學(xué)交東授課2010xxxx學(xué)號(hào)-wang xx姓名disaster rescue and aid to the children final文章題目

1、 Disaster Rescue and Aid to the ChildrenAnd Students Psychological HealingWANG XxStudent Number: 2010XXXXApril 24, 2012Email: yee2010310InternationalBeijing UniversityBeijingAbstractDestructive disasters can produce serious mental stress on the people in the stricken areas and rescuing staffs while

2、life and properties were lost. Psychological assistance will play an important role in the reconstruction after the disaster, especially for children and students. Various kinds of psychological disorders could happen after the disaster, some of them may even suffer from long-term psychological dise

3、ases. Therefore, psychological assistance needs to follow scientific methodology with organized and systematic plan. This paper introduces the present status of the development of post-disaster psychological assistance, studies the related researches and valuable experience in other countries. Then

4、the paper recalls the researches in this field in China. Suggestions on disaster rescue and psychological assistance to children and students are proposed. Key Words: disaster rescue, children，psychological healing, psychological aid 2 Tale of ContentsIntroduction: The Significance of Psychological

5、Aids.5International Development Status and Trends.6The Government Aspect.6The Research Aspect.6The Practice Aspect7Chinas Post-disaster Psychological Aid Research Progress 7Suggestions On Psychological Assistance7References.8List of Tables (這里沒(méi)有,所以不必要)1.0 Introduction: The Significance of Psychologi

6、cal Aids The statistic of the ISDR ( International Strategy for Disaster Reduction) shows that during the decade between 2000 and 2009, the average number of people died in disasters around the world is 78000. (ISDR, 2009). Back in the last few months in 2010, several devastating disasters have alre

7、ady taken place around the world: In the middle of January, Haiti magnitude 7.0 earthquake; at the end of February, Chile magnitude 8.8 earthquake; during the February, three snowstorms attacked the United Sates. Up till now, the deaths caused by natural disasters all over the world has passed 2 mil

8、lion. Apart from these natural disasters, man-made horrible disasters also emerged in endlessly: Many innocent people in chaotic places have to suffer the terrorist attacks and endless wars. Facing such sudden outbreaks of large-scale natural disasters, every testimony of the disaster is affected by

9、 trauma and pressures directly or indirectly. No matter the survivors of the disaster, rescue workers or even the ordinary people who witnessed the disaster through the media can all have some kind of psychological reaction after the disaster. According to the WHOs survey, about 20%-40% of the peopl

10、e in the disaster will have mild mental disorders, 30%-50% people will have severe mental disorders and 20% of people within the year may appear serious mental disease. (WHO 2003). For orphans and disabled children, their psychological rebuilding takes much longer. For children and teenagers, the lo

11、ng-term disaster traumas accumulation can lead to serious development difficulties and the forming of personality disorders. Two years after Taiwan 92 earthquake took place, 744 children at the age of 1-5 children are investigated in a survey, 7.89% of them exhibit PTSD （post-traumatic stress disord

12、er）symptoms in three months after the earthquake (Soong year? 出處？參考資料？). In natural or man-made disasters, victims will also suffer double trauma - personal injuries and collective trauma. Personal injuries are a sudden blow causing enormous influence on ones psychological defence; The collective tr

13、auma 3 effects the social order of normal life. Therefore, the psychological aid is not only the individual counseling, but also a systematical behaviour on the social level. From a macroscopic angle, establishing a targeted benign social and ecological system, letting people in the stricken area re

14、gain the security, renewed the hope of life is more effective and lasting for reparation of their psychological traumas. Psychological aid services are a special service, but it is an important part of the post-disaster reconstruction and recovery. Thus, it should be carried out at the same time wit

15、h other post-disaster works. Generally the main content of the psychological aid disaster has psychological evaluation, psychological education, problem solving, and the intervention for special events like death notice, memorial ceremony and other development services, etc. The World Health Organiz

16、ation (WHO) proposed guidelines for national disaster psychological aid include: 1. The preparation before disaster: a. Organize the emergency response teams in the relevant institutions; b. Make a detailed plan for the psychological aid; c. 3 Train specialists for the psychological aid. 2. Assessme

17、nt: Assessment should be planned in a meticulous way, and also widely applicable. 3. Cooperation: Psychological assistance should be carried out under the cooperation between local government aid organizations and other non-governmental organization. 4. Fit into the primary health care system: The p

18、sychological aid belongs to primary health care system, resources within the family and the community should be fully mobilized. 5. Universality of the service: Make sure all affected residents can receive the psychological aid. 6. Long-term work: After serious disasters, long-term community mental

19、health service should be provided to victims. Suggest every country to strengthen the investment on long-term psychological assistance.2.0 International Development Status and Trends In China, whether the Wenchuan earthquake or Yushu earthquake, have made it clearer that disaster rescue work must be

20、 done timely and effectively and the psychological aid should be carried out in a whole-process, comprehensive and systematic manner. To construct an effective disaster rescue system, we should learn lessons and experiences from other countries. The theory of psychology aid system appears in the 194

21、0s, due to a big fire in a nightclub of Boston in 1942, which caused nearly 500 people died. After the fire, a American psychologist Eric Lindezmann treated many of the survivors of the fire and discovered some similarities among them, and then sorted out the Sad Reaction Model (Young et al 1998). I

22、n the middle of 20th century, the United States MHA began to formulate psychological aid plans, and subsidize the relevant researches about the social psychological reaction after disasters. With the increasing attentions paid to the psychological rebuilding, psychologists and governments from diffe

23、rent countries set out to do researches about disaster crisis s intervention. 2.1 The Government AspectMany countries have formulated relevant regulations and laws to take precautions against natural disasters, and put psychological health services in the national disaster emergency preplans. Establ

24、ish national disaster mental health service system; cooperate with folk organizations. For example, in the United States, the national disaster mental health service system has been listed in the national disaster medical services system (Young et al 1998). 2.2 The Research AspectBecause the psychol

25、ogical disorder occurred after the disaster has different psychological mechanisms from the usual mental diseases. Therefore, many countries have put more emphases on the relevant research to obtain the most effective method for different psychological disorder .The United States, Britain, Australia

26、, Canada and other countries all have the national disaster mental aid or the research center. The 5 state-aid services and research projects include the following (Young et al, 78-91):The study of the social psychological reaction after disasters. The impact of disasters on victims of all ages and

27、their families. Design, execute and evaluate the mental health services and treatment for disaster victims. The prevention against post-traumatic PTSD（post-traumatic stress disorder. The study of scientific methodologies and application technology to achieve better federal disaster mental hygiene se

28、rvice system. 2.3 The Practice AspectOver the past decade, foreign countries have achieved great progress in the methods for psychological aid for disaster mental disorders. Evaluating the crisis is the first step of the psychological aid, including emergency exposure, the individuals physical, ment

29、al, social status, coping styles of the individuals, etc. After the assessment, make a intervention pre-arranged planning that suitable to the actual situation of the individual. Common intervention methods include share report, cognitive behavioral therapy, art therapy and game therapy, etc. The ar

30、t therapy and game therapy are often used in treating children and students. Through the painting, music, writing, children can speak disaster experience, express emotions, clarify problems and conflicts clearly (Nutt, Davidson & Zohar year?)3.0 Chinas Post-disaster Psychological Aid Research Progre

31、ss Chinas earliest post-disaster psychological aid in appeared in the Xinjiang Kelamayi fires in 1994. More than ten years passed, the disaster and crisis psychological aid has developed a lot, but still not be carried out in a systematical way. Compared with developed countries, Chinas research of

32、post-disaster psychological assistance still has a long way to go and mainly reflected in the three aspects (Qian 2005): The professional personnel and professional training is short of hand. The volunteers enthusiasm is worthy of praises, but they are lack of rigorous training. No specialized organ

33、ization system for psychological assistance has been established. Currently, the post-disaster psychological aid is basically carried out by psychiatric hospitals, universities/psychological practitioner and institutes of psychological counseling. The lack of related researches. Most of the present

34、studies have focused on the research of psychological effect after the disaster, but few of them have stepped into the research on the psychological aid. 4.0 Suggestions on Psychological Assistance The characteristics of post-disaster psychological harm determined it to be a long-term project to acc

35、omplish. Specifically speaking, the following are the respects: The post-disaster psychological aid work cannot be achieved by a single department or an organization independently. It is necessary to incorporate the post-disaster psychological aid work into the national legislation system and clarify the responsibilities of the governments at all levels in the process.Establish effective organization, set up the national psychological relief organization to train the talents for psychological crisis aid. Develop fundamental applied researches. At present, mo