高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)從句匯總

1、高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)：高中英語(yǔ)從句大全匯總英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)概念：主句+ 從句 = 復(fù)合句01有關(guān)概念由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句構(gòu)成的句子叫做復(fù)合句。所謂主句，就是在復(fù)合句中起統(tǒng)領(lǐng)作用的句子，它是全句的主體，通?？梢元?dú)立存在而從句則是復(fù)合句的一個(gè)句子成分，不能獨(dú)立存在。如：You ll feel better after you take the pills.吃完藥丸后你會(huì)感到好一些。The police learned that he wasn t there at that time. 警察獲知 他那時(shí)不在場(chǎng)。這兩句都是復(fù)合句，第一句的主句是You ll feel better ， 從句是 afte

2、ryou take the pills ，由 after 引導(dǎo)，在整個(gè)復(fù)合句中用作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間;第二句的主句是The police learned 是主句， that he wasn t there at thattime 是從句，由that 引導(dǎo)，在整個(gè)復(fù)合句中用作賓語(yǔ)。注意，英語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句不是簡(jiǎn)單句的反面，不要將它誤解為“復(fù)雜句”。事實(shí)上，英語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句有時(shí)也可以比較“復(fù)雜”，而復(fù)合句也可以比較“簡(jiǎn)單”。如：他停下來(lái)是因?yàn)樗哿恕e stopped because he was tired.他停下來(lái)是因?yàn)樗哿?。這個(gè)句子比較“簡(jiǎn)單”，卻是一個(gè)典型的復(fù)合句，其中的 he stopped是主句

3、，because he was tired 是從句， 在復(fù)合句中用作狀語(yǔ)，表示原因。02前面我們說(shuō)到從句是整個(gè)復(fù)合句的一個(gè)句子成分，它可以用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，一個(gè)從句在復(fù)合句充當(dāng)什么成分我們就叫它為什么從句從句在復(fù)合句用作主語(yǔ)，我們就叫它為主語(yǔ)從句 ;從句在復(fù)合句用作賓語(yǔ)，我們就叫它為賓語(yǔ)從句;從句在復(fù)合句用作狀語(yǔ)，我們就叫它為狀語(yǔ)從句;等等。如：He answered that he knew nothing about it.他回答說(shuō)他不知情。The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻煩的是我把他的地址丟了。He was

4、rather pleased when he won that prize.他獲獎(jiǎng)后相當(dāng)高興。She was not in the train that arrived just now.她不在剛到的那列車上。第一句中的that he knew nothing about it 為賓語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)樗趶?fù)合句中用作動(dòng)詞answered 的賓語(yǔ) ;第二句中的that I have lost hisaddress 為表語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)樗趶?fù)合句中用在連系動(dòng)詞is 后作表語(yǔ);第三句when he won that prize 為狀語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)樗趶?fù)合句中用狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間，所以也叫時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句;第四句中的th

5、at arrived just now 為定語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)樗趶?fù)合句中用作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞the train 。判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法一：用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ)，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.方法二：準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例 1.

6、Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?D. the one C. on which B. that A. where例 2. Is this the museum the exhibition was held.D. the one C. on which B. that A. where答案：例1 D ，例 2 A例 1 變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例 2 變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢his is the museum _ the exhibition was held.在句 1 中，

7、所缺部分為賓語(yǔ)，而where, that, on which 都不能起到賓語(yǔ)的作用，只有the one 既做了主句的表語(yǔ)，又可做從句的賓語(yǔ)，可以省 TOC o 1-5 h z 略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D 。而句 2 中 , 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語(yǔ)表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞 where ，又因 in the museum 詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對(duì)，所以選A。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞(

8、 where 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，when 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，why原因狀語(yǔ)) 。主將從現(xiàn)是一種出現(xiàn)在狀語(yǔ)從句中的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象，多指在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，則從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代一般將來(lái)時(shí)。因?yàn)橹鲗默F(xiàn)出現(xiàn)在狀語(yǔ)從句中，在這里我們就以狀語(yǔ)從句的幾個(gè)類別為根據(jù)來(lái)列舉主將從現(xiàn)的標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when, whenever, since, till, once, as soon as, while, as, before, after如： I will be a math teacher when I grow up.if, unless, as(so)long as如： If I

9、 have extra money, I will pay the bill for you.原因狀語(yǔ)從句because, since, as, for, now that如： The tutor will leave here now that you have no problems.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句though, although, even if, even though, however如： Though you have advantages in this match, I will not give up.目的狀語(yǔ)從句in order that, so that, that如： I

10、n order that Lily can get the prize, we will have a planin detail.在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果主語(yǔ)是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。一個(gè)句子的中心意思體現(xiàn)在主句中，所以判斷是否使用主將從現(xiàn)首先要做的是區(qū)分主從句。當(dāng)找到主句，分析其時(shí)態(tài)為一般將來(lái)時(shí)或借助某些結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)將來(lái)含義時(shí)，則從句使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。用“連詞 + 分詞”來(lái)替代從句當(dāng)主句和從句的主語(yǔ)一致，謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)又是同時(shí)段發(fā)生，可以把從句的主語(yǔ)省去，變謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞。如果分詞的邏輯或時(shí)間意義不明確，還可以保留連詞。Guests mingle while enjoying

11、cake, punch and other treats.客人們一邊吃蛋糕、喝飲料以及享用其它的食品，一邊卻在一起聊天。While speaking out against Hitler s atrocities, the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality.雖然美國(guó)人譴責(zé)希特勒的暴行，但是他們卻一慣奉行孤立政策和中立態(tài)度。Plastics are materials which are softened by heat and set into lasting form when sha

12、ped in a mold.注：如果從句的謂語(yǔ)是系動(dòng)詞be ，在簡(jiǎn)化句型時(shí)應(yīng)該把be 動(dòng)詞改成being ，但是由于being 語(yǔ)義意義，所以可以省略，這樣就造成了形容詞作狀語(yǔ)了。These apples, when ripe, are picked.這些蘋(píng)果一旦熟了就要被摘下來(lái)。She knows all the hazards of smoking while pregnant.她知道懷孕時(shí)吸煙的一切危害性。用“介詞 + 分詞”來(lái)替代從句一般說(shuō)來(lái)，用 on 和 at 表示 “ as soon as, once ”。 on 后面常接“來(lái)、去”之類的詞， at 后面常接“聽(tīng)到、看到”之類的詞。

13、in 后面接其他帶動(dòng)作的詞，相對(duì)于從屬連詞“while ”。On removing them he was stunned to see that the plates were fogged where the crystals had covered them.當(dāng)他把晶體揭開(kāi)時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)盤子上方霧蒙蒙，他吃了一驚。In running down the stairs, I heard the clock struck twelve.我在跑下樓的時(shí)候，聽(tīng)見(jiàn)鐘敲了十二下。He jumped with joy at hearing the news.他一聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息就高興得跳了起來(lái)。用“介詞 + 動(dòng)

14、作性名詞”來(lái)替代從句同上面一樣，At 基本上后接sound ， sight “聽(tīng)到、 看到” 之類的詞;on接“回來(lái)、到達(dá)”之類的詞;用in ， during 表示“ when, while ” ;用over表示“ while ”之意。當(dāng)然，這一切都是相對(duì)的分類。The little girl passed out at sight of a snake.小女孩一看到蛇就昏過(guò)去了。In our hurry to get from one place to another, we failed to see anything on the way.當(dāng)我們急急忙忙從這兒到那兒的時(shí)候，一路上什么也沒(méi)

15、有看見(jiàn)。On arrival at the railway station, he found the train had already left.當(dāng)他到達(dá)火車站的時(shí)候，他發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。He had intended to go, but on second thoughts, he gave up the idea.他本來(lái)想去，但進(jìn)一步考慮后,打消了這個(gè)念頭。During my absence, would you please take care of my cat?在我不在的時(shí)候，請(qǐng)幫我照看一下貓，好嗎?He fell asleep over a book.他看書(shū)的時(shí)候睡著了。A

16、fter reelection he announces that he will not help.經(jīng)過(guò)一番考慮后，他宣布將不提供任何幫助。After graduation, he went to America for his PhD studies.畢業(yè)之后，他去了美國(guó)攻讀博士。用“并列句”代替Two other poses were tried and I emerged from the booth tofind a lot people waiting for my signatures.又試了兩個(gè)其他的姿勢(shì)后，我從拍照亭里出來(lái)，發(fā)現(xiàn)很多人在那里等待我的簽名。名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、

17、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句）主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中的充當(dāng)?shù)某煞趾推涿Q相同，分別作主句的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。上述這四種從句均被稱為名詞性從句。所有的名詞性從句均不能用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，并且它們都用相同的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，關(guān)聯(lián)詞如下：主從連詞：that （ 無(wú)意義 ）, whether （ 是否 ）, if （ 是否 ）（在句子中不充當(dāng)任何成分）連接代詞：who （ 誰(shuí) ）, whom （ 誰(shuí) ）, whose （ 誰(shuí)的 ）, what （ 什么 ）,which （ 哪一個(gè) ）連接副詞：when （ 什么時(shí)候）, where （ 什么地方）, how （ 怎樣 ）, why（

18、為什么 ）主從連詞只起連接作用，連接代詞和連接副詞除了起連接作用外，還充當(dāng)從句某一個(gè)成分。另外，可以用whatever, whichever, whoever,who(m)ever 等連接代詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。( 一 ) 主語(yǔ)從句(subject clause)在主句中用作主語(yǔ)的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為主語(yǔ)從句。例如：That he will come to the discussion is certain.他來(lái)參加討論是確定的。That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.月球繞地球轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，這是我們大家都熟知的。

19、When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decide.會(huì)議什么時(shí)候召開(kāi)還沒(méi)有決定。主語(yǔ)從句放在句首，句子常常顯得比較笨重，因此通常可以把it 放在句首，作形式主語(yǔ)，而將主語(yǔ)從句放在后面。例如上面的句子可以分別改寫(xiě)為：It is certain that he will come to the discussion.It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round theearth.It has not yet been decide when the meeting is to

20、 be held.(二 )賓語(yǔ)從句(object clause)在主句中作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為賓語(yǔ)從句。在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從屬連詞that 在口語(yǔ)中和非正式文本中常省略。動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句We know that a parrot can t really speak. 我們知道鸚鵡不會(huì)真的 說(shuō)話。He wants to tell us what he thinks. 他想告訴我們他所想的事情。Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work inside the house.知道要下雨了，于是他們決定在室

21、內(nèi)工作。(現(xiàn)在分詞knowing 的賓語(yǔ)從句 )I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.我想知道你是否還在工廠工作。(不定式to know 的賓語(yǔ)從句)The club will give whoever wins a prize.獲勝者俱樂(lè)部將頒獎(jiǎng)。Up to now we can t say whether his theory can stand the test.到目前為止我們還不能說(shuō)他的理論是否經(jīng)得住考驗(yàn)。形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句有些形容詞可以用that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一事物的態(tài)度 并帶有感情色彩。常見(jiàn)的這

22、類形容詞有：afraid, amazed, astonished, aware, certain, confident, delighted, glad, grateful, happy, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprised等。I am glad that you have come. 你來(lái)了，我真高興。I am afraid that you are wrong on this point.恐怕你在這點(diǎn)上是錯(cuò)誤的。He is quite confident that he will pass the examination.他很有信心通過(guò)這個(gè)考試。( 三 )

23、表語(yǔ)從句(predicative clause)在主句中擔(dān)當(dāng)表語(yǔ)的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為表語(yǔ)從句。One idea is that fish is the best brain food.有一種看法認(rèn)為魚(yú)是最好的補(bǔ)腦食品。The problem is where we can hold our meeting.問(wèn)題是我們可以在哪兒舉行會(huì)議。My question is how information is stored in the long-termmemory. 我的問(wèn)題是信息是怎樣儲(chǔ)存在長(zhǎng)期記憶中的。那就是他真想要的東西。That is what he really wants.那就是他真想要的

24、東西。似乎一切都進(jìn)行得很順利。It seems that everything goes smoothly.似乎一切都進(jìn)行得很順利。（ 四 ）同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句用于對(duì)前面出現(xiàn)的名詞作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，一般用連詞that 引導(dǎo)，由于先行名詞的意義不同，也可用 whether,who,when,where,what,why,how 等引導(dǎo)。fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,pr oblem,report,decision. 有時(shí)由于謂語(yǔ)較短，將同位語(yǔ)從句位于謂語(yǔ)之后。如：She finally made th

25、e decision that she would join the fashion show.I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.The news came that their team had won the championship.that 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，that 沒(méi)有意義，但不能省略。It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.她的頭發(fā)正在變白，這使她很不安。that 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，it 作形式主語(yǔ)，that 不能省略。眾所周知，她是個(gè)富That s

26、he is a rich woman is known to us all.眾所周知，她是個(gè)富有的女人。這是that 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，that 不能省略。這句話可以改為用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的句型。. 從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，多數(shù)情況下由it 作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句放在后面，尤其是謂語(yǔ)部分（包括賓語(yǔ)）較短的情況下。例It wasn t very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。It is important that he should come on time.他按時(shí)來(lái)是很重要的。It is true that that man on the left is a well-

27、known writer here.左邊那個(gè)人是本地的一位著名作家，這是真的。這里，第一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句， 是單純的連詞，無(wú)詞義， 不作句子成分。第二個(gè) that 是指示代詞，作句子成分，是man 的定語(yǔ)。3.whether 既可以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句也可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，但if 不能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。whether 后面可以加or not, 而 if 不能與 or not 連用。作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不用if. 如：Whether I knew John doesn t matter. = It doesn t matter whether I knew John. 我是否認(rèn)識(shí)約翰沒(méi)有關(guān)系。Whether

28、or not she ll come isn t clear. = Whether she ll come or not isn t clear. = It isn t clear whether.她是否來(lái)還不清楚。It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation.這是主語(yǔ)從句還是賓語(yǔ)從句?it 是形式主語(yǔ)嗎?it 是代詞， whether 引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，作介詞on 的賓語(yǔ)，不能用if 引導(dǎo)。請(qǐng)翻譯這句話。這完全取決于我們是否能得到他們的合作。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.賓語(yǔ)

29、從句，介詞賓語(yǔ)，不能用 if 引導(dǎo)。請(qǐng)翻譯這句話。She asked me whether/if you were married.賓語(yǔ)從句，既可以用 whether, 又可以用if 引導(dǎo)。注意時(shí)態(tài)的對(duì)應(yīng)。請(qǐng)翻譯這句話。We haven t decided whether/if we shall give them aid.I m not sure whether/if the report is believable.Now let s do some translation:現(xiàn)在還很難預(yù)測(cè)誰(shuí)會(huì)贏得下一屆總統(tǒng)選舉。It is still hard to predict who will wi

30、n the next presidential election. 對(duì)于多數(shù)公民來(lái)說(shuō)，誰(shuí)當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)無(wú)關(guān)緊要。Who will become the president doesn t matter much to most citizens. 這位前總統(tǒng)是否會(huì)被判處死刑還有待觀察。形式主語(yǔ)中名詞性從句作真正主語(yǔ)的情況與漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣不同，英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣將較重要的信息放在句子后半段，為避免頭重腳輕，就產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)邏輯主語(yǔ)it ， 同時(shí)也就產(chǎn)生了一種新的的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象形式主語(yǔ)。It + 動(dòng)詞 + 從句seem,appear,happen,look,matter,make,strike,occurIt appeared

31、 that he had a happy childhood.看來(lái)他有一段幸福的童年。It made us very happy that she was saved.她能化險(xiǎn)為夷令我們大家很高興。It is + 形容詞 + 從句true,strange,necessary,important,certain,wonderful,possible,likely,p robableIt is certain that free medical care will be given to mostpeople in our city. 我們城市的多數(shù)人將享受免費(fèi)醫(yī)療，這是一定的。It is obv

32、ious that he has been treated.很明顯他已經(jīng)被款待了。It is + 名詞 + 從句fact,surprise,pity,honor,common knowledgeIt is common knowledge that the moon cannot give out light.亮不會(huì)發(fā)光，這是常識(shí)。It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question.對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題作了這樣的回答，令人吃驚。It+be+ 分詞 + 從句 said,reported,believed,known,decided,t

33、hought,expected,announcedIt is said that Jack has been to Europe.據(jù)說(shuō) Jack 去過(guò)歐洲。It was reported that a new park will be built.據(jù)報(bào)道將要建造一個(gè)新的公園。需要注意的是，作為形式主語(yǔ)的it 并無(wú)實(shí)際意義，只是為了滿足語(yǔ)法 上的需要，避免句子頭重腳輕，它代替的是句子的邏輯主語(yǔ)，而真正主語(yǔ)由從句或不定式充當(dāng)。形式主語(yǔ)一直都是高頻考點(diǎn)，同學(xué)們需要多多練習(xí)。從句：定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化規(guī)律（ 一）改用“不定式”或“不定式短語(yǔ)”如果定語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)具有同時(shí)性（包括謂語(yǔ)有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）或之

34、后性，則可以用 “關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞 + 不定式” 來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化， 或直接用 “不定式”來(lái)修飾先行詞。要注意的是，此時(shí)的不定式一定要是及物動(dòng)詞，如果是不及物，則需要在動(dòng)詞后面加上相應(yīng)的介詞，使之成為及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。這個(gè)結(jié)尾的介詞可以提前到關(guān)系代詞前面，也可以繼續(xù)留在句尾。前者是正式說(shuō)法，后者是非正式說(shuō)法。We moved to the country so that the children would have agarden in which they could play in.我們搬到了鄉(xiāng)下，好讓孩子們有個(gè)花園在里面玩。改為：We moved to the country so that th

35、e children would have a garden in which to play.或者：We moved to the country so that the children would have agarden to play in.（ 二）改用“介詞短語(yǔ)”介詞短語(yǔ)替代定語(yǔ)從句有兩種方式：省略“關(guān)系副詞 + 主語(yǔ) +be 動(dòng)介詞短語(yǔ)替代定語(yǔ)從句有兩種方式：詞”，或“關(guān)系代詞 +be 動(dòng)詞” ;(2)根據(jù)從句的意思改編。We have never forgotten the days (when we were) at college.我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有忘記在大學(xué)對(duì)書(shū)的日子。I do

36、n t know the person (who is) in your office.在你辦公司的那個(gè)人我不認(rèn)識(shí)。He is not a person who likes to haggle over every ounce.改為：He is a person above personal interests.他不是一個(gè)斤斤計(jì)較的人。( 三 )改用“現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)”和“過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)”“現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)”作后置定語(yǔ)此項(xiàng)要明白三點(diǎn)：“現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)”與前面的名詞一定是主謂關(guān)系 ;它隱含的時(shí)態(tài)為與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同一階段的時(shí)態(tài)。例如：謂語(yǔ)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞所隱含的是現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在正在繼續(xù)時(shí);如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)

37、詞為一般過(guò)去時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞所隱含的時(shí)態(tài)為過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去正在進(jìn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞所隱含的是現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在正在繼續(xù)時(shí)行時(shí) ;(3)being+-ed 表示“正在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)”。如果信息的中心在什 么時(shí)候可以用現(xiàn)在分詞呢?當(dāng)被修飾的名詞為 “不定代詞”、 “泛指意義的名詞”或 “專有名詞”可用現(xiàn)在分句短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)由于主語(yǔ)是泛指，句子的意思往往表達(dá)的是一條“道理”或一件“事實(shí)”，所以它們的隱含時(shí)為“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”，此時(shí)就可以用分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。為了看清分詞所隱含的時(shí)態(tài)，配上定語(yǔ)。為了大家看得明白，配上定語(yǔ)從句，把分詞所替代的時(shí)間展示出來(lái)Anyone touching that wire w

38、ill get an electric stock.任何人碰到那根電線就會(huì)觸電。= Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.The only real and lasting solution is to convince people that driving is a skilled taskrequiring (=which requires) constant care and concentration.唯一一個(gè)有效、持久的方法是說(shuō)法人們相信，開(kāi)車是一種技術(shù)活，需要不斷的小心，思想不能開(kāi)小差。Charles an

39、d Sydney, looking (=who look)so much like each other, are often considered to be twins.查爾斯和悉尼兩個(gè)人的相貌非常相似，經(jīng)常被人誤解為雙胞胎。注：雖然被修飾的詞是泛指意義的詞，但是如果從句里的時(shí)態(tài)不是同步，則不可以用“現(xiàn)在分詞”去作后置定語(yǔ)，只能用“定語(yǔ)從句”。Do you know anybody who has lost a dog?你知道有誰(shuí)丟了一只貓?定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞，也可以是一個(gè)句子。定語(yǔ)從句通常位于先行詞之后，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。-限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行

40、詞，對(duì)先行詞起修飾作用，緊接先行詞之后，無(wú)逗號(hào)，若省去，原句意思不完整。who,whom,whose,which,that 等。who,whom,whose 用于指人，whose 有時(shí)也可指物，相當(dāng)于ofwhich;which 用于指物;that 既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。關(guān)系代詞除了引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，替代先行詞外，還在從句中擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如：The computers and cables which make up the Internet areowned by people and organizations.Those who live alone or wh

41、o are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.當(dāng)先行詞是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代詞或先行詞前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only 以及形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，只能用關(guān)系代詞that 引導(dǎo)從句。如：That is all that Ive heard from him.Hes

42、the first person that Im going to interview this afternoon.關(guān)系代詞的省略在從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞?？墒÷浴ｊP(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞，作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不可用that ，只可用which 或 whom 引導(dǎo)從句，并且不可省略，但當(dāng)介詞位于賓語(yǔ)從句句末時(shí)，作為介詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞仍可用that ，也可省略。如：This is one of those things with which we have to put up.This is one of those things (whichthat) we have to put up with.3）引導(dǎo)

43、定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why 等。關(guān)系副詞在從句+which ”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,thestories are fully expressed through the drawings.No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day.*-非限制性定語(yǔ)從旬非限制性定語(yǔ)從句既可修飾先行詞，也可修飾整個(gè)主句，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，與主句之間有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，若省去，原句意思不受影響。不可用that作用，與主

44、句之間有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，若省去，原句意思不受影響。不可用that引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。關(guān)系詞不可省略。如：Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.* “介詞 +whichwhomwhose ”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句“介詞 +whichwhomwhose ”可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，該結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選擇取決于從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的固定搭配，或先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配。如：This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.It is written b

45、y a person with whom we are all familiar.*as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句主要用于“such.as ”及“ the same.as ”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，代替整個(gè)主句，從句可位于主句之前、之后或中間。如：These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行詞 problems)As is mentioned above,no single company or group can controlwhat happens on the

46、Internet.(as 代替主語(yǔ))關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。1)when, where, why關(guān)系副詞when, where, why 的含義相當(dāng)于介詞 + which 結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和 介詞 + which 結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。There are occasions when (onwhich) one must yield.北京是我的出生地。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎? Is this the re

47、ason why (forwhich) he refused our offer?2)that 代替關(guān)系副詞that 可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、 方式、 理由的名詞后取代when, where,why 和 介詞+ which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，在口語(yǔ)中that 常被省略，例如：他父親在他出生那年逝世了。His father died the year (that / when/ in which) he was born.He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he livedforty years ago. 他不大可能

48、找到他四十年前居住過(guò)的地方。關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。1)who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想見(jiàn)你的人嗎?(who/that 在從句中作主語(yǔ))He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人。（whom/that 他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人。（whom/tha

49、t 在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）2） Whose 用來(lái)指人或物，（只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物， 它還可以同of which互換 ）, 例如：那人車壞了，大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙。They rushed over to help theman whose car had broken down.請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū)。Please pass me the book whose （of which）cover is green.3）which, that它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before

50、 appears inthe countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that 在句中作主語(yǔ)）The package （which / that） you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that 在句中作賓語(yǔ)）狀語(yǔ)從句地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞是where,wherever.Wherever she went,she took her little daughter with her.原因、結(jié)果和目的狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有： because,as,since

51、,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in thatConsidering that he is a freshman,we must say he is doing well.引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：so.that,such.that,so that,that,so 等。Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：so that,in order that,for fearthat,lest 等，從句常使用may,might,

52、can,could,would 等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.f條件和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞和詞組有if,unless,as(so) long as,oncondition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transm

53、it computer data.引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞和詞組有though,although,whether,even though,even if,no matter what(when,how.),whatever(whenever,wherever,however)等。though,even if 等引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成含有as 的部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，具有強(qiáng)調(diào)意義。其結(jié)構(gòu)為“形容詞(副詞、動(dòng)詞、名詞)+as+ 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)”。No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.Young as he is,he is quite ex

54、perienced in this work.(=though heis young)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞和詞組有：1)when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.2)as soon as,hardly(scarcely).when,no sooner.than,each(every) time,the moment,immediately(that) 等。As soon as I sent an e-ma

55、il message,I received positive responses.The moment he heard the good news,he jumped with joy.狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：when 、 as、 while 、 as soon as 、 before 、 after 、 since 、till 、 until特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the minute 、 the moment 、 the second 、 every time 、the day immediately 、directly 、no sooner - than（ 就）、hardlywh

56、en（剛一就卜scarcely -when（幾乎沒(méi)有的時(shí)候）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：where特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever、anywhere、 everywhere原因狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：because 、since 、 as、for特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeing that 、 now that 、 in that 、 considering thatgiven that結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞： sothat、suchthat特殊引導(dǎo)詞：such that 、 to the degree that 、 to the extent thatto such a degree that目的狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)

57、詞：so that 、 such that特殊引導(dǎo)詞：to the degree thatto the extent that特殊引導(dǎo)詞：to the degree thatto the extent thatto such adegree that 、 in order that條件狀語(yǔ)從句常用弓I導(dǎo)詞： if、 unless 、 whether（whether - or not）特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/so long as 、 only if 、 providing/provide that 、supposing that 、 in case that 、 on condition that讓步

58、狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：though 、 although 、 even if 、 even though特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as（ 用在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中必須要倒裝）、 while（ 一般用在句首）、no matter 、in spite of the fact that 、 whatever 、 whoever 、 wherever 、 whenever 、 however 、 whichever方式狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as、 as if 、 how特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the way比較狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as（同級(jí)比較卜than（不同程度的比較）特殊引導(dǎo)詞： the more the more 、just as

59、 、so 、A to B iswhat/as C is to Dno more thannot so much A as Bwhat/as C is to Dno more thannot so much A as Bthat 與 what 引導(dǎo)的從句一、引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句that 與 what 都可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，that 在從句中不作句子成分，但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，不能省略。如：What he said at the meeting was very important.他在會(huì)上所說(shuō)的 TOC o 1-5 h z 非常重要。（賓語(yǔ)）What surprised us is that he did it alone.使我們吃驚的是他一個(gè)人做了那項(xiàng)工作。（主語(yǔ)）That he did it alone surprised us. 他獨(dú)自完成了那項(xiàng)工作使我們感到吃驚。 （that 用來(lái)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，在句中不作成分）二、引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句that 與 what 都可引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，that 在從句中不作句子成分，一般情況下可以省略，但當(dāng)有兩個(gè)以上的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能省掉第一個(gè)that 。what 在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，不能省略。