國際商法 合同法 合同的履行Unit+5++Performance+of+the+Contract課件

1、Unit 5 Performance of the Contract 所謂合同的履行，是指合同生效后，合同當(dāng)事人按照合同的約定，實施屬于合同標(biāo)的的行為，如交付約定的標(biāo)的物、提供約定的服務(wù)，支付約定的價金或者報酬。合同的履行，是全部合同法律制度的核心，是其他一切合同法律制度的歸宿或者延伸。The principles for performance合同履行的基本原則 1）fully perform 合同全面履行原則合同法第60條第1款規(guī)定：“當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照約定全面履行自己的義務(wù)” The parties shall perform their obligations thoroughly acc

2、ording to the terms of the contract.2）good faith 誠實信用的原則 第2款規(guī)定：“當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循誠實信用原則，根據(jù)合同的性質(zhì)、目的和交易習(xí)慣履行通知、協(xié)助、保密等義務(wù)?！?The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith and perform the obligations of notice, assistance and maintaining confidentiality, etc. based on the character and purpose of the contra

3、ct or the transaction practices. Obligations of the seller under CISG1. Delivery of the goods and handing over of documents If the contract involves carriage of the goods, the seller needs to hand over the goods to the first carrier; If no transportation is stated, and the contract relates to specif

4、ic goods, or unidentified goods to be drawn from a specific stock or to be manufactured or produced, and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the parties knew that the goods were at, a particular place, in placing the goods at the buyers disposal at that place, the buyer fulfill his duty of

5、 delivery. In other cases, the seller places the goods at the buyers disposal at the place where the seller has his place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contract. The seller shall hand over documents relating to the goods at the time and place and in the form required by the contra

6、ct. Obligations of the seller under CISG2. Conformity of the goods and third party claims The seller must deliver goods which are of quantity, quality and description required by the contract or packaged in the manner required by the contract. 3. The seller must deliver goods which are free from any

7、 right or claim of a third party, unless the buyer agreed to take the goods subject to that right or claim. The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party based on industrial property or other intellectual property, of which are the time of the conclusion of th

8、e contract the seller knew or could not have even unaware. Obligations of the buyer under CISGThe buyers obligation to take delivery consists: (1) in doing all the acts which could reasonably be expected of him in order to enable the seller to make delivery; and (2) in taking over the goods. Passing

9、 of risk under CISGa. If the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods and the seller isnt bound t hand them over at a particular place, the risk passed to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer in accordance with the contract of sale. If th

10、e seller is bound to hand the goods over to a carrier at a particular place, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are handed over to the carrier at that place. Nevertheless, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are clearly identified to the contract, whether by markings

11、 on the goods, by shipping documents, by notice given to the buyer or otherwise. 合同履行中發(fā)生的權(quán)利 抗辯權(quán) 所謂抗辯權(quán)，是指用以對抗他人請求權(quán)或者否認(rèn)他人權(quán)利主張的權(quán)利。雙務(wù)合同履行中的抗辯權(quán)，是指在符合法定條件時，當(dāng)事人一方對抗對方當(dāng)事人的履行請求權(quán)，暫時拒絕履行其債務(wù)的權(quán)利。(1) Simultaneous Performance rejection 同時履行抗辯權(quán)(2) Rejection to perform by the party required to perform later 后履行抗辯權(quán)(3

12、) Right to Suspend Performance by the party required to perform first 先履行抗辯權(quán)，亦稱不安抗辯權(quán)Simultaneous Performance Rejection 同時履行抗辯權(quán) Where the parties owe performance toward each other and there is no order of performance, the parties shall perform simultaneously. Prior to performance by the other party,

13、one party is entitled to reject its requirement for performance. 同時履行抗辯權(quán)：是指雙務(wù)合同的當(dāng)事人一方，在對方未對待給付之前或者履行不適當(dāng)時，有權(quán)拒絕自己的履行。適用條件：（1） 須由同一雙務(wù)合同互負(fù)債務(wù)（2） 須雙方互負(fù)的債務(wù)均已屆清償期（3） 須對方未履行或未適當(dāng)履行債務(wù) 案情簡介：甲與乙在2005年3月份簽訂一份合同，雙方約定甲應(yīng)于同年5月份向乙交付10臺冰箱，乙應(yīng)同時向甲交付價值5萬元的制冷機(jī)。后來甲企業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)不從事冰箱行業(yè)，但由于過去業(yè)務(wù)上的來往欠丙借款5萬元。于是與商場丙達(dá)成合意，由丙來接受乙交付的制冷機(jī)。甲丙達(dá)成協(xié)

14、議后，甲就此事通知了乙，乙表示到時會將制冷機(jī)交給丙企業(yè)。同年5月份，乙已準(zhǔn)備好應(yīng)該交付給丙的制冷機(jī)，但甲卻于此時未向乙提供冰箱。乙于是對丙表示，除非甲對其履行，否則他為避免風(fēng)險不會對丙履行。丙此時才知道甲乙之間的關(guān)系，表示這與他無關(guān)，雙方發(fā)生爭議。在受到乙的抗辯后，丙找到甲向其要求要么馬上向乙履行，要么返還欠款。甲不同意，主張合同已簽訂，不能反悔，只說盡快履行其對乙的債務(wù)。Rejection to perform by the party required to perform later 后履行抗辯權(quán) Where the parties owe performance toward each

15、 other and there is an order of performance, prior to performance by the party required to perform first, the party who is to perform subsequently is entitled to reject its requirement for performance.是指在雙務(wù)合同中應(yīng)當(dāng)先履行的一方當(dāng)事人未履行或者不適當(dāng)履行到履行期限的，對方當(dāng)事人享有不履行或部分履行的權(quán)利。適用條件：第一，須由同一雙務(wù)合同互負(fù)債務(wù)。第二，須由一方當(dāng)事人先為履行。第三，先履行的一

16、方不履行或不適當(dāng)履行合同債務(wù)。 Right to Suspend Performance by the party required to perform first The party required to perform first may suspend its performance if it has conclusive evidence establishing that the other party is in any of the following circumstances:先履行抗辯權(quán)，亦稱不安抗辯權(quán)，是指在雙務(wù)合同成立后，應(yīng)當(dāng)先履行的當(dāng)事人有證據(jù)證明對方不能履行義

17、務(wù)，或者有不能履行合同義務(wù)的可能時，在對方?jīng)]有履行或者提供擔(dān)保之前，有權(quán)中止履行合同義務(wù)。適用條件：第一，須因雙務(wù)合同互負(fù)債務(wù)第二，須當(dāng)事人約定一方應(yīng)先履行債務(wù)。第三，先履行的一方有確切的證據(jù)證明另一方不能或不會作出對待履行。 合同法第68條規(guī)定：“應(yīng)當(dāng)先履行債務(wù)的當(dāng)事人，有確切證據(jù)證明對方有下列情形之一的，可以中止履行：（一）經(jīng)營狀況嚴(yán)重惡化；（二）轉(zhuǎn)移財產(chǎn)、抽逃資金，以逃避債務(wù)；（三）喪失商業(yè)信譽；（四）有喪失或者可能喪失履行債務(wù)能力的其他情形”(i) Its business has seriously deteriorated;(ii) It has engaged in transf

18、er of assets or withdrawal of funds for the purpose of evading debts;(iii) It has lost its business creditworthiness;(iv) It is in any other circumstance which will or may cause it to lose its ability to perform.合同的保全 債權(quán)保全權(quán)所謂債權(quán)人的債權(quán)保全權(quán)，是指債權(quán)人行使該項法律所規(guī)定的權(quán)利，為防止債務(wù)人的責(zé)任財產(chǎn)的不當(dāng)減少，確保無特別擔(dān)保的一般債券得以清償；因其保全責(zé)任財產(chǎn)，最終使債

19、權(quán)得以保障，因此稱為債權(quán)人的債權(quán)保全權(quán)。債權(quán)保全權(quán) - Subrogation 代位權(quán) Where the obligor delayed in exercising its creditors right against a third person that was due, thereby harming the obligee, the obligee may petition the Peoples Court for subrogation, except where such creditors right is exclusively personal to the oblig

20、or.債權(quán)人的代位權(quán)是指當(dāng)債務(wù)人怠于行使其對第三人的權(quán)利，聽任責(zé)任財產(chǎn)減少害及債權(quán)人的債權(quán)時，債權(quán)人為保全其債權(quán)，以自己的名義向第三人行使債務(wù)人現(xiàn)有債權(quán)的權(quán)利。合同法第73條規(guī)定：因債務(wù)人怠于行使其到期債權(quán)，對債權(quán)人造成損害的，債權(quán)人可以向人民法院請求以自己的名義代位行使債務(wù)人的債權(quán)，但該債權(quán)專屬于債務(wù)人自身的除外。原告：某市工商貿(mào)易公司被告：某市鵬威 百貨公司第三人：某市智達(dá)貿(mào)易公司原告與第三人曾簽訂購銷合同，第三人向原告購買家用電器一批，價值人民幣100萬元。原告依約發(fā)貨后，第三人未能在合同約定期限到來時給付貨款。原告多次催款，均未果。此時，第三人提出，被告曾在半年前向其購買電視機(jī)、冰箱等

21、，共計人民幣150萬元，至今亦未清償貨款，但由于其與該被告為老主顧的關(guān)系，不愿意與之發(fā)生訴訟，只好等到其有能力償還時才清償該筆款項；現(xiàn)在其確實無力償還所欠原告的該筆款項，請原告寬限時日。原告見第三人享有到期債權(quán)而不行使，遂向人民法院起訴，請求判令被告立即償還所欠第三人的款項，由于第三人僅欠其100萬元，因此其也僅主張所訴欠款中的100萬元。審判理由及結(jié)果：人民法院經(jīng)審理認(rèn)為：在原告與第三人的合同關(guān)系中，第三人確實拖欠原告貨款；而在第三人與被告的合同關(guān)系中，被告也確實拖欠第三人貨款。但因第三人怠于行使其到期債券，在被告的還款期限屆至之時，未能采取積極措施促使被告償還貨款，同意被告延期償還，致使原

22、告的合法債權(quán)受到損害而無法實現(xiàn)。原告依其債權(quán)人債權(quán)保全權(quán)之規(guī)則，行使代位權(quán)，合法有理，應(yīng)予支持。根據(jù)民法通則及有關(guān)法律的規(guī)定，判決被告自判決生效之日起15日內(nèi)向第三人支付所欠貨款100萬元。 債權(quán)保全權(quán) - 撤銷權(quán)cancellation right債權(quán)人的撤消權(quán)，是指當(dāng)債務(wù)人積極地減少責(zé)任財產(chǎn)而害及債權(quán)人的債權(quán)時，債權(quán)人為保全其債權(quán)，以自己的名義向法院請求撤銷該行為的權(quán)利。 Where the obligor waived its creditors right against a third person that was due or assigned its property with

23、out reward, thereby harming the obligee, the obligee may petition the Peoples Court for cancellation of the obligors act. Where the obligor assigned its property at a low price which is manifestly unreasonable, thereby harming the obligee, and the assignee was aware of the situation, the obligee may

24、 also petition the Peoples Court for cancellation of the obligors act. 撤銷權(quán)的要件：（1） 債權(quán)人對債務(wù)人必須享有合法有效的債權(quán)（2） 債務(wù)人實施了一定的有害于債權(quán)的行為撤銷權(quán)行使的期限撤銷權(quán)自債權(quán)人知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道撤銷事由之日起一年內(nèi)行使。自債務(wù)人的行為發(fā)生之日起五年內(nèi)沒有行使撤銷權(quán)的，該撤銷權(quán)消滅。Amendment and Assignment of Contracts 合同的變更和轉(zhuǎn)讓 Amendment 合同的變更 內(nèi)容的變更A contract may be amended if the parties have so agreed.指合同成立后，在尚未履行前或者尚未完全履行前，當(dāng)事人在原合同的基礎(chǔ)上對合同的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行修改或者補充。Amendment and Assignment of Contracts 合同的變更和轉(zhuǎn)讓Assignment 合同的轉(zhuǎn)讓 主體的變更 The obligee may