管制中的不正常情況

1、特殊情況處置程序及通話 Abnormal Situations operating procedures and communications1EMERGENCY OVERVIEW FOR CONTROLLERS管制員對緊急情況的概覽ESTABLISH BASIC INFORMATION EARLY 盡早建立基本信息 - Inform your supervisor immediately and begin to write the information.Nature of the Emergency 緊急狀態(tài)的性質(zhì)Intentions of the Crew 機組人員的意圖 Time A

2、vailable 可用時間 Additional Information 其他信息 Alternatively consider the task as :- 考慮其他因素 WHO is the aircraft in Emergency ? 哪一航空器在緊急狀態(tài)中 WHATis the Problem ? 問題所在 WHEREare they? 在哪 WHEREdo they need to go? 往哪去 WHENis it going to happen? 什么時間發(fā)生2WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN人物、事件、地點、時間ESTABLISH THE NEED TO KNOW

3、 & IGNORE THE NICE TO KNOW !建立必須知道的信息和省略次要的信息The crew are likely to be VERY busy ! They will prioritize tasks !機組人員可能非常繁忙！ 他們將予以排列優(yōu)先任務(wù)！They will 他們會 :- 1. OPERATE the aircraft & complete the drills.繼續(xù)飛行并完成有關(guān)應(yīng)急程序 2. Navigate 導(dǎo)航 3. COMMUNICATE with ATC 然后與空中交通控制部通信The Following May Be of Interest to N

4、ote 也許可注意下列事項 In the cockpit, time will “COMPRESS” whereas, for the controller, it will seem to “EXPAND” 在駕駛艙內(nèi),時間是緊迫的，相對管制員的時間似乎是寬松的。 Talk to the crew but DO NOT hassle 對機組人員談話但不要爭論 Observe a request to “Standby” 依從等待之請求Try to jot down times of contact so as to rationalize “Time Distortion”設(shè)法記下聯(lián)絡(luò)的時間

5、，以便對時間合理化，以免有誤差3DEGREE OF EMERGENCY 緊急程度Voice pitch / tone does not necessarily reflect the seriousness of the situation or the level of flight deck activity.聲調(diào) /語氣不一定能反映事件的嚴(yán)重性或在駕駛艙內(nèi)的情況 A PAN is also an emergency situationPAN是緊急狀態(tài)A PAN may develop into a MAYDAY if the situation gets worse.如果情況變壞，無線電

6、呼救信號便改為MAYDAY There may be a reluctance to declare that there is a problem or the correct prefix may not be used.在某情況也許不願勉強宣稱有問題或沒有使用正確的前綴 PREPARE FOR THE WORST-HOPE FOR THE BEST4HANDLING OF EMERGENCIES BY CONTROLLERS管制員處理緊急事故FIRST PRIORITIES :- 優(yōu)先處理事項Establish degree of urgency (PAN or MAYDAY not j

7、ust an “emergency”)確立緊急程度 (是緊急 / PAN / MAYDAY )Aircraft type. 飛機型號 Immediate assistance required. 要求立即協(xié)助 Immediate intentions of crew. 機組人員的意向 RESPONSE :- 應(yīng)對Acknowledge PAN or MAYDAY. 表示收到無線電呼救信號 If they are unsure, advise crew of position.如果他們是不肯定的，告知機組人員位置所在 Offer immediate options. 提議實時的方案 5Contr

8、ollers: Use ASSIST to Respond to a Mayday or Pan, Pan.管制員 ：無線電呼救信號之應(yīng)對ASSISTcknowledge 表示收到eparate 分隔 ilence 沉默nform 通知upport 支持 ime 時間Make sure you understand and acknowledge the nature of the emergency !確定已了解和認(rèn)知緊急狀態(tài)的本質(zhì) Dont forget to establish / maintain separation with other aircraft and terrain !

9、緊記要保持與其它航空器及地形上之分隔 Impose silence on your radio frequency, if necessary. Dont disturb urgent pilot actions by unnecessary transmissions !如有需要，在無線電保持沉默，以防打擾航空器駕駛員的迫切應(yīng)變行動 Inform your supervisor and other involved sectors, units and airports !通知值班經(jīng)理和其它扇區(qū)、單位和機場Give maximum support to the flight crew !對機

10、組人員予以充分支持 Allow pilot sufficient time to work on their problem !予以航空器駕駛員充裕時間解決問題 6SUBSEQUENTLY 隨后Establish the NATURE of the Emergency, preferably a non-technical description.以非技術(shù)性的描述緊急狀態(tài)的本質(zhì)REMEMBER : The crew may not be aware of the full situation,備忘 ：機組人員可能未意識到全面的情況e.g. the extent of any damage or

11、 the full effect it will have on aircraft handling. 如損壞的程度對航空器運作的影響A “fly by” may be required before landing to establish the full extent / nature of any damage.有需要在降落之前作一次“飛越”以充分評估損壞的程度/本質(zhì)7SUBSEQUENTLY 隨后Establish effect of emergency on handling / performance of the aircraft.處理緊急狀態(tài)對航空器的影響和運作Obtain

12、POB ,SOB, including crew.獲取機上總?cè)藬?shù)，包括機組人員 Obtain further intentions of the crew.e.g. Possible evacuation.獲取機組人員進一步的意圖，如撤離的可能性8IF TIME / SITUATION ALLOWS如果在時間/情況容許之下Consider clearing the frequency / actions to minimize frequency changes.考慮清除無線電其它通信/使變動頻率減到最小 Provide further information-navigation advic

13、e.提供進一步信息 導(dǎo)航指示W(wǎng)eather information. 氣象信息 Inform adjacent sectors / units, otherappropriate agencies and supervisor.通知鄰近的扇區(qū)/單位、其它有關(guān)的機構(gòu)和主管 9SUBSEQUENTLY Cont :- 隨后FROM THE PREVIOUS ESTABLISH TIME AVAILABLE :-從早前建立的可利用時間IMMEDIATE LANDINGIn a critical situation to contain a立即降落worsening situation情況已在一個緊急

14、情況下惡化 DELAYED LANDINGFuel dump, Drills, Situation analysis,被延遲著陸Approach preparation.給放油、應(yīng)急演習(xí)、分析情況、預(yù)備進近 AIRCRAFT ENDURANCE May become a factor. 航空器續(xù)航能力 可成為因素之一 10SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONTROLLERS 管制員之特別考慮DOES THE CREW HAVE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ?機組人員有沒有本土知識 ？Under stress, language problems with the c

15、rew will be greater. This is a particular problem in Hong Kong.機組人員通常在受壓力或語言的問題影響較大。Use STANDARD phraseology. 使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)語 AVOID BUILT UP AREAS 避開集居地區(qū)Controllers should, when possible, avoid taking aircraft over built up areas such as flying over cities.管制員應(yīng)該盡可能避免引領(lǐng)航空器到集居地區(qū)11SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CON

16、TROLLERS - EMERGENCY SERVICES控制員之特別考慮 - 應(yīng)急服務(wù)Follow notification procedures. 跟隨公布程序 Advise crew of fire vehicle positions (limited view from cockpit)通知機組消防車位置(駕駛艙視野較陜窄)Advise AFC Rescue Leader of crew evacuation plans (if known)通知機場消防搶救指揮官有關(guān)機組撤離計劃(如有的話) FACILITATION 幫助Pass on any requests from crew o

17、r AFC, e.g.傳遞所有機組或機場消防隊的請求，如Casualty numbers 傷亡數(shù)字 Special Equipment needed 特別設(shè)備的需求 High lift / Tug / Steps 起重裝置/拖船/梯架 12FACTORS AFFECTING TYPES OF EMERGENCY影響緊急程度的因素Remember : No two emergencies will ever be the same ! The same emergency can develop and be resolved in an entirely different way on di

18、fferent occasions because there are so many variables that can eventually affect the outcome. The following is a list of some of the factors that may affect the progress and outcome of particular emergencies.備忘 ：沒有緊急事故是完全一樣的 ！類似的緊急事故可發(fā)展成不同情況，因為有太多變數(shù)可影響特殊緊急狀態(tài)的進展和結(jié)果。見下面例子13What is an Abnormal Situatio

19、n? 1、爆炸物威脅；(bomb warning)2、操縱系統(tǒng)故障 ；(control system inoperative)3、除/防冰系統(tǒng)故障；(icing problem)4、電力系統(tǒng)故障；(electric system failure)5、發(fā)動機故障 ；(engine failure)6、風(fēng)擋問題 ；(windshield problem )7、非法干擾；(unlawful interference)8、空中失火 ； fire in cockpit)9、起落架故障；(landing gear inoperative)10、燃油問題；(fuel trouble)14What is Ab

20、normal situation?11、通訊失效；(communication failure)12、液壓系統(tǒng)故障；(hydraulic problem)13、醫(yī)療救護；(sick person reported )14、儀表故障； (instrument problems)15、增壓系統(tǒng)故障；(pressurization problem) 16、鳥擊；(bird strike)17、ACAS/TCAS18、空中放油；(fuel dumping)19、不利氣象條件；(bad weather)20、地面事件；(ground incident)21、復(fù)飛；(missed approach)22、

21、活動通報；(traffic information)23、最低引導(dǎo)高度和最低扇區(qū)高度。(MVA/MSA)15BOMB WARNING REMEMBERAlways inform your SUPERVISOR of an abnormal situationAlthough most cases of this modern form of terrorism are false alarms, ALL must be taken seriously until proved to be a hoax.The terrorists report may be proven false. The

22、 event is then called a hoax.The crews on an aircraft are trained to handle such situations and there is a bomb search checklist on board.16BOMB WARNINGIn the event of a bomb warning the air traffic controller is the most direct point of contact with the pilot and crew . Therefore, much of the coord

23、ination and official counter measure planning will be relayed through the controller talking to the pilot.17BOMB WARNINGAll procedures will be executed according to local instructions as contained in the local alarm plans In the event of an explosion ,damage is reduced if flying at a lower altitude

24、due to less pressure18BOMB WARNING ATC Can Expect a: aircraft may stop climbingb: request for immediate level changec: possible landing at next suitable airportd: aircraft early in landing configuration, such as lowering landing gear and flaps19BOMB WARNING ATC actions to be takena : clear airspace

25、in the immediate vicinityb: ask for flying time neededc: prepare for evacuation after landingd: prepare for additional stairs to unload passengerse: clear runway according to local instruction20BOMB WARNINGf : keep safety strip clear near landing runwayg: arrange parking away from building & other a

26、ircraft21爆炸物威脅通話關(guān)鍵詞:anonymous call 匿名電話emergency evacuation 緊急撤離escape chute(emergency slides) 逃生滑梯the bomb disposal squad 拆彈人員pitch 俯仰 roll 橫滾 yaw 偏轉(zhuǎn)bank the aircraft 傾斜(壓坡度) dive 俯沖stall 失速22爆炸物威脅jet way 廊橋（美）air bridge/loading bridge 廊橋passenger gate 登機口 terminal 候機樓ground handling 地勤 conveyor 輸送

27、帶service truck 地面特種車輛airport passenger bus/ferry 擺渡車tug/towing tractor 拖車tow bar 拖把ground power unit 地面電源車catering truck 食品車（配餐車） 23爆炸物威脅water service truck 供水車galley service truck 餐車 fire truck 救火車ambulance 救護車crash tender 事故處理車wheelbarrow 獨輪手推車air steps 機載客梯snow plow 犁雪車ramp vehicle 機坪車輛24爆炸物威脅sec

28、urity van 保安運貨車ice melter 除冰車coach 大客車loading fuel 加油車hydrant dispenser 管線加油車runway snow blower 吹雪車sweeper 清掃車25爆炸物威脅通知機組情況并詢問意圖:C: We have just received an anonymous call saying theres a bomb on board and they want your aircraft to proceed to WB, Whats your intention? 我們接到一個匿名電話說飛機上有一顆炸彈，要求你們的飛機飛往W

29、B。你們打算怎么辦？C: The emergency equipment is standing by. 緊急救援設(shè)備已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好。機組報告及意圖:P: We have found bombs on board. 我們在機上發(fā)現(xiàn)有爆炸物(炸彈) 。P: Well execute emergency evacuation after landing and please send the bomb disposal squad to get on board as soon as possible. 我們將在落地后實施緊急撤離，請在落地后派炸彈拆除人員立即登機。26Control system i

30、noperative ATC action to be taken:ALWAYS INFORM YOUR SUPERVISOR IMMEDIATELYa: ask the pilot more about the system trouble (make clear of what the problem is and what will happen)b: ask the need and intention of pilotc: prepare the priority of landingd: inform the alternate airport, ACC and APPe: cle

31、ar the airspace if needed27操縱系統(tǒng)故障通話關(guān)鍵詞:control system inoperative 操縱系統(tǒng)故障system jammed 系統(tǒng)卡住了crank 曲柄（搖把）reverse thrust 反噴裝置manual controls 人工操縱系統(tǒng)handles 操縱手柄switches 開關(guān)stick 駕駛桿the elevator controls 升降舵操縱系統(tǒng)the autopilot controls 自動駕駛操縱系統(tǒng)28操縱系統(tǒng)故障the control surfaces 操縱面flaps 襟翼elevators 升降舵spoilers 擾流

32、板 no flap landing 無襟翼落地flap setting 襟翼位置選定the full flaps position 全襟翼位置retract the flaps 收襟翼brakes are unreliable 剎車不可靠boosted control 助力系統(tǒng)lever/stick/column 桿knobs 按鈕或旋鈕29操縱系統(tǒng)故障the control stand 操縱臺the rudder bar 方向舵連桿the flap controls 襟翼操縱系統(tǒng)steering wheel 轉(zhuǎn)彎方向盤（前輪）ailerons 副翼slats 縫翼rudder 方向舵airb

33、rakes 減速板flap angle 襟翼角度pitch trim 俯仰配平30操縱系統(tǒng)故障機組通報情況:P: Were having difficulties in maintaining a straight course, airplane tends to drift to the right. We dont have the steering problem anymore. There must be something wrong with the boosted control. 我們保持航跡有困難，飛機有右偏的趨勢。轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)沒有問題，可能是助力系統(tǒng)的問題。P: Flaps

34、 and slats are jammed. We cant extend beyond 15 degrees.P: Flaps are jammed. They wont extend further down than 15 degrees. 襟翼卡阻，不能放下超過15度。P: We have full flaps now, it may be a lubrication problem. 現(xiàn)在我們可以放下全部襟翼了，也許是潤滑的問題。 31操縱系統(tǒng)故障P: Overheat lights are on 油需要冷卻。P: We have been struck by lightning,

35、the rear fuselage is damaged, the right elevator is inoperative. 我們遭到雷擊，后機身被打壞，失去右升降舵。P: We have lost control of the left aileron. 左側(cè)副翼不工作了。P: We have control problems, yaw damper inoperative. 我們操作系統(tǒng)故障，偏航阻尼器不工作了。P: Weve lost control of the pitch trim. 我的俯仰配平失效。P: Autopilot has a problem, now using m

36、anual control. 自動駕駛儀故障，改手操縱。 32操縱系統(tǒng)故障P: We have trouble with the elevator control, it is shaking slightly, we will keep a faster approach speed on final. 升降舵操縱系統(tǒng)故障，輕微抖動，我們在五邊保持稍大進場速度。 P: The aircraft is rolling right and left up to 20 degrees. Something is wrong with the rudder system. 飛機左右搖晃20度，方向舵

37、系統(tǒng)發(fā)生故障。P: Reverse thrust and the air brakes have failed. 反噴和減速板故障。 33操縱系統(tǒng)故障機組要求:P: Wed like to hold over HUR to make further checks. 我們希望到HUR等待，做進一步檢查。P: Ill have to hold for a while to sort this out. 我要盤旋等待以便找出原因。P: We have to taxi back to the apron due to flaps setting problem, please advise groun

38、d mechanics we need their help.指揮機組:C: Cleared to land with faster approach speed, be sure not to land beyond the touchdown zone. 可以用稍大進場速度，注意落地時不要超出規(guī)定接地地帶。 34操作系統(tǒng)故障詢問機組:C: Report endurance. 剩余油量還能飛多長時間？C: Report your intentions. 報告你的意圖。C: How may I help you? 你需要我們做什么？C: Do you need the emergency eq

39、uipment? 你需要緊急救援設(shè)備嗎？C: Do you need any additional assistance? 你需要其它幫助嗎？C: The emergency equipment is standing by. 緊急救援設(shè)備已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好。C: Request number of people on board. 請報告機上人數(shù)。35Anti-icing system inoperativeEXPECT 36Anti-icing system inoperativeATC actions to be expected and takenALWAYS INFORM YOUR SUPE

40、RVISOR a: aircraft may need immediate change of level and/or headingb: clear the airspace if neededc: aircraft may descend slow or fastd: aircraft may fly at a higher speed37除/防冰系統(tǒng)故障通話關(guān)鍵詞:anti-icing system inoperative 防冰系統(tǒng)故障anti-icing system prevents ice formationsde-icing system inoperative 除冰系統(tǒng)故障d

41、e-icing system removes ice after it has formedthe freezing level 結(jié)冰層（指下限）icing 結(jié)冰freezing rain 凍雨anti-icing fluid 防凍液flushing toilet 沖水廁所38除/防冰系統(tǒng)故障補充詞匯：nose, windshield, hatch, fuselage, belly；landing gear, nose gear, main gear)；wing (port=left, starboard=right), engine, cabin, aileron ；flight deck

42、(cockpit), flap, slat, wingtip, winglet；tail horizontal (vertical) stabilizer, fin；trim tab, rudder, elevator, exhaust nozzle；cargo compartment, skin, wheel well, tank；leading edge, trailing edge, autopilot39除/防冰系統(tǒng)故障機組通報情況:P: We have encountered continuous severe ice at this level, our anti-icing sy

43、stem is inoperative , request descent. 我們在這個高度碰到連續(xù)嚴(yán)重結(jié)冰，我們的防冰系統(tǒng)故障，請求下降。P: De-icing system is inoperative, request lower level. P: Leading edges are iced over, request immediate descent. 40除/防冰系統(tǒng)故障詢問機組:C: Report your intentions. What do you want to do? 報告你的意圖。C: How can I help you? 你需要我們做什么？C: Do you

44、need any more help? 你需要其它幫助嗎？指揮機組下降高度:C: Descend to FL210 to avoid the icing area, report reaching. 可以下降到兩萬一千英尺避開結(jié)冰區(qū)域，到達報告。41Electrical problemREMEMBERALWAYS INFORM YOUR SUPERVISORElectrical problems may be caused by the failure of one or more of the aircrafts generators, a short circuit, or other t

45、echnical deficiency. Lightning strike may also cause problems with the electrical systems42Electrical problemLoss of electrical power is an emergency situation. Even though most aircraft can still function on reduced power, a possible complete power failure must be expected. Therefore, partial failu

46、re is also treated as an emergency.When a pilot reports the aircraft to be on standby power, remember most aircraft will have battery supplied electrical power for only 20 - 30 minutes, so urgent action by ATC is required43Electrical problemEXPECTIn case of one generator failure reported: In order t

47、o conserve power supplies ,all unnecessary power consuming system shall be switched off . This may include for example : the transponder and internal & external lighting; As it must be expected that all power supply could end , the flight may wish to continue under VMC, this may require level change

48、; Landing at the next suitable aerodrome is the expected action in the situation ;Read back may be limited to save energy44Electrical problemIn case of all generator failure but battery can be usedthe battery will not be recharged and supply will be very limited. Only the navigation instruments will

49、 be working , and even these may be limited.System affected by electrical power supply:Electronic devices : transponders, computers, controls and indicator、sensors;Electrical heating : galley , anti-icingLighting: cockpit, cabin, exteriorMechanical power: pumps, valves.45Electrical problemIn case of

50、 no powerThere will be a failure of navigational systems, including the compass, and the pilot will have to work hard to fly the aircraft safely. Therefore the aircraft will need all available navigational assistance especially if it can not remain in VMC46Electrical problemATC action to be taken a

51、:give the pilot suitable nearest airportb: give the pilot runway details as soon as possible ,such as the length and width.c: inform the pilot of suitable vectors and position information47Electrical problemATC action to be taken if the aircraft has a single generatorA :if appropriate ,recommend to

52、the pilot to reach or remain in VMCb: arranging appropriate route ,and if necessary ,level changes48Electrical problemATC action to be done if all aircraft generators have faileda: avoid all requests to the pilot ,b: phrasing ATC message so that the pilot can answer them with a click on the micropho

53、ne button or just “roger”, “affirm”c: giving radar vectors and position information to pilot 49電力系統(tǒng)故障通話關(guān)鍵詞:electric failure 供電失效DC generator 直流發(fā)電機the APU 輔助電源裝置wire 電線circuit breaker 跳開關(guān)tripped circuit breaker 自動跳開關(guān)loose connection 接觸不良the battery is low 電瓶電力不足50電力系統(tǒng)故障power failure shortly 瞬時斷電AC ge

54、nerator 交流發(fā)電機fuse 保險絲 blown out fuse 觸斷保險絲lead 連線、引線the bus bar 匯流條warning flags or light 警告信號/ 燈disconnect 斷開short circuit 短路rectifier 整流器51電力系統(tǒng)故障補充詞匯：intercontinental flight，short, medium, long range flight, piston engine aircraftrear-engine aircrafttwin-engine aircraft，multi-engine aircraft,wide-

55、bodied jet，narrow-bodied jet,jumbo jet shockwaves,friction,drag, lift, thrust weight52電力系統(tǒng)故障詢問機組:C: Report your intentions. 報告你的意圖。C: How can I help you? 你需要我們做什么？C: Do you need any more help? 你需要其它幫助嗎 53電力系統(tǒng)故障機組通報情況:P: No.2 engine shut down due to generator failure. 因為發(fā)電機故障，二發(fā)熄火。P: CES 526 is repor

56、ting engine shutdown 45 miles north of VM , Well divert to Beijing airport because we departed L.A. with 2 generators and we only have one left now. P: Generator out of service due to short circuit. 發(fā)電機不工作因短路。 機組要求:P: Request priority landing at runway 36R. 請求用36R跑道優(yōu)先著陸。P: Request radar vector. 請求雷達

57、引導(dǎo)。54Engine failureREMEMBERALWAYS INFORM YOUR SUPERVISOR IMMEDIATELYEngine failure may be caused by hydraulic or electrical problems, bird strike, engine on fire, fuel problems, low oil pressure, icing, ingestion of debris, or pilot error. The effects of an engine failure are influenced by the follo

58、wing factors:At what stage of the aircrafts flight does the failure occur? Is it during departure or cruise?How many engines does the aircraft have? Is it single engine or multi-engine?55Engine failureEXPECT a: Engine failure during departure56Engine failureb: Engine failure during cruise57Engine fa

59、ilurec: the following should also be expected1: Engine failure during take-off. Aborted take off2: deviation from SID3: intermediate level-off4: not on course5: decent58Engine failure6: pressurization problems7: fuel dumping8: forced landing9: blocked runway after landing59Engine failureATC actions

60、to be taken a: Inform TOWER at landing airport b:Clear runway according to local instructionsc:Keep safety strip cleard:Offer pilot extended final e:Check that towing equipment is on standbyf:In case of forced landing, record last known position and time for search and rescue purposes 60發(fā)動機故障通話關(guān)鍵詞:e