英美教育簡介

1、 Education in the USAEducation in the U.S. - Administration1. Educational systems2. Funds for schoolsEducation in the U.S. - AdministrationIn America, education is a national concern a state responsibility a local functionEducation in the U.S. - Administration1. There is 50 educational systems in th

2、e United States. The U.S. Constitution mentions nothing about education. Each state enjoys freedom to develop a school system as extensive or as limited as it desires. Education in the U.S. - Administration2. Local communities in turn were given substantial freedom to select teachers and administrat

3、ors and to schedule the school year and day to meet the standards by the states.Education in the U.S. -Administration3. There was no a federal organization for education until the establishment of the U.S. Office of Education in 1867. In 1953 became a branch of the largest federal agency -The Depart

4、ment of Health, Education, and Welfare. Education in the U.S. - Administration4. Since the U.S. Constitution is silent on education, all educational matters are left to the individual state. On the state level, educational policy is generally the responsibility of a state board of citizens. There is

5、 no one uniform pattern of state administration. Education in the U.S. - Administration5. In most states, the state legislature or governor appoints state boards, but a few state boards are elected . Education in the U.S. - Administration6. Funds for schools come from 3 sources:Approximately 50% is

6、raised through local property taxes.An average of from 40% -50% comes from the states.Only 8% - 9% from the national government. Education in the U.S. - Practice1. School system 2. Higher EducationEducation in the U.S. - PracticeEducation is carried out at various levels, which are mainly divided in

7、to:elementary education 初級教育secondary education 中級教育higher education 高等教育Early Childhood EducationIn most areas, free public school education begins with kindergarten classes for five-year-olds.Some public school systems also offer pre-kindergarten programs for four-year-olds.Some are introduced to

8、the classroom situation at a much younger age, either through nursery schools or day care centers.Some communities have pre-and post-school programs for school-age children whose mothers leave for work before school begins and come home after school lets out.Kindergarten （幼兒園）half-day sessionsthe ch

9、ild becomes accustomed to being separated from Mommy, playing and sharing with other children, and following the directions of a teacherthe child are also introduced to skills and information that will help him later with academic workNursery school (托兒所)accept children form three to five years old

10、half-day sessions ranging from twice a week to five days a weekwell-equipped classroom and playgroundusually charge tuition, though some are subsidized and some offer scholarshipsDay care center (日托) provide care for pre-school children of working mothers who need a place to leave their children all

11、 day, five days a week.accept pre-schoolers from infancy on.The Womens Liberation movement has widely publicized the idea that free, high-quality day care is essential if women are to participate fully in society.Primary and Secondary SchoolsClasses of students are divided into twelve academic level

12、s called grades.One academic year is required to complete each grade.The child enters the first grade, at about age six, to do some academic work (learning to read, write, and do arithmetic) Primary and Secondary SchoolsThe first academic institution that a child attends is called grammar school or

13、elementary school.In some school systems, elementary school includes grades one through eight. The next four years are called high school.In other school systems, there are three divisions: elementary school (grades one through six), junior high school (grades seven through nine), and senior high sc

14、hool (grades ten through twelve).Grammar school (elementary school)Subjects: reading, arithmetic, language arts, social studies, music, art and physical educationStudents are grouped into classes. The class has the same teacher for most subjects. Only art, music and physical education are taught by

15、teachers who specialize in these areas.The important thing is to make the children happy and interested.stressed character training or social skills training through extracurricular activities.School and home are closely linked, and there is a sense of partnership between teachers and parents.Gramma

16、r school (elementary school)High schoolClassification:Vocational and technical high schools (職業(yè)技術(shù)中學(xué)) provide for a variety of occupations.Academic high schools (文理中學(xué)) emphasize their schooling in academic and intellectual disciplines. The majority of American high schools call themselves secondary e

17、ducation for almost all high schools are responsible for providing both academic and vocational education.High schoolSubjects (more specialized) English-grammar and literature social studies-American history American government European history algebra 代數(shù), geometry幾何, and trigonometry 三角學(xué) general sc

18、ience course (one year) detailed courses in biology, chemistry, and physics foreign language music, art, and physical educationHigh schoolStudents meet a different teacher and a different group of students for each subject.The high school students day may be divided into nine periods: five for acade

19、mic subjectsone session for physical education a lunch periodtwo study periods (visiting the library or participating in an extracurricular activity)Higher educationClassification:Junior college-offer the first two years of college onlyCollege: offer only undergraduate coursesUniversity: undergradua

20、te, graduate, and professional schoolsJunior college graduates usually transfer to four-year colleges or universities.Higher educationHigher education includes:Junior college 專科 - Associate Degree 副學(xué)士 undergraduate study本科-Bachelors degree學(xué)士graduate study 研究生 -Masters degree 碩士 -Doctors degree 博士Hig

21、her educationUndergraduate 本科生:Freshmen: First year students 大一Sophomores: Second-year students 大二Juniors: Third-year students 大三Seniors: Fourth-year students 大四Public or PrivateMost college students in the United States are in “public” institutions, and only a minority are in “private” ones.The old

22、est, and in some ways the most prestigious, colleges are private, founded partly from endowments, and partly by contributions from business and above all, former students.Public School and Private SchoolEach state is responsible for providing schooling. Public schools are funded through local taxes

23、and governed by local school boards.Curriculum is determined by each state.Primary and secondary schools are free.Private schools are privately financed and maintained.Many of the schools have religious connection.Students pay tuition.More than 10% students attend private schools.Structure credit sy

24、stemBachelor degree: 130+ creditsMaster degree: 30-40 creditsA credit=15 hours of class instructionFreshmenSophomores: 30 creditsJuniors: 60 creditsSeniors: 90 creditsCollege gradesFrom highest to lowest, run A, B, C, D, F.A = Excellent B = Above Average C = Average D = Below Average F = Failure (A

25、student who fails a required course must take the course again.)American colleges and universities have gone to great lengths to see to it that students are not subject to excessive specialization. The way to do this is to require students to take a certain number of courses in one department for hi

26、s or her major take a certain number of other courses that are distributed among several departments. But he usually concentrates in one field during his last two years of college. Avoid excessive specializationCampus lifeA college community is an interesting and lively place. Students become involv

27、ed in many different activities-extracurricular, religious, social, and athletic.Extracurricular activities are college newspapers, musical organizations, dramatic clubs, and political groups.Student union where students can get together for lunch, study sessions, club meetings, and socializing.At m

28、any schools, campus life revolves around fraternities and sororities.College Entry RequirementsRequirements vary between institutions.Expectations are the same for every major. (Either science or art)Commonalities: 1. SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test or Student Achievement Test) 學(xué)業(yè)能力傾向測驗成績 2. Letters o

29、f Recommendation 推薦信 3. Application 申請 4. Tuition: Public four-year institution: $15,000 per year Private four-year institution: $32,000 per year (excluding housing, food, or other supplies)CostThe rapidly rising cost of higher educationHarvard University(private): tuition+housing and food+ personal

30、 expenses =$24,000+$8,000+$8,000 Arizona State University(public): tuition+housing and food+personal expenses=$7,000-$8,000+$2,000-$3,000+$4,000-$5,000The distinctive features of the American educational system：Emphasis on education of the masses 大眾教育rather than on education of the intellectuals精英教育

31、.Goals include: Promoting democracy, assimilation, individuality, nationalism, equality of opportunity and personal development.Education is neither centrally administered nor supported directly by the federal government.Top UniversitiesPrinceton UniversityHarvard UniversityYale UniversityCalifornia

32、 Institute of TechnologyStanford UniversityMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyThe Ivy League (常青藤盟校）Some of the best-known private universities in the United States are located in the Northeast. They are the oldest ones in America as well. The Big Three: Harvard 哈佛大學(xué)Yale 耶魯大學(xué)Princeton普林斯頓大學(xué)The Ivy

33、 League (常青藤盟校）Harvard 哈佛大學(xué)Yale 耶魯大學(xué)Princeton 普林斯頓大學(xué)Brown 布朗大學(xué)Columbia 哥倫比亞大學(xué) Cornell 康奈爾大學(xué)Dartmouth 達(dá)特茅斯學(xué)院University of Pennsylvania 賓夕法尼亞州大學(xué)Harvard University 哈佛大學(xué)Harvard is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the eastern coast of the United States.Harvard University 哈佛大學(xué)Harvard College was es

34、tablished in 1636.It was named for its first benefactor, John Harvard of Charlestown, a young minister who upon his death, left his library and half his estate to the new institution.Yale University耶魯大學(xué)Yale University was founded in 1701.It comprises three major academic components: Yale College (th

35、e undergraduate program), the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and ten professional schools.Princeton University 普林斯頓大學(xué)Founded in 1746 at Elizabeth, New JerseyLocated in the heart of Princeton, New Jersey,Princeton simultaneously strives to be one of the leading research universities and the mo

36、st outstanding undergraduate college in the world.Education vocabulary教育程度 educational background 學(xué)歷 educational history課程 course; curriculum主修 major副修 minor必修課 required/compulsory course 選修課 elective/optional course 基礎(chǔ)課 basic course 專業(yè)課 specialized course 課程表 school timetable Education vocabulary學(xué)期

37、 semester （美） term（英） 校長 president副校長 vice-president 教務(wù)員academic dean系主任 department chairman教授 professor副教授 associate professor客座教授 guest professor講師 lecturerEducation vocabulary學(xué)前教育 preschool education 初等教育 elementary education 中等教育 secondary education 高等教育 higher education 普遍教育 general education 成人教育 adult education 職業(yè)技