材料成型及控制工程專業(yè)英語PLASTICFORMINGPROCESSESANDDIES

1、材料成型及控制工程專業(yè)英語As the phenomenon of superplasticity moves from the laboratory into the industrial arena, as in the case of a number of engineering metals, the need for quality and process control during superplastic forming becomes increasingly important. - 1 -Translation Skill Semantic Extension （翻譯技

2、巧 常見多功能詞的譯法）as的譯法；it的譯法；that的譯法；what的譯法。多功能詞as，it，that，what在科技文章中廣泛使用，出現(xiàn)頻率很高，有必要提出來重點討論。- 2 -as的譯法 as 作為介詞可引出主語補足語、賓語補足語、狀語、同位語等，可譯為“作為”、“為”、“以”、“是”、“當(dāng)作”等。1.as 作為介詞的譯法Fire protection engineers define the term explosion as an “effect” produced by a sudden violent expansion of gases. We take steel as

3、the leading engineering materials.譯：消防工程師把爆炸定義為氣體瞬時劇烈膨脹的效應(yīng)。譯：我們把鋼作為主要的工程材料。- 3 - as 作為關(guān)系代詞可以單獨使用，也可以與such，the same等詞搭配使用，引導(dǎo)定語從句。2.as 作為關(guān)系代詞的譯法 as單獨使用，引導(dǎo)定語從句或省略定語從句時，可譯為“正如”或“這”、“這樣”等，有時as可略去不譯。As known to us, inertia(慣性) is an absolute quality possessed by all bodies. As have been found there are mo

4、re than a hundred elements. 譯：正如我們所知，慣性是所有物體都具有的一種絕對屬性。 譯：已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，元素有一百多種。（略去不譯）- 4 - suchas，such as引出的定語從句，可譯為“像這（那）樣的”、“那樣（中）的”、“像之類的”等。Fire deals with such ideas as substance, temperature, explosion and combustion. 2.as 作為關(guān)系代詞的譯法譯：火災(zāi)涉及到諸如物質(zhì)、溫度、爆炸和燃燒之類的概念。- 5 - the sameas，the same as引出的定語從句，可譯為“和一樣”、

5、“與相同”、“和相等”等。The weight of an object on the moon is not the same as its weight on the earth. 2.as 作為關(guān)系代詞的譯法譯：某一物體在月球上的重量與該物體在地球上的重量不一樣。- 6 - as 作為關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的譯法，與作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的譯法基本相同。3.as 作為關(guān)系副詞的譯法A vector multiplied by a scalar quantity is a vector in the same direction as the original vector. 譯：乘以標量

6、的矢量是一個與原矢量同向的矢量。- 7 - as 作為連詞，可引導(dǎo)時間、原因、比較、讓步等狀語從句。不同的狀語從句中的as有不同的譯法，分述于后。4.as 作為連詞的譯法 as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，可譯為“（當(dāng)）時” 、“隨著”等。the force of gravitational attraction between two bodies decrease as the distance between them increases. 譯：兩物體之間的引力隨著兩物體之間的距離增大而減小。- 8 - as 作為連詞，可引導(dǎo)時間、原因、比較、讓步等狀語從句。不同的狀語從句中的as有不同的譯法，分述

7、于后。4.as 作為連詞的譯法 as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，可譯為“由于”、 “因為所以”等。As liquids and gases flow, they are called fluids. - 9 -譯：由于液體和氣體能流動，因此成為流體。 as 作為連詞，可引導(dǎo)時間、原因、比較、讓步等狀語從句。不同的狀語從句中的as有不同的譯法，分述于后。4.as 作為連詞的譯法 as引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句時， as+形容詞或副詞+as可譯為“與一樣（同樣）”、“又又”；not so+形容詞或副詞可譯為 “不如（沒有）（那樣）”； as long as可譯為“多久.多久”。The wheel turns as f

8、ast as stable. The development stage lasts as long as it needs to.譯：這只輪子轉(zhuǎn)得又快又穩(wěn)。譯：研制階段需要持續(xù)多久，就持續(xù)多久。- 10 - as 作為連詞，可引導(dǎo)時間、原因、比較、讓步等狀語從句。不同的狀語從句中的as有不同的譯法，分述于后。4.as 作為連詞的譯法 as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句， 可譯為“雖然”、“盡管”。Complicated as the problem is, it can be worked out in a few minutes by a computer. 譯：盡管那個問題很復(fù)雜，計算機能在幾分鐘內(nèi)將

9、它解出。- 11 - as 作為連詞，可引導(dǎo)時間、原因、比較、讓步等狀語從句。不同的狀語從句中的as有不同的譯法，分述于后。4.as 作為連詞的譯法 as引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句， 可譯為“正如一樣”、“像那樣”、“正如”等。Friction, as the term is understood in mechanics, is the resistance to relative motion between two bodies in contact. 譯：正如大家在力學(xué)中所知，摩擦就是兩個相接觸的物體產(chǎn)生相對運動的阻力。- 12 -it的譯法 it 用作無人稱主語，表示天氣、時間、距離等；或用作

10、先行主語、先行賓語，可略去不譯。1.it 的省略We found it necessary to use modern composite materials for tall buildings.。譯：我們認為，采用現(xiàn)代復(fù)合材料建造高層建筑是必要的。- 13 -2.it 引導(dǎo)強調(diào)句型的譯法it的譯法 無在這種句型上，it本身無詞匯意義，但在被強調(diào)部分的前面加譯“是”、“正是”、“只有”等字。It is to reduce accidents that safety valves are designed.譯：正是為了減少事故，才設(shè)計了安全閥。- 14 -3.it 作為人稱代詞的譯法 it代替

11、上文所提及的事物，一般可譯成“它”。A new science, safety behavior, has emerged, and it is very closely allied to management and psychology. 譯：出現(xiàn)了一門新興學(xué)科安全行為科學(xué)，它與心理學(xué)和管理學(xué)關(guān)系密切。- 15 - 英語中的多數(shù)狀語從句可位于主句之前或之后，因此指代的某一事物在主句中可用名詞也可用代詞；但漢語中的狀語從句一般位于主句之前，而指代某一事物總是先出現(xiàn)名詞后使用代詞?；谏鲜銮闆r，it往往譯成所代替的名詞。The light is slowed down as it goes

12、through the lens. 3.it 作為人稱代詞的譯法譯：當(dāng)光線穿入透鏡時，速度就減慢下來。- 16 - it往代替上文所提及的某件事或上面的整個句子時，可譯成“這”、“這一點”。Is a structure safe when loaded? It is a problem to be studied. 3.it 作為人稱代詞的譯法譯：結(jié)構(gòu)受載后還安全嗎？這是一個需要研究的問題。- 17 - 18 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIES4.1 Forgingdie 模具；凹模forging 鍛造；鍛件seasoned 適用的for

13、geman 鍛工unparalleled 空前的；無比的augment 增長；發(fā)展conveyance 運輸工具cryogenic 低溫的Gross National Product 國民生產(chǎn)總值national defense 國防diffficult-to-machine alloy 難切削合金- 19 - 20 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESThis section is a brief introduction to the forging industry and its products in terms of their

14、 important role in our way of life, highlighting their technological and economic significance.本節(jié)簡要介紹了鍛造業(yè)及其產(chǎn)品在我們的生活中的重要作用，尤其突出其技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟意義。in terms of 在方面，依據(jù)，按照highlighting 突出，使顯著- 21 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESIn earlier days forging was the process of shaping metal by heating and ham

15、mering. Today, metal is not always heated for forging and the work may be performed by several types of heavy machines which apply impact or squeeze pressure with swift precision.早期，鍛造是通過加熱并錘打使金屬成形的過程?，F(xiàn)在，鍛造并不總是加熱金屬，而且許多操作可以由重型的機器來完成，它們能夠施加快速精密沖擊力或擠壓力。hammering 在方面，依據(jù)，按照squeeze 擠，擠壓 swift 快的， 迅速的prec

16、ision 精密度，精確- 22 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIES In today s forging industry the skill and seasoned judgment of the forgeman is enhanced by the machines of modern technology to produce metal parts of unparalleled strength and utility.在今天的鍛造行業(yè)中，鍛造者的技能和經(jīng)驗豐富的判斷被現(xiàn)代科技的機器放大，生產(chǎn)出很好的強度和實用性的金屬部件

17、。seasoned 經(jīng)驗豐富的，老練的unparalleled 無比的，空前的utility 效用，實用，功用- 23 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESThe art of forging is being augmented by the science of forging at an increasingly rapid rate.鍛造工藝由于鍛造科學(xué)而正在以越來越快的速度發(fā)展完善。augment 增加，增大- 24 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESThus, as ser

18、vice requirements for mechanical parts have become more severe, forging has become more than the mere shaping of metal. Forging permits the structure of metals to be refined and controlled to provide improved mechanical properties. 因此，隨著機械零件的使用要求變得更加苛刻，鍛造已不僅僅是金屬的成形。鍛造能夠改進和控制金屬的結(jié)構(gòu)，以提供更優(yōu)良的力學(xué)性能。service

19、 服務(wù)severe 嚴格的，苛刻的- 25 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESAlso, forging produces a continuous grain flow in the metal which can be oriented to follow the shape of the part and result in maximum strength efficiency of the material.同時，鍛造使金屬中產(chǎn)生的連續(xù)的“晶粒流動”，它可以被導(dǎo)向到跟隨工件的形狀，并導(dǎo)致該材料最大的強化效果。orient 確定方

20、向；導(dǎo)向；使適應(yīng)continuous 突出，使顯著efficiency 效能；功效- 26 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIES Since virtually all metals can be forged-from aluminum to zirconium-extensive combinations of mechanical and physical properties are available to meet demanding space age application.事實上，幾乎所有的金屬是可以鍛造的（從鋁到鋯），因

21、此可以得到力學(xué)和物理性能的廣泛組合，以滿足要求苛刻的航空時代的應(yīng)用。 virtually 事實上，幾乎；實質(zhì)上combination 聯(lián)合- 27 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESTechnically, forging may be defined as the process of giving metal increased utility by shaping it, refining it, and improving its mechanical properties through controlled plastic d

22、eformation under impact or pressure.從技術(shù)上講,鍛造的定義是通過在沖擊或者壓力下進行可控的塑性變形，使金屬成形，組織優(yōu)化，力學(xué)性能改善，以改善金屬使用性能的工藝 。- 28 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESBut the true meaning of forging can be more clearly recognized by considering the variety of ways it serves mankind and the important characteristics

23、forged parts offer those who design, purchase and use them.但鍛造的真正含義，可以通過以下方面來更清楚地認識，即考慮它服務(wù)人類各種方式，和鍛件為它的設(shè)計者、消費者、使用者們提供的重要性能。- 29 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESForgings are commonly found in machines and conveyances at critical points of shock or stress-particularly where reliability an

24、d human safety are affected, and yet the great variety of shapes, sizes and properties available in forgings has extended the list of current applications and potential future uses far beyond this point.鍛件通常用于位于沖擊力或者應(yīng)力臨界點的機械和運輸工具中，特別是在影響可靠性和人身安全的場合，但由于鍛件大范圍的形狀，尺寸和性能，所以現(xiàn)有的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域和潛在的名單已經(jīng)遠遠超出了這些。shock 打擊

25、；震動conveyance 運輸工具- 30 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESFrom the standpoint of size, for example, forgings may range from tiny cash register parts weighting fractions of an ounce to massive structural components weighting several tons.例如，從尺寸上來說，鍛件可以從很小的重量只有一盎司的幾分之一的收銀機零件，到重達幾噸的大型結(jié)構(gòu)組件。sta

26、ndpoint 觀點，立場 cash register 收銀機fraction 分數(shù) component 組件 massive大量的- 31 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESLikewise, forgings are available in shapes covering virtually every basic configuration useful to man. They serve in operating temperature ranging from cryogenic levels to over 3 000F

27、and in environments as corrosive as nature can devise. 同樣，鍛件在形狀上涵蓋幾乎所有的對人類有用的基本外形。他們的工作溫度范圍可以從低于零度到超過3000F，可以在自然界所有的腐蝕性環(huán)境中使用。configuration 結(jié)構(gòu)，外形cryogenic 零下的devise 設(shè)計，發(fā)明- 32 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESForgings are economically competitive with other types of parts produced in corre

28、sponding materials.相同材料的條件下，使用鍛造生產(chǎn)零件比用其他方法更具有經(jīng)濟性。corresponding 相當(dāng)?shù)?，相?yīng)的- 33 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESWhile the commercial forging industry is not huge in relation to the Gross National Product, it is a giant in its contribution to our standard of living and our national defense.雖然

29、商業(yè)鍛壓行業(yè)占國民生產(chǎn)總值所占的比重不是很大，但它對我們的生活水平和國防貢獻巨大。giant 巨人in relation to 與相比較- 34 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESThe operating capabilities of most of today s machines and conveyances largely depend on the properties achievable in forged components. 目前的大多數(shù)機械和交通工具的工作能力，在很大程度上取決于可以獲得的鍛造部件的性能。oper

30、ating capabilities 工作能力- 35 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESWithout forgings and the performance characteristics they provide, autos, airplanes, trucks, farm implements, earthmoving machines, missiles, industrial engines and machines, and the implements of national defense, as we know t

31、hem, would not be feasible.如果沒有鍛件和它們所提供的性能特點，汽車，飛機，卡車，農(nóng)具，挖掘機，導(dǎo)彈，工業(yè)發(fā)動機和機械裝置，以及國防裝備等，我們所能想到的，他們都是不可行的。performance characteristics 性能特點；運行特性implement 工具，器具；手段feasible 可行的；可能的- 36 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESModern manufacturers are looking ahead-anticipating the future needs of industr

32、y and developing products and services to meet them. New markets are being identified; new technologies explored; new method and processes refined.現(xiàn)代的生產(chǎn)者具有前瞻性 -他們預(yù)測行業(yè)未來的需求,開發(fā)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，以滿足他們。新的市場正在確立;新技術(shù)正在發(fā)展，新方法和工藝過程正在完善。anticipat 預(yù)期，期望identify 識別；確定- 37 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESAs ef

33、ficient use of material becomes more necessary, the ability of forgings to provide strength with minimum weight becomes more attractive.隨著有效地利用材料變得更加必要，鍛件以最小的重量提供足夠強度的能力變得更有吸引力。in terms of 在方面，依據(jù)，按照highlighting 突出，使顯著- 38 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESAs more use is made of costly, di

34、fficult-to-machine alloys, the relative precision and dimensional uniformity of forged parts become more desirable. The products of the forging process-as old as antiquity-are as new as tomorrow. 隨著越來越多的使用由昂貴的，難切削的合金，鍛件的相對精度和尺寸均勻性變得更加需要。古老的鍛造工藝產(chǎn)品又有了新的挑戰(zhàn)。uniformity 一致；同樣；均勻性antiquity 高齡；古物Translation

35、 Skill Semantic Extension （翻譯技巧長句的譯法） 化整為零，分譯法； 綱舉目張，變序法； 逆流而上，逆序法； 逆序而下，順序法。 長句常見的翻譯方法主要有以下四種：化整為零，分譯法 原句包含多層意思，而漢語習(xí)慣一個小句表達一層意思。為了使行文簡潔，將整個長句譯成幾個獨立的句子，順序基本不變，保持前后的連貫。 Steel is usually made where the iron ore is smelted, so that the modern steelworks forms a complete unity, taking in raw materials a

36、nd producing all types of cast iron and steel, both for sending to other works for further treatment, and as finished products such as joists and other consumers.初譯 通常在煉鐵的地方就煉鋼，所以現(xiàn)代煉鋼廠從運進原材料到生產(chǎn)供送往其他工廠進一步加工處理并制成如工字鋼及其他商品鋼材的成品而形成一整套的聯(lián)合企業(yè)。改譯 通常在煉鐵的地方也煉鋼。因此，現(xiàn)代煉鋼廠是一個配套的整體，從運進原料到生產(chǎn)各種類型的鑄鐵與鋼材；有的送往其他工廠進一步加工

37、處理，有的就制成成品，如工字鋼及其他一些成材。 The loads a structure is subjected to are divided into dead loads, which include the weights of all the parts of the structure, and live loads, which are due to the weights of people, movable equipment, etc. 初譯 一個結(jié)構(gòu)物受到的荷載可分為包括結(jié)構(gòu)物各部分重量的靜載和由于人及可移動設(shè)備等的重量引起的活載。改譯 一個結(jié)構(gòu)物受到的荷載可分為靜載與

38、活載兩類。靜載包括該結(jié)構(gòu)物各部分的重量?；钶d則是由于人及可移動設(shè)備等的重量而引起的荷載。CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIES4.1.1 Closed-Die Forgingclosed-die forging 模鍛 nickel-base superalloy 鎳基合金deformation rate 變形速度as-forged 鍛造的；鍛后的residual strain 殘留應(yīng)變bottom die 下模insulation 隔熱；絕緣- 43 - 44 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND D

39、IESThe production of closed-die forging in the titanium and nickel-based superalloys, which are specified for the most exacting aerospace applications, is a complex sequence of processes.鈦基和鎳基超耐熱合金是最嚴格的航空航天應(yīng)用材料，它們的鍛造生產(chǎn)是一個流程復(fù)雜的過程。exacting 嚴格的；苛求的sequence 序列；順序- 45 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES

40、 AND DIESAn essential requirement is close co-operation between the manufacturer of the billet material and the die forger responsible for shaping the material to the geometry, quality,and engineering property requirement of the ultimate customer.這樣，一個基本要求就是原材料制造商和模具鍛造廠通力合作，其中模具鍛造廠負責(zé)最終客戶所要求的材料的形狀，質(zhì)量

41、和工程性能。billet material 坯料，原材料geometry 幾何學(xué)- 46 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESIn forging both superalloys and titanium alloys, strict disciplines must be followed to obtain the degree of temperature control and the deformation rate needed to produce a predictable as-forged structure of t

42、he type which will satisfactorily respond to the near-solvus temperature employed for the fine balancing of properties called for by current specifications.在超耐熱合金和鈦合金的鍛造中，必須遵守嚴格的規(guī)范，以獲得溫度控制和所需的變形速率，這是獲得預(yù)期的鍛造組織的必要條件，這種組織能夠在近固溶溫度下實現(xiàn)各種實際應(yīng)用需要的性能的協(xié)調(diào)。discipline 學(xué)科；紀律 specification 規(guī)格；詳述；說明書respond to 響應(yīng) -

43、47 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESThe main factors needing careful control in achieving an as-forged structure which is both predictable and reproducible in terms of residual strain/grain structure are:die perform geometry; die preheating temperature; lubrication/insulation ;kinetic en

44、ergy input;continual monitoring of workpiece surface temperature.鍛造組織在殘余應(yīng)力和晶粒結(jié)構(gòu)方面具有預(yù)見性和可重復(fù)性，要獲得這種組織，需要嚴格控制的因素有：模具幾何形狀，模具預(yù)熱溫度，潤滑與隔離；動能輸入;工件表面溫度的連續(xù)監(jiān)測。residual 剩余的；殘留的 lubrication 潤滑insulation 絕緣；隔離- 48 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESThe dies are preheated to the limit imposed by the stre

45、ngth of die material. Lubrication/insulation needs discrimination use if the workpiece is to be suitably deformed and application varies from 100% coverage, through partial coverage, to no lubrication.模具被預(yù)熱到由模具材料強度所決定的溫度。根據(jù)工件是否要適當(dāng)?shù)淖冃?，它的?yīng)用范圍從100潤滑，到部分潤滑，再到無潤滑。impose 強加；以欺騙 discrimination 區(qū)別，辨別- 49 -C

46、HAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESSeveral glasses of different melting points and viscosities have been investigated and are used for both superalloy and titanium forgings.人們研究了幾種不同的熔點和粘度材料,并用于超耐熱合金和鈦鍛件。in terms of 在方面，依據(jù)，按照highlighting 突出，使顯著- 50 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DI

47、ESIn drop stamping, control of the kinetic energy input is achieve by the height to which the tup is raised, thus quite accurately determining the energy of each blow.在錘上模鍛中，動能輸入的控制是通過向其中錘頭的升高實現(xiàn)的，從而能比較準確地確定每次沖擊的能量。drop stamping 錘上模鍛tup 錘頭 kinetic energy 動能- 51 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AN

48、D DIESThe frequency of the blows needs careful control to achieve a balance which will hold the temperature of the forging within a narrow band.沖擊的頻率需要嚴格控制，以將鍛造溫度保持在一個窄的范圍內(nèi)。frequency 頻率highlighting 突出，使顯著- 52 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESTo do this in a repeatable manner involves close co-operation between the hammer operatives and the technical staff who supervi