TED英語(yǔ)演講：如何用你的大腦控制他人的手臂

1、葛雷格蓋吉的當(dāng)前要?jiǎng)?wù)，是要讓人人都可以接觸腦神經(jīng)科學(xué)。在這場(chǎng)有趣、又有點(diǎn)嚇人的展示中，這位腦神經(jīng)科學(xué)家兼資深TED 講者，用一臺(tái)簡(jiǎn)單、便宜的自裂工具來(lái)奪走其中一位聽(tīng)眾的自由意志。這不是障眼法，它確實(shí)發(fā)生了。下面是為大家收集關(guān)于 TED 英語(yǔ)演講如何用你的大腦控制他人的手臂，歡 迎借鑒參考。演說(shuō)題目 How to control someone elses arm with your brain演說(shuō)者 Greg Gage演講稿The brain is an amazing and complex organ. And while many people are fascinated by the

2、 brain, they cant really tell you that much about the properties about how the brain works because we dont teach neuroscience in schools.大腦是個(gè)很神奇又復(fù)雜的器官。盡管很多人都對(duì)大腦十分著迷，他們卻講不出太多關(guān)于大腦的特征，以及它是怎樣工作的，因?yàn)閷W(xué)校沒(méi)有神經(jīng)科學(xué)的 課。And one of the reasons why is that the equipment is so complex and so expensive that its really

3、 only done at major universities and large institutions. And so in order to be able to access the brain, you really need to dedicate your life and spend six and a half years as a graduate student just to become a neuroscientist to get access to these tools.其中一個(gè)原因就是相應(yīng)的設(shè)備太復(fù)雜又太昂貴，這些研究只有在高等學(xué)府和大型研究機(jī)構(gòu)才能進(jìn)行

4、。所以為了能夠接觸到大腦，你幾乎需要奉獻(xiàn)終生，花六年半的時(shí)間在研究生院學(xué)習(xí)，只為了成為神經(jīng)科學(xué)家好能夠使用那些設(shè) 備。And thats a shame because one out of five of us, thats 20 percent of the entire world, will have a neurological disorder. And there are zero cures for these diseases. And so it seems that what we should be doing is reaching back earlier in t

5、he eduction process and teaching students about neuroscience so that in the future, they may be thinking about possibly becoming a brain scientist.很遺憾的是，我們每五個(gè)人當(dāng)中就有一個(gè)，也就是全球人口的 20%會(huì)受神經(jīng)性失調(diào)的困擾。然而還沒(méi)有任何方法能治愈這些疾病。這么看來(lái)，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)從教育的更早期階段開(kāi)始就傳授給學(xué)生神經(jīng)科學(xué)的知識(shí)，這樣在將來(lái)，他們或許會(huì)考慮成為腦神經(jīng)科學(xué)家。When I was a graduate student, my lab

6、mate Tim Marzullo and myself, decided that what if we took this complex equipment that we have for studying the brain and made it simple enough and affordable enoughthat anyone that you know, an amateur or a high school student, could learn and actually participate in the discovery of neuroscience.當(dāng)

7、我還是一名研究生的時(shí)候，就與同實(shí)驗(yàn)室的 Tim Marzullo 決定，將我們現(xiàn)在研究大腦用的復(fù)雜儀器進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化，價(jià)格能足夠親民，讓任何人，從神經(jīng)科學(xué)愛(ài)好者到高中生，都能夠?qū)W習(xí)并參與到探索神經(jīng)科學(xué)的過(guò)程當(dāng)中。And so we did just that. A few years ago, we started a company called Backyard Brains and we make DIY neuroscience equipment and I brought some here tonight, and I want to do some demonstrations. Y

8、ou guys want to see some于是我們這樣做了。幾年前，我們成立了一家名叫 Backyard Brains （大腦后院） 的公司，主要生產(chǎn) DIY 的神經(jīng)科學(xué)儀器，我今天帶來(lái)了一些，打算為大家做現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的演示。你們想看嗎So I need a volunteer. So right before - what is your name (Applause) Sam Kelly: Sam. Greg Gage: All right, Sam, Im going to record from your brain. Have you had this before SK: No. G

9、G: I need you to stick out your arm for science, roll up your sleeve a bit, So what Im going to do, Im putting electrodes on your arm, and youre probably wondering, I just said Im going to record from your brain, what am I doing with your arm我需要一個(gè)志愿者。首先 你叫什么名字Sam Kelly: Sam。Greg Gage很 好， Sam， 我接下來(lái)要記

10、錄你的腦部活動(dòng)了。你以前做過(guò)這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)嗎 SK 沒(méi) 有。 GG 我需要你為了科學(xué)伸出胳膊，稍微卷起你的袖子，我接下來(lái)要做的，是在你的胳膊上貼幾個(gè)電極，你可能在想，我剛說(shuō)我要記錄你的大腦，這跟胳 膊有什么關(guān)系Well, you have about 80 billion neurons inside your brain right now. Theyre sending electrical messages back and forth, and chemical messages. But some of your neurons right here in your motor corte

11、x are going to send messages down when you move your arm like this. Theyre going to go down across your corpus callosum, down onto your spinal cord to your lower motor neuron out to your muscles here, and that electrical discharge is going to be picked up by these electrodes right here and were goin

12、g to be able to listen to exactly what your brain is going to be doing. So Im going to turn this on for a second.其實(shí)，此時(shí)此刻在你的大腦內(nèi)有800億神經(jīng)元，它們?cè)趤?lái)回發(fā)送電信號(hào)和化學(xué)信號(hào)。但在這里有一些位于你的運(yùn)動(dòng)皮質(zhì)的神經(jīng)元，你這樣運(yùn)動(dòng)胳膊的時(shí)候會(huì)向下發(fā)送信號(hào)。這些信號(hào)會(huì)向下穿過(guò)胼胝體，進(jìn)入你的脊髓，到達(dá)下運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元，再到達(dá)你這里的肌肉，這種電信號(hào)釋放會(huì)被這里的電極接收，于是我們就能夠聽(tīng)到你的大腦到底想要做些什么。我來(lái)打開(kāi)這個(gè)東西。Have you ever heard what

13、 your brain sounds like SK: No. GG: Lets try it out. So go ahead and squeeze your hand. (Rumbling) So what youre listening to, so this is your motor units happening right here. Lets take a look at it as well. So Im going to stand over here, and Im going to open up our app here. So now I want you to

14、squeeze. (Rumbling)你有聽(tīng)過(guò)你的大腦的聲音嗎SK沒(méi)有。GG來(lái)試試吧。來(lái)試著抬肘握一下拳。(隆隆聲)你現(xiàn)在聽(tīng)到的，這就是你的運(yùn)動(dòng)單元正在此處發(fā)揮作用。我們也來(lái)看一下好了。我會(huì)站在這里，我需要打開(kāi)我們的應(yīng)用程序?，F(xiàn)在握一下拳，(隆隆聲)So right here, these are the motor units that are happening from her spinal cord out to her muscle right here,and as shes doing it, youre seeing the electrical activity thats

15、happening here. You can even click here and try to see one of them. So keep doing it really hard. So now weve paused on one motor action potential thats happening right now inside of your brain.就在這兒，這些就是正在起作用的運(yùn)動(dòng)單元，從她的脊椎延伸到這里的肌肉，伴隨著她的動(dòng)作，你可以看到這里的電信號(hào)活動(dòng)。你甚至可以點(diǎn)進(jìn)去看其 中的一個(gè)。繼續(xù)不停地使勁握拳。我們現(xiàn)在暫停在此時(shí)此刻正在你腦內(nèi)的一個(gè) 運(yùn)動(dòng)電勢(shì)

16、。Do you guys want to see some more (Applause) Thats interesting, but lets get it better. I need one more volunteer. What is your name, sir Miguel Goncalves: Miguel. GG: Miguel, all right. Youre going to stand right here. So when youre moving your arm like this, your brain is sending a signal down to

17、 your muscles right here.你們想看更多的嗎剛才的那個(gè)挺有趣的，不過(guò)還有更有意思的。我還需要一名志愿者。先生，請(qǐng)問(wèn)你的名字是Miguel GoncalvesMiguel GG 好的，Miguel。你需要站在這里。（對(duì)SK）當(dāng)你在這樣握拳的時(shí)候，你的大腦向你這里的肌肉發(fā)出了信號(hào)。（對(duì) MG） 我想讓你也像那樣握拳。你的大腦也將向你的肌肉發(fā)出信號(hào)。I want you to move your arm as well. So your brain is going to send a signal down to your muscles.And so it turns ou

18、t that there is a nerve thats right here that runs up here that innervates these three fingers,and its close enough to the skin that we might be able to stimulate that so that what we can do is copy your brain signals going out to your hand and inject it into your hand, so that your hand will move w

19、hen your brain tells your hand to move. So in a sense, she will take away your free will and you will no longer have any control over this hand. You with me實(shí)際上這里有一根神經(jīng) 一路上來(lái)并支配這三根手指的活動(dòng)，而這根神經(jīng)又離皮膚足夠近，讓我們能夠刺激它，所以我們能做的是復(fù)制從你 （SK） 的大腦向手臂發(fā)出的信號(hào)，并把這個(gè)信號(hào)注入到你 （MG） 手臂里，于是你的手臂會(huì)在你（SK） 的大腦告訴手臂要?jiǎng)拥臅r(shí)候動(dòng)。所以從某種意義上說(shuō)，（對(duì) MG）

20、她會(huì)奪走你的自由意志，你將無(wú)法控制你自己的這只手。你明白了嗎So I just need to hook you up. （Laughter） So Im going to find your ulnar nerve, which is probably right around here. You dont know what youre signing up for when you come up. So now Im going to move away and were going to plug it in to our human-to-human interface over

21、here.我需要把你連接上。我要找到你的尺神經(jīng)，大概在這個(gè)位置。你上臺(tái)的時(shí)候還不知道將要發(fā)生什么吧。我現(xiàn)在要讓開(kāi)，并連接好我們的人對(duì)人互動(dòng)界 面。Okay, so Sam, I want you to squeeze your hand again. Do it again. Perfect. So now Im going to hook you up over here so that you get the - Its going to feel a little bit weird at first, this is going to feel like a - （Laughter）

22、You know, when you lose your free will, and someone else becomes your agent, it does feel a bit strange.好了，Sam,我想請(qǐng)你再次握一下拳。再做一次。好的，完美。（對(duì)MG）我現(xiàn)在要把你連接上，這樣你就能接收到剛開(kāi)始會(huì)覺(jué)得有點(diǎn)奇怪，你會(huì)覺(jué)得- （笑聲 ）你懂的，當(dāng)你失去了意志，別人成為了你的代理人，這的確會(huì)感覺(jué)有點(diǎn)奇 怪。Now I want you to relax your hand. Sam, youre with me So youre going to squeeze. Im not

23、 going to turn it on yet, so go ahead and give it a squeeze.我現(xiàn)在需要你放松你的手。Sam,你有在聽(tīng)吧你現(xiàn)在握拳。我還沒(méi)要打開(kāi) 機(jī)器呢，所以不要擔(dān)心，先握一下。So now, are you ready, Miguel MG: Ready as Ill ever be. GG: Ive turned it on, so go ahead and turn your hand. Do you feel that a little bit MG: Nope. GG: Okay, do it again MG: A little bit. GG: A little bit （Laughter） So relax. So hit it again. （Laughter） Oh, perfect, perfect. So relax, do it again.那么現(xiàn)在，你準(zhǔn)備好了嗎， MiguelMG 我已經(jīng)迫不及待了。 GG 我已經(jīng)打開(kāi)儀器了，（M SK）現(xiàn)在試著握一下