《語(yǔ)用學(xué)Pragmatics》課件 第三周

1、Pragmatics The third weekDifficult pointsDeixisDeictic projectionNon-deictic usage of the dictic expressionsPsychological distance2.1 Deixis The term “deixis” is derived from the Greek word meaning “to show”or “to point”P(pán)ointing via language.Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is

2、called a deictic expression. Dictic expressions are also sometimes called indexcals. The functionDeixis is directly concerned with the relationship between the structure of a lge and the context in which the lage is used. It can be defined as the phenomenon whereby feature of context of utterance or

3、 speech event are encoded by lexical and grammatical means in a lge. A lge without deictics cannot serve the communicative needs of its usersContext Any relevant features of dynamic setting or environment in which a linguistic unit is systematically use. It is seen as composed of three different sou

4、rces -1.the physical context;the spatio- temporal location of the utterance; 2. the linguistic context. 3.the general knowledge contextExerciseEg. 1. Hes not the chief executive; he is. Hes the managing director.2. John: Who gave the waiter a large tip? Mary: Helen.3. a. I went to Beijing last month

5、. The Forbidden City was a magnificent. b. I went to Paris last month. The Forbidden City was magnificent.Deictic center The time of the utterances time; The place of the utterances place, The person just giving the utterance.Deictic center “Near speaker” - “away from speaker” Proximal distal This,

6、here, now that, there, then 2.2 Classification of deixis: Person deixisSpatial deixisTemporal deixis1. demonstratives2. first-and second- person pronouns3.tense markers4.adverbs of time and space5.motion verbs Person deixis: “Person” originated from Latin word “persona”（戲劇角色）, person deixis is a thr

7、ee-part division- speaker, addressee, and others. Honorifics: expressions which indicate higher status.Exclusive “we”: speaker plus others, excluding addressee.Inclusive “we”: speaker and addressee included.1Plural-1singal3-23-1examples(1)1. Debby: Go anywhere today? 2. Dan: Yes, we went down to Com

8、o. Up by bus, and back by hydrofoil.3. Debby: Anything to see there?4. Dan: Perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns, but its worth the trip. 5. Debby: I might do that next Saturday. 6. Jane: What do you mean when you say perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns?7. Jack: He means c

9、ertainly not the most interesting8. Dan: Just trying to be polite.(2). 1996 will be a year of prosperity and peace. 2 Spatial deixis: The concept of distance already mentioned is clearly relevant to spatial deixis, where the relative location of people and things is being indicated.編碼時(shí)間：(Coding time

10、, 簡(jiǎn)稱CT)接收時(shí)間：(receiving time, 簡(jiǎn)稱RT)時(shí)間指和空間指的重要區(qū)別：CT和RT是一致的，但在語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)中，交際雙方卻永遠(yuǎn)不可能處于同一空間位置。Deictic center 說(shuō) _go_take_there_that _this_ 話 there here 人 here _come_bring_Deictic Projection: (home-based) 決定方位指示詞語(yǔ)選擇的并不完全是實(shí)際距離，在相當(dāng)程度上是說(shuō)話人心目中的心理距離。Speakers temporarily away from their home location will often conti

11、nue to use “here” to mean the (physically distant) home location, as if they were still in that location. Speakers also seem to be able to project themselves into other locations prior to actually being in those locations:Examples (1) Ill come later.(2) 有空來(lái)我家玩。(3) I am not here now. Psychological distance Speaker may also wish to mark somethng that is physically close (for example, a perfume being sniffed by the spea