(lái)的學(xué)生2.分詞做狀語(yǔ)，注意

23、區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式(1)表示時(shí)間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要用完成式。如：Having completed one task, we started on another one. (complete先于start之前發(fā)生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時(shí)要用完成式，有時(shí)用一般式。如：He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.There seemed lit

24、tle hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.(3)表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lostto the outside world.(4)表示結(jié)果，置于

25、句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.(5)表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.

26、Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.3.分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般為句子的主語(yǔ)，否則分詞短語(yǔ)要有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，稱為分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個(gè)部分。如：All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的

27、其他考點(diǎn)1.接不定式或動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)都可以，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞的用法mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing建議(做某事)forget to do忘記(要做的事) remember to do記得(要做某事)forget doing忘記(已做的事) remember doing記得(已做過(guò)的事)go on to do繼而(做另一件事) stop to do停下來(lái)去做另一件事go on doing繼續(xù)(做原來(lái)的事) stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do(對(duì)將要做的事)遺憾

28、regret doing(對(duì)已做過(guò)的事)后悔2.不定式的習(xí)慣用法句型：cannot help but do cannot but docannot choose but do can do nothing but dohave no choice/alternative but to do上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如：Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction. When I consid

29、er how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.3.動(dòng)名詞的習(xí)慣用法句型：be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.Its no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.spend/waste time doing sth. There is no

30、 point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth.I know it isnt important but I cant help thinking about it.Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them.There is no use crying over spilt milk.4.there be 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法(1)做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)取決于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的持續(xù)要求。

31、如：The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做賓語(yǔ))(2)做目的狀語(yǔ)或程度狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用for there to be，做其他狀語(yǔ)用there being。如：For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.(for there to be在句中做目的狀語(yǔ)

32、)It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely.(for there to be在句中做程度狀語(yǔ))There being no further questions, well stop here today. (there being做原因狀語(yǔ))(3)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)用for there to be。如：It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.(4)做除for外的介詞賓語(yǔ)，用there being。如

33、：He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.六、虛擬語(yǔ)氣1.主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)(1)掌握主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的規(guī)范搭配:主句從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+dowere (不分人稱)/did與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+have donehad done與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+doshould do / were to do如：If the doctor had been available, the child cou

34、ld not have died.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise.(2)區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時(shí)間概念：主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所指時(shí)間不同，這叫做錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句，動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來(lái)調(diào)整。如：Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.(主句與現(xiàn)在

35、事實(shí)相反，從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)(3)識(shí)別事實(shí)和假設(shè)混合句：Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.(句子前半部分為假設(shè)情況，而“父母病了”是事實(shí)

36、)I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.(前半部分為假設(shè)，后半部分是事實(shí))2.名詞性從句的虛擬形式名詞性從句是指賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用(should+)動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉：(1)下列動(dòng)詞做謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，that賓語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask,

37、 demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如：In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，that主語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropr

38、iate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如：The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right a

39、way.It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.(3)下列名詞接同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如：John Wagners most enduring contri

40、bution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.3.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式含蓄虛擬語(yǔ)氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過(guò)if從句表達(dá)，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中。考生應(yīng)熟

41、悉：(1)連詞but, but that, or, or else；副詞otherwise, unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。如：A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened; otherwise he wouldnt have made such a stupid remark.(2)介詞短語(yǔ)暗含假設(shè)條件，常用的有：without

42、, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.(4)情態(tài)動(dòng)

43、詞完成式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didnt.4.常用虛擬形式的句型(1)從句中動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去完成式表示虛擬的句型：would rather would as soon as though supposehad rather would sooner as if supposingIf only It is (high) time that(從句中動(dòng)詞只用過(guò)去式)如：His wife would rather they didnt talk about the matter any

44、 more.Id rather you went by train, because I cant bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.(2)If it were not for (與

45、現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)If it had not been for (與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反) 相當(dāng)于but for。如：If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.(3)If only謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。如：If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.(4)lest/for fear that/in case 從句謂語(yǔ)用(shoul

46、d+)動(dòng)詞原形。如：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(5)whetheror有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shippin

47、g them, went quite smoothly.七、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義：1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況(1)must have +過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測(cè)，譯為“(昨天)一定”。如：My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”(2)cant/couldnt have +過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè)，譯為“(昨天

48、)一定沒(méi)”。 如：Mary couldnt have received my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.(3)may/might have +過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè)，或事實(shí)上根本沒(méi)發(fā)生，譯為“也許”。如：At Florida Powers Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.2.

49、表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣(1)neednt have+過(guò)去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實(shí)沒(méi)必要”。如：As it turned out to be a small house party, we neednt have dressed up so formally.(2)should /should not have +過(guò)去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做，或本不應(yīng)該做但實(shí)際上做了, 譯為“本(不)應(yīng)該”。如：I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.(3)ou

50、ght to have+過(guò)去分詞，表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了，但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該”，與should的完成式含義類似。如：The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.(4)could have+過(guò)去分詞，表示過(guò)去本來(lái)可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以”。如：What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.(5)may/might h

51、ave + 過(guò)去分詞，表示過(guò)去可以做但實(shí)際未做，譯為“(那樣)也許會(huì)”。如：It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.3.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞?？嫉木湫?1)may/might (just) as well“不妨，最好”，與had better相近。如：Since the flight was cancelled, you mi

52、ght as well go by train.(2)cannot/canttoo “越越好，怎么也不過(guò)分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannotover。如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.(3)usednt或didnt use to為used to (do)的否定式。(4)should 除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然

53、”的意思。如：I didnt expect that he should have behaved like that.八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級(jí)1.形容詞的句法功能Live 直播的 lived 動(dòng)詞形式 living 活著的 lively 栩栩如生的 活潑的 Alone 副詞（獨(dú)自 僅僅）和形容（單獨(dú)的 孤獨(dú)的）都有 not less than 不少于 alike 相似的Very likely 很可能 多半 大概 1.enough+n.2.adj+enough 切記：不定代詞+enough still less 何況 更不用說(shuō) Opshacom op 人的觀點(diǎn) beautiful horri

54、ble lovely nice sh 形狀 long short round narrow a 新舊 old new young c 顏色 o 來(lái)源 German China m 材料 plastic metal aluminium Well 在動(dòng)詞后 sleepy 形容詞 形容昏昏欲睡的樣子 asleep 副詞 睡著 比如 fall asleep 睡著了 Wide open sensitive to是“敏感的”意思，sensible of 是“明智的”意思 wary of 小心 謹(jǐn)慎 interesting 興趣 conscious of 意識(shí)到 loath to the former pr

55、esident heavy smoker plain poet laureate 杰出的詩(shī)人 considerate 體貼的 體諒的 considerable 相當(dāng)多的 重要的 可觀的 run cold 做副詞是徹底的 完全的 invaluable 無(wú)價(jià)的 valueless 無(wú)價(jià)值的 strange 副詞形容都有 less tense presidential 總統(tǒng)制的 Indoor 形容詞 indoors 副詞 rude可以用來(lái)修飾人、思想、行為，或者修飾人所做的事情。修飾人或其思想時(shí)，意思是“粗魯”、“沒(méi)有禮貌”或“村野”；在修飾物時(shí)，表示缺乏技藝，或者由于沒(méi)有合適的材料或適當(dāng)?shù)墓ぞ?，?/p>

56、出的東西是“粗糙的”rough 在修飾人和思想、行為時(shí)，僅僅表示“粗”，比如我們常說(shuō)的“大老粗”，并不含有“粗魯”、“無(wú)禮”及“村野”的意思。在修飾物或所做的活兒時(shí)，rough表示非精心制作的，有時(shí)表示有意做的粗糙，因?yàn)橹灰獫M足了需要就行，不必做得精細(xì)；有時(shí)表示半成品， 有待繼續(xù)加工；有時(shí)制作人為了表示謙虛，把自己完成的工作說(shuō)成rough workcrude的原義是“天然狀態(tài)的”，在修飾物時(shí)指的是“未加工的”、“粗糙的”。在修飾人或思想、行為時(shí)，指的是“未開(kāi)化的”、“低級(jí)的”、“粗魯?shù)摹眗aw在修飾物時(shí)，意思是“生的”（即未加工處理的）、“未熟的”。如raw meat（生肉），raw eggs

57、（生蛋），raw material（原材料），raw hides（生牛皮）等等。在修飾人及思想、行為時(shí)，raw指的是“未成熟的”、“無(wú)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的”、“不老練的”coarse在修飾物時(shí)，其“粗糙的”含義實(shí)際上指的是“精細(xì)的”(fine)的反義詞。如coarse sand（粗砂），fine sand（細(xì)砂），coarse cloth（粗布），fine cloth（細(xì)布）；在修飾人及思想行為時(shí)，主要指“粗俗的”而言die 是不及物動(dòng)詞，表示“死”、“死亡”。例如： The man died of cancer.這男人死于癌癥。 Flowers soon die if they are left with

58、out water.花如果不澆水，不久就會(huì)枯死。 dead 是形容詞，表示“死的”、“無(wú)生命的”。例如： He has been dead for five years.他已死了年了。 Its dead matter.那是無(wú)生命的物質(zhì)。 Well never forget the dead.我們將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記死者。（dead前面加定冠詞，表示死亡的人）。 death 是名詞，表示“死”、“死亡”。例如： His mothers death was a great blow to him. 他母親的去世對(duì)他打擊很大。 Several children were burnt to death. 幾

59、個(gè)孩子在大火中被燒死。 deadly 有兩種詞性。用作形容詞時(shí)表示“致命的”、“致死的”；用作副詞時(shí)表示“如死一般地”。例如： Its deadly poison.那是致命的毒藥。（形容詞） They have deadly weapons.他們有致命的武器。（形容詞） Its deadly quiet.死一般地靜。（副詞） lonely 和lone 都是形容詞 沒(méi)有alonely 這個(gè)詞rarely,很少地，難得地，少見(jiàn)地seldom,表示頻率，很少，不常，反義詞oftenhardly 幾乎不，簡(jiǎn)直不= almost not ,強(qiáng)調(diào)困難 常和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can,could連用，如could ha

60、rdly see幾乎看不見(jiàn)。scarcely = hardly 幾乎不，簡(jiǎn)直沒(méi)有，僅僅，剛剛,用在be/助動(dòng)詞后，強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量和程度的不足barely 僅僅，剛剛，幾乎不能，強(qiáng)調(diào)勉強(qiáng)夠數(shù)Much 能修飾比較級(jí) more 只能修飾原型 much better much more beautiful fast 副詞 迅速地 緊緊地 merely意為“僅僅，只，不過(guò)”，表示肯定意義，如be merely the beginning，僅僅是個(gè)開(kāi)頭。barely意為“僅僅，剛好，正好”，表示肯定意義，常和enough,sufficient等詞連用，如be barely enough勉強(qiáng)夠。barely ad