莎士比亞與他的創(chuàng)作階段課件

1、Chapter 6 Shakespeare141班LifeBorn in 1564In 1571, he was sent to school1582, he married to Anne Hathaway, having 3 childrenIn 1586 or 1587, he arrived in London.In 1593 and 1594, published two narrative poems.In 1609, his Sonnets were printed.In 1611, retired to his native townDied in 16161590 1594T

2、he First Period1601 1607The Third Period1595 1600The Second Period1608 1612The Fourth PeriodThe Frist Period (1590 - 1594)The historical play(first historical tetralogy): Henry , Parts 1, 2 and 3, Richard Comedy: The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Loves Labou

3、rs LostThe revenge tragedy: Titus AndronicusThe romantic tragedy: Romeo and Juliet (earlist great success in tragedy)Narrative poems: Venus and Adonis and The Rape of LucreceThe Frist Period (1590 - 1594)Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet combines a tragic situation with comedy and gaiety(愉快): 1. Ther

4、e are more comedy factors in the first half of a drama; 2. Romeo and Juliet both die for love, but the two sides family eventually reconcile and the ending is not typical tragedy; 3. It is lyrical(感情夸張的, 有抒情味的) and optimistic in spirit, lit up by the spring and sunshine of South Europe.LanguageAt fi

5、rst, Shakespeares work consists of five rigid iambic(抑揚格的) feet, and the custom of rhyming made the verse even more mechanical and unfit for dramatic expression. But under the influence of Marlowe, he began to use blank verse(無韻詩). The First Period shows a general tendency of the gradual diminishing

6、 and disappearance of rhyme as the principal impediment in Shakespeares dramatic composition.The Second Period(1595 - 1600)6 comedies: A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Much Ado about Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night5 historical plays: Richard , Henr

7、y , Parts 1 and 2, Henry, King JohnA Roman tragedy: Julius CaesarSonnetsSonnetsThe Sonnets were the last of Shakespeares non-dramatic works to be printed. Critics praise theSonnetsas a profound meditation on the nature of love, sexual passion, procreation, death, and time.由三段四行和一副對句組成，即按四、四、四、二編排，每行

8、詩句有10個抑揚格音節(jié)。以形象生動、結(jié)構(gòu)巧妙、音樂性強、起承轉(zhuǎn)合自如為特色，常常在最后一副對句中概括內(nèi)容，點明主題，表達(dá)出新興資產(chǎn)階級的理想和情懷。Features1. mature period, a period of great comedies and mature historical plays.2. The general spirit is optimism. The comedies of this period are redolent of the pure breath of the green fields and of flowers, and lit by a w

9、arm sunshine of gladness, ringing with a chorus of youthful laughter.3. The reverse creeps in for contrast. Virtue, nevertheless, shall have its reward and triumph in the end, and the wrong shall disappear before the forces of good. 4. This period is his sweet and joyful time, in which he succeeds i

10、n portraying a magnificent panorama(全景畫) of the manifold pursuits of people in real life.Language1. There is a great lift in characterization, which distinguishes this second period from the first, not only in the comedies, but also in the historical plays.2. At this period, Shakespeare surpassed Ma

11、rlowe and other playwrights of his time in expressing the patriotic feelings of the English people and their demand for national unity with great force and vividness.Four TragediesHamletOthelloKing LearMacbethFeatures1. the period of great tragedies and dark comedies.2. It represents a mass of evil.

12、 There are scenes of murder, lust, treachery(背叛), ingratitude and crime.3. The comedies are known as “dark” because they give somber pictures of the world.Features1. the period of romantic drama2. It turns from the storm, the gloom to “a great peacefulness of light,” and a harmony of earth and heave

13、n.3. The tone is calm and reconciliation.The Transition of the four periods1590 1594The First Period1601 1607The Third Period1595 1600The Second Period1608 1612The Fourth PeriodApprenticeshipin play writingmature periodgreat comediesand mature historical plays.great tragedies and dark comediesromant

14、ic dramaReasons第一、二階段： 從社會根源上看，這時期正值伊麗莎白女王統(tǒng)治的盛年，英國已建成一個統(tǒng)一的民族國家，國勢強大，政局穩(wěn)定，經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮，舉國上下陶醉在升平安樂之中。這自然在莎士比亞的創(chuàng)作上打上鮮明的時代印記。 從思想根源上看，他的人文主義思想這時尚未經(jīng)受社會的嚴(yán)重考驗，他堅信人文主義理想是可以在現(xiàn)實中實現(xiàn)的，因而，對現(xiàn)實的看法過于樂觀。第三階段： 從社會根源上看，這時的英國已從表面繁榮進(jìn)入動亂時代，各種各樣的社會矛盾都暴露無遺。 從思想基礎(chǔ)上看，莎士比亞對現(xiàn)實的認(rèn)識深化了，他看到了理想與現(xiàn)實之間的深刻矛盾，看到了人文主義理想實際上是不可能實現(xiàn)的這一悲劇性的事實。第四階段： 從社會根源上看，社會矛盾激化，不堪壓迫的農(nóng)民紛紛揭竿而起。面對人民的反抗，詹姆斯一世一方面野蠻鎮(zhèn)壓，另一方面則加強對輿論的控制。戲劇界于是形成一股專寫迎合宮廷趣味的、情節(jié)離奇的傳奇劇的逆流。莎士比亞轉(zhuǎn)向傳奇劇創(chuàng)作，顯然是受到這股逆流的影響。 從思想根源上看，由于人文主義者自身的矛盾，使得莎士比亞未能正確認(rèn)識人民群眾的力量，因而當(dāng)人民群眾起來反抗暴政時，他便很自然地退到企圖以寬恕來調(diào)和社會矛盾的境地。此 外，作者本人此時的經(jīng)濟(jì)地位，也使得他這樣做，因為作為一個大劇團(tuán)的股東和在鄉(xiāng)下?lián)碛刑锂a(chǎn)的富裕紳士，他個人特別需要有安定的