英漢互譯篇章翻譯原則與策略(41p)課件

1、Translationofdiscourse英漢互譯篇章翻譯原則與策略Translation of discourseWhat is the discourse?Discourse means either written or spoken communication. The term is often used in semantics and discourse analysis. 漢語定義篇章（text）是表達(dá)整體概念的語義單位。篇章是語言在交際中，特別是在書面交際中的對(duì)象和理想單位。它不只是一連串句子和段落的集合，而是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)完整、功能明確的語義統(tǒng)一體。（陳宏薇）篇章翻譯是指高于句

2、子層次或句以上的語言單位的翻譯。（王治奎）篇章特征篇章它具有形式和邏輯的一致性。語篇并非是互不關(guān)聯(lián)的句子的簡(jiǎn)單堆積，而是一些意義相聯(lián)系的句子為達(dá)到一定交際目的，通過各種銜接手段而實(shí)現(xiàn)的有機(jī)結(jié)合。（一）A Comparison Between Chinese Discourse and English Discourse1.The Similarities 1.1 Cohesion (銜接）(cohesive devices)It concerns how the actual words we hear or see are mutually connected within a sequen

3、ce.（詞匯上的銜接關(guān)系）1.2 Coherence （連貫性）(coherent)It concerns the ways in which the components of the textual word are mutually accessible and relevant. (distribute knowledge or attain a object)（意義上的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系）2. The Differences2.1 Chinese DiscourseInductive（歸納性的） Spiral English Discourse Deductive（演繹性的）Straight

4、他出生在這一類人中間，出生在這種地方，他還有這樣的母親，這些要是讓他知道的話，他會(huì)多么丟人。 He knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.2.2 Parataxis VS HypotaxisChinese discourse -parataxis(意合）English discourse-Hypotaxis (形合）Exampl

5、e(1)牡丹江水，洶涌澎湃，萬馬奔騰，一瀉千里。Translation: Waves upon waves, the Peony River rushed violently down its long course like a horse galloping.2.3 Subject consciousness VS Object consciousnessChinese discourse-Subject consciousness(主體意識(shí)）-person as subject（主語）English discourse-Object consciousness（客體意識(shí)）-Thing a

6、s subjectGeneral principles英漢語篇在結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)和邏輯關(guān)系上相似時(shí)，一般可以采用“臨摹”的辦法，按照源語的發(fā)展思路，在譯語中復(fù)制或基本照搬源語行文的建構(gòu)方式。這種方法稱作“邏輯順組” （logic copying）。由于漢英在語言結(jié)構(gòu)，語篇銜接模式，邏輯層次等方面存在很大的差異，漢英互譯時(shí)往往需要進(jìn)行 “邏輯重組” (logic reshuffling)(二）銜接與連貫(cohesion and coherence )1 cohesionHalliday & Hasan 在Cohesion in English 中將英語的銜接手段分成五大類照應(yīng) reference替代

7、substitution省略 ellipsis詞匯銜接 lexical cohesion 連接 conjunction1.1 reference (照應(yīng)）Personal reference (人稱照應(yīng)）人稱照應(yīng)是通過人稱代詞(如 they, she, him 等）、所屬限定詞（如his, your, its 等）,和所屬代詞（hers, theirs， mine 等）和冠詞指示代詞來實(shí)現(xiàn)。英語人稱代詞以及相應(yīng)的限定詞的使用率大大高于漢語。 為了銜接緊密增譯代詞和冠詞孔乙己是站著喝酒而穿長(zhǎng)衫的唯一的人。他身材高大；青白臉色，皺紋間時(shí)常夾些傷痕；一部亂蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的雖然是長(zhǎng)衫，可是又臟又

8、破，似乎十多年沒有補(bǔ)，也沒有洗。（孔乙己）Kong was the only long-gowned customer to drink his wine standing. He was a big man, strangely pallid, with scars that often showed among the wrinkles of his face. He had a large unkempt beard, streaked with white. Although he wore a long gown, it was dirty and tattered, and loo

9、ked as if it had not been washed or mended for over ten years. (Tr. Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang) 每年農(nóng)歷十二月二十以后，海島上的居民便開始進(jìn)入過年倒計(jì)時(shí)。先搞衛(wèi)生，撣去一年塵土。接著準(zhǔn)備食品，做年糕，炒倭豆、炒番薯片、打米花糖。二十五、二十六起，家家戶戶開始“謝年”：祀祖先。Every year after the 20th of the lunar 12th month, inhabitants on the island would start their countdown on the Spr

10、ing Festival. They would sweep their houses clean, flickering every bit of dust off the furniture. After that they begin to prepare various foods: steamed New Year cakes, fried beans, fired sweet potato chips, and baked rice cookies. On the 25th and 26th of the month, households start their “New Yea

11、r Thanks-giving” rites to pay homage to their ancestors. 1.2 Substitution (替代）Substitution could be found in Chinese language and English Language, but comparatively, it is used more frequently in English Language.甲：瑪麗學(xué)近代文學(xué)，不學(xué)近代語言學(xué)。乙: 她學(xué)近代歷史么？A：Mary studies modern literature and doesnt do modern lin

12、guistics.B：Does she do modern history?1.3 ellipsisChinese -repetitionEnglish-ellipsis近朱者赤，近墨者黑。Association with the good can only produce good, with the wicked, evil.閱讀訓(xùn)練人的眼睛，說話訓(xùn)練人的口齒，寫作訓(xùn)練人的思維。Reading exercises ones eyes; speaking , ones tongue; while writing, ones mind.1.4 lexical cohesion (詞匯銜接）Ch

13、inese- lexical repetition （詞匯重復(fù)）English-Semantic repetition（語義重復(fù) or relative pronoun）1）每年有2000多個(gè)等待器官移植的病人瀕于死亡 （人體）器官的短缺非常嚴(yán)重。More than 2，000 patients are dying annually while waiting for transplant,The shortage of organs is so serious2)這個(gè)時(shí)候他來了，而這時(shí)我根本想不到他會(huì)來。He came at a time when I least expected him.

14、3)那是一個(gè)寒冷潮濕的晚上，這樣的晚上大部分人呆在家里。It was one of those cold, wet evenings when most people stay indoors.1.5 conjunction連接成分本身就具有明確含義，通過在語篇中使用這類連接性詞語，“人們可以了解子句之間的語義聯(lián)系，甚至可經(jīng)前句從邏輯上預(yù)見后續(xù)句的語義。（胡壯麟，1994：92）表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：also, too, furthermore, besides, moreover, in addition, what is more 表示因果關(guān)系：because, for. For this rea

15、son. Since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, consequently, of course, accordingly表示文章意義的轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ龋篴lthough, however, on the contrary, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact, on the other hand, as a matter of fact表示文章中事件發(fā)生的時(shí)空順序：first, second, third after this/that, meanwhile, sudd

16、enly, and so on, then, before, next, formerly, later, finally in the end, at last表示列舉：firstly, secondly, for one thing, for another; first of all, to begin with, then, last , in conclusion, last of all, to conclude表示舉例、解釋：for example, for instance, that is, namely, to illustrate表示總結(jié)：in short, to sum

17、 up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole, to conclude, to summarize本人在香港創(chuàng)業(yè)二十余年，歷盡艱辛，雖在事業(yè)上略有成就，但也飽嘗人世間的風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨。每次回鄉(xiāng)總是得到家鄉(xiāng)各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的熱情接待，心頭總有一種溫馨的感受，一種到家的感覺。 It has been more than 20 years since I started my career in Hong Kong, where I have weathered through various hardships . My modest achievements in bus

18、iness also go along with multitudinous pains and tears. As a result, every time when I return to my hometown, where I am given warm receptions by the local government leaders, my heart will be over flown with tenderness and affection, for it gives me a feeling of home. Reference指稱2)Reference is grea

19、tly encouraged to use in English discourse. But it is seldom adopted in Chinese discourse. 他雙手插進(jìn)口袋，然后聳了聳肩。He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.名落孫山孫山，滑稽才子也。赴舉時(shí)，鄉(xiāng)人托以子偕往。榜發(fā)，鄉(xiāng)人子失意，山綴榜先歸。鄉(xiāng)人問其子得失，山曰： “ 解名盡處是孫山，賢郎更在山外?！泵鋵O山： A name after the last one on the list.孫山，滑稽才子也: Suns

20、han was a talented scholar known for his sense of humour赴舉時(shí)，鄉(xiāng)人托以子偕往: Sunshan was about to set off to sit for an imperial civil examination at the country level when a villager came to ask him to accompany with his son who was leaving for the same purpose.榜發(fā)，鄉(xiāng)人子失意，山綴榜先歸。When the list of successful ca

21、ndidates was published/ made public, the villagers son turned out a failure, and Sunshans name was, by good fortune, the last one on the list, Sunshan first hurried home with glad news.鄉(xiāng)人問其子的失，山曰The villager was extremely anxious and asked him about his sons fortune. Sun replied suggestively in vers

22、e.解名盡處是孫山，賢郎更在孫山外。”Sun Shan is at the end of the name-list, your worthy son comes after Sunsan.（三）Translation Techniques1）如果靜思太久，覺得孤獨(dú)了，不妨翻開你可愛的書，書會(huì)使你輕松讓你充實(shí)。（2）在靜靜的空間里讀一本好書，如同冬日里圍坐一盆炭火與摯友談心。（3）平日，因工作太忙，或交際太繁，你難得與古今中外的智者交談。（4）而今，你卻可以凝神傾聽他們的教誨了。（5）在靜心的閱讀中，你的學(xué)識(shí)逐漸得到增長(zhǎng)。（6）你也可以依隨自己的愛好，去干任何一件感興趣的事。（7）靜靜地聽一段

23、音樂，專注地畫幾筆畫，認(rèn)真擺一盤殘局，甚至翻翻往日影集，想念一番遙遠(yuǎn)的朋友。（8）這些，無一不是人生的快樂。 1）如果靜思太久，覺得孤獨(dú)了，不妨翻開你可愛的書，書會(huì)使你輕松讓你充實(shí)。（1）When loneliness comes over you as a result of too much thinking, a favorite book will ease your mind and broaden your horizons. 點(diǎn)評(píng)： shift of perspective(視角轉(zhuǎn)化）, combination（合并),amplification(增詞）2）在靜靜的空間里讀一本好

24、書，如同冬日里圍坐一盆炭火與摯友談心。Reading a good book is like having a fireside chat with a close friend. 點(diǎn)評(píng)： （3）平日，因工作太忙，或交際太繁，你難得與古今中外的智者交談 At other times you may be so occupied with work or social intercourse as to have no time for books. 點(diǎn)評(píng)：4）而今，你卻可以凝神傾聽他們的教誨了（5）在靜心的閱讀中，你的學(xué)識(shí)逐漸得到增長(zhǎng) Then you can peacefully liste

25、n to wise men of all times, enriching yourself with their ideas and enlarging your stock of knowledge點(diǎn)評(píng)：6）你也可以依隨自己的愛好，去干任何一件感興趣的事。（7）靜靜地聽一段音樂，專注地畫幾筆畫，認(rèn)真擺一盤殘局，甚至翻翻往日影集，想念一番遙遠(yuǎn)的朋友。 6）Or you can do other things to suit your taste: enjoy a piece of music, attentively draw a picture or arrange Chinese che

26、ss pieces for a near-end game. If you are in the mood, you may as well open an album and let the photos bring back memories of those now far away. 點(diǎn)評(píng)：8）這些，無一不是人生的快樂 Isnt any one of these a real pleasure in life?點(diǎn)評(píng)1、想要體面生活，又覺得打拼辛苦；想要健康身體，又無法堅(jiān)持運(yùn)動(dòng)。人最失敗的，莫過于對(duì)自己不負(fù)責(zé)任，連答應(yīng)自己的事都辦不到，又何必抱怨這個(gè)世界都和你作對(duì)？人生的道理很簡(jiǎn)單，你想

27、要什么，就去付出足夠的努力。2、時(shí)間是最公平的，活一天就擁有24小時(shí)，差別只是珍惜。你若不相信努力和時(shí)光，時(shí)光一定第一個(gè)辜負(fù)你。有夢(mèng)想就立刻行動(dòng)，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在過的每一天，都是余生中最年輕的一天。3、無論正在經(jīng)歷什么，都請(qǐng)不要輕言放棄，因?yàn)閺膩頉]有一種堅(jiān)持會(huì)被辜負(fù)。誰的人生不是荊棘前行，生活從來不會(huì)一蹴而就，也不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)安穩(wěn)，只要努力，就能做獨(dú)一無二平凡可貴的自己。4、努力本就是年輕人應(yīng)有的狀態(tài)，是件充實(shí)且美好的事，可一旦有了表演的成分，就會(huì)顯得廉價(jià)，努力，不該是為了朋友圈多獲得幾個(gè)贊，不該是每次長(zhǎng)篇贅述后的自我感動(dòng)，它是一件平凡而自然而然的事，最佳的努力不過是：但行好事，莫問前程。愿努力，成就更好的

28、你！5、付出努力卻沒能實(shí)現(xiàn)的夢(mèng)想，愛了很久卻沒能在一起的人，活得用力卻平淡寂寞的青春，遺憾是每一次小的挫折，它磨去最初柔軟的心智、讓我們懂得累積時(shí)間的力量；那些孤獨(dú)沉寂的時(shí)光，讓我們學(xué)會(huì)守候內(nèi)心的平和與堅(jiān)定。那些脆弱的不完美，都會(huì)在努力和堅(jiān)持下，改變模樣。6、人生中總會(huì)有一段艱難的路，需要自己獨(dú)自走完，沒人幫助，沒人陪伴，不必畏懼，昂頭走過去就是了，經(jīng)歷所有的挫折與磨難，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，自己遠(yuǎn)比想象中要強(qiáng)大得多。多走彎路，才會(huì)找到捷徑，經(jīng)歷也是人生，修煉一顆強(qiáng)大的內(nèi)心，做更好的自己！7、“一定要成功”這種內(nèi)在的推動(dòng)力是我們生命中最神奇最有趣的東西。一個(gè)人要做成大事，絕不能缺少這種力量，因?yàn)檫@種力量能夠驅(qū)動(dòng)人不停地提高自己的能力。一個(gè)人只有先在心里肯定自己，相信自己，才能成就自