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1、【重點(diǎn)掌握】EvidenceforDarwinstheoryofnaturalTypeofCausesofevolutionofa tionandPatternsofModerntheoryofTheoriginof【本【重點(diǎn)掌握】EvidenceforDarwinstheoryofnaturalTypeofCausesofevolutionofa tionandPatternsofModerntheoryofTheoriginof【本章詞匯】12345678homologous9ogouscontinentalpepperedindustrial sexualBalancedGeneGene

2、ticgeographic industrial sexualBalancedGeneGeneticgeographic volcanic使【知】一、EvidenceforEvolutionisthechangeinallelicfrequencies（頻率） inaThere are two areas of evolutionary study: Microevolution and Macroevolution. Microevolution refers to the 【知】一、EvidenceforEvolutionisthechangeinallelicfrequencies（頻率

3、） inaThere are two areas of evolutionary study: Microevolution and Macroevolution. Microevolution refers to the inasinglegenepool.MacroevolutionreferstotheappearanceofamajorevolutionarydevelopmentoranewEvidencefor1) fossil record or Paleontology（或古生物學(xué)）: by studying the fossil record, paleontology re

4、veals existenceofeextinctorhaveoother2)comparativeanatomy（比較解破學(xué)）thestudyofdifferentstructurecontributestoscientistsunderstandingofthe evolution of anatomical structures and of evolutionary relationships, such as homologous structures（同源結(jié)構(gòu)）and 3) comparative biochemistry（比較生物化學(xué)biochemicalve a common

5、tor will have Reproductive 4)comparativeembryology（比較胚胎學(xué)）closelyanismsgo throughsimilar heir5)molecularbiology（分子生物學(xué)）examinesthenucleotideandaminoacid4)comparativeembryology（比較胚胎學(xué)）closelyanismsgo throughsimilar heir5)molecularbiology（分子生物學(xué)）examinesthenucleotideandaminoacidofDNAandproteins ercentages

6、ofnspeciesdistantly6)biogeography（生物地理學(xué)）studyof the locationof marsupialfossilsand the geographic distribution of 二、Darwins theory of natural selection（達(dá)爾文的自然選擇學(xué)說1)sessanenormousreproductive2)Populationsizesremain3)are4)Individualscompetefor5)Thereisvariationamongindividualsina6)Muchvariationis7)Onl

7、ythemostfit8)Evolutionoccursasfavorabletraitshe三、Typeof 。 四、Causesof evolutionof a Gene Genetic drift（遺傳漂變Thefoundereffect（奠基者效應(yīng)）:四、Causesof evolutionof a Gene Genetic drift（遺傳漂變Thefoundereffect（奠基者效應(yīng)）:。: 五、Hardy-WeinberyequilibriumcharacteristicsofstableWhentheallelefrequenciesinapopulationremainco

8、nstantfromgenerationtogeneration,thepopulationissaidtoin genetic equilibrium, or Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. At genetic equilibrium, there is no evolution. In order equilibriumtooccur,thetnormallychangegenefrequenciesdonotoccur.Thus,thefollowingconditions1.Alltraitsareselectivelyneutral(nonatural2.

9、ionsdonot3.Thepopulationmustbeisolatedfromopulations(nogene4.Thepopulationislarge(nogenetic5.MatingisGeneticequilibriumisdeterminedbyevaluatingthefollowing1.Allelefrequenciesforeachallele(p,2.Frequencyof4.Thepopulationislarge(nogenetic5.MatingisGeneticequilibriumisdeterminedbyevaluatingthefollowing1

10、.Allelefrequenciesforeachallele(p,2.Frequencyofhomozygotes(p2,3.Frequencyofheterozygotes(pq+qp=Also,theoequations1.p+q=1(allmto2.p2 +2pq+q2 =1(allmtoAs an le, e a plant population consists of 84% plants with red flowers and 16% with white Ame the red allele (R) is dominant and the white allele (r) i

11、s sive. Using the above ion and percentagestoq2=0.16=whitefloweredplants(rrp2+2pq=0.84=redfloweredplants(RRandRrTodeterminetheallelefrequencyofthewhiteflowerallele,calculateqbyfindingthesquarerootofq = Sincep+q=1,pmustequalYou so determine the frequency (or percentages) of individuals with the homoz

12、ygous dominant 2pq=(2)(0.6)(.4)=0.48or48%=p2=(0.6)(0.6)=0.36or 36%=homozygotes六、tionand ，了5）Behavioral isolation（ : 八、Patternsof ，了5）Behavioral isolation（ : 八、Patternsof 。 14 種達(dá)爾文雀從一種在加拉巴哥群島上生九、Moderntheoryof Punctuatedequilibrium（間斷平衡：此理論認(rèn)為行有性生殖的物種可在某一段時(shí)間中，經(jīng)歷相對傳統(tǒng)觀念而十、The九、Moderntheoryof Punctuatede

13、quilibrium（間斷平衡：此理論認(rèn)為行有性生殖的物種可在某一段時(shí)間中，經(jīng)歷相對傳統(tǒng)觀念而十、TheoriginofThenditsatmosphereThe primordial atmosphere originated from outgassing of the erior of the planet (through volcanos) consistedofCO,CO2,H2,N2,H2O,S,HCl(hydrochloricacid),andHCN(hydrogencyanide),butlittleornoTheprimordialseasAstheearthcooled,

14、gasescondensedtoproduceprimordialseasconsistingofwaterandComplexmoleculeswere anicmoleculesfromanicmolecules.anic“soup”Energywasprovidedmostlybyultravioletlight(UV),butalsolightning,radioactivity,andComplexmolecules includedacetic acid,formaldehyde,and aminoacids. These kinds of moleculeswould later

15、 asmonomers,orunitbuildingblocks,forthesynthesisofA. I. Oparin Energywasprovidedmostlybyultravioletlight(UV),butalsolightning,radioactivity,andComplexmolecules includedacetic acid,formaldehyde,and aminoacids. These kinds of moleculeswould later asmonomers,orunitbuildingblocks,forthesynthesisofA. I.

16、Oparin and J. B. S. Haldane independently t simple molecules were able to form only oxygen was absent. As a very reactive molecule, oxygen, had it been present, would have prevented the formation anicmoleculesbysupplantingmostreactantsinchemicalStanleyMillertestedthetheoriesofOparinandHaldanebysimul

17、atinganexperiment d electric sparks to simple gases (but no oxygen) connected to a flask of heated water. eek, the containedanicmoleculesincludingamino Monomerscombined to form polymers. Some of these reactions may have occurred by dehydration condensation, whichpolymersformedfrommonomersbytheremova

18、lofwaterProteinoids are abiotically produced polypeptides. Theycan be experimentally produced by allowing amino acidsdehydrateonhot,dryanicmoleculeswereconcentratedandoProtobionts were the precursors of cells. They were able to carry hemical reactions enclosed within a across aterials can be exchang

19、ed, but were unable to reproduce. Borders he same manner hydrophobicmoleculesaggregatetoformmembranes(assformplasmaMicrospheres and coacervates are experimentally (andabiotically) produced permeableve some Heterotrophs are t obtain energy by anic . Pathogenic bacteria, le,areheterotrophicanic“soup”w

20、asasourceanicmaterialforheterotrophiccells.Asthesecellsreproduced,competitionanicmaterialincreased.NaturalselectionwouldfavorthoseheterotrophsmostsfulatobtainingAs a result of ion,a heterotroph gained the ability to produce its ownfood.Asan autotroph, this cell wouldhighlyAutotrophs manufacture thei

21、r anic compounds using light energy or energy from anic .Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria), for aniccompoundsbyle, are autotrophic t obtain energy and OxygenandtheozonelayerformedandabioticchemicalevolutionAsaby-productofthe photosynthetic activityofautotrophs,oxygenwasreleasedanderactionofUVl

22、ightandoxygenproducedtheozonehe As a result of the formation of the ozone ing UV light was absorbed, preventing it from Asaby-productofthe photosynthetic activityofautotrophs,oxygenwasreleasedanderactionofUVlightandoxygenproducedtheozonehe As a result of the formation of the ozone ing UV light was a

23、bsorbed, preventing it from reaching surfaceoftheearth.Thus,themajorsourceofenergyfortheabioticsynthesisanicmoleculesandprimitivecells According to endosymbiotic theory, eukaryotic cells originated from a mutually l tion among various kinds of prokaryotes. Specifically, mitochondria,chloroplasts, an

24、d anelles established insiderokaryote,producingaThereisconsiderableevidence letevidence1)MitochondriaandDNAofbacteriaandsesstheirownDNA.TheDNAiscircularand“naked”(withoutproteins)asis2) omes of mitochondriaandchloroplastsresemblethose of bacteriaandcyanobacteria,with respect to sizenucleotide3) Mito

25、chondria and chloroplasts reproduce independently of their eukaryotic host cell by a s similar to binaryof4)Mitochondriaandchloroplastshavetwomembranes(bothbilayers).Thesecondmembranecouldbeen acquired when roduced prokaryote rrounded, in endocytosis fashion, by a vesicle produced by the 5)Thethylak

26、oidmembranesofchloroplastsresemblethephotosyntheticmembranesof（題目選自 ）Allofthefollowingementsaboutevolutionaretrue(A)evolutionoccursmorelyatsome nat(B)evolutionisdirectedbyhe(C) evolution is not always from the simple to the complex but may act in such a simplert complex forms give rise (D)anisms,asw

27、ellaspopulations,docommonly(E)evolutionisnotalwaysaslow,graduals PAll of the following are part of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, which describes a stable，nonevolving population, (A)naturalselection(B)matingmustbe(C) noionscanAll of the following are part of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, which describes

28、a stable，nonevolving population, (A)naturalselection(B)matingmustbe(C) noionscanhe(D)thepopulationmustbeisolatedfrom(E)thepopulationmustbeWhichofthefollowingisatransition(A)(C) (D) AllofthefollowingarepanofDarwinstheoryofnaturalselection(A)populationstendto(B)inanypopulation,thereisunequa1abilityamo

29、ngindividualstosurviveandto(C)onlythebest-ftrviveandgettopassontheir(D)opulationleadstoastruggleforanismschangeinresponsetoaheAllthefollowingaretrueofhomologousstructurestheydemonstratecommon(B)anleisthewingofthe batrsonsanleisthewingofthe batandthewingofatheyarenotthesame thingasana1ogousanleisthew

30、haleslatera1fnrsons ChoosefromthelistoftermsCharlesStephenJ.GouldandNilesOparinandInheritanceofacquiredUseandTheoryofpunctuated ChoosefromthelistoftermsCharlesStephenJ.GouldandNilesOparinandInheritanceofacquiredUseandTheoryofpunctuatedPopulationstendtotundertexistedinearlyanicmoleculescouldSurvivaloftheofccordingtoscientifcevidenceisclosest(A)4,000years(B)600years(C) 6,000years (D)4millionyears(E)4billionyears14. Pangaea is(A)transition(B)tisyzedandusedtoshowani