高中英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)-課件

1、句 子 結(jié) 構(gòu)-英語的五種基本句型1句 子 結(jié) 構(gòu)-英語的五種基本句型1為什么要學(xué)習(xí)英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)？學(xué)好句子結(jié)構(gòu)是學(xué)好英語的前提幫助我們學(xué)好其他英語語法知識(shí)。幫助我們寫出正確的英語句子，形成并提高英 語書面表達(dá)的能力。幫助我們正確使用英語單詞，提高單詞拼寫及選詞填空等用詞能力。有助于我們提高閱讀能力和其他英語應(yīng)用能力。2為什么要學(xué)習(xí)英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)？學(xué)好句子結(jié)構(gòu)是學(xué)好英語的前提 英語句子有長(zhǎng)在短，有簡(jiǎn)有繁，從現(xiàn)象看，似乎千變?nèi)f化，難以捉摸，但從實(shí)質(zhì)看，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，找出其共同規(guī)律。英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)

2、的基礎(chǔ)。 基本句型一： 主謂基本句型二： 主系表基本句型三： 主謂賓基本句型四： 主謂間賓直賓基本句型五： 主謂賓賓補(bǔ) 定語和狀語是句子中的修飾成份，不列 入基本句型中 3 英語句子有長(zhǎng)在短，有簡(jiǎn)有繁，從現(xiàn)象看，似乎千變?nèi)f化，難主語：動(dòng)作發(fā)出者謂語：主語發(fā)出的動(dòng)作賓語：動(dòng)作的承受者補(bǔ)語：補(bǔ)充說明主語或賓語狀語：表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因、目 的、程度、比較和伴隨成分4主語：動(dòng)作發(fā)出者4基本句型 一 主謂此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。5基本句型 一 主謂5 （不及物動(dòng)詞）1. Time 2. The

3、moon 3. The man4. We all 5. Everybody 6. I 7. They 8. He 9.He10.Theyflies. rose. cooked. eat, and drink.laughed? woke. talked for half an hour.walked yesterday is playinghave gone6 （不及物動(dòng)詞）1. Time flies. 6Your father is standing there. His teacher came in with a book in his hand. The bus started and

4、arrived there at eight oclock.77Flowers come out in spring.The plane has already left.Is the baby dog sleeping?88練習(xí)鳥在飛翔。她的寶寶在哭。太陽正在落山。誰也沒笑。Birds are flying. Her baby is crying. The sun is setting. No one laughed. 9練習(xí)鳥在飛翔。Birds are flying. Her b練習(xí) 你唱得很美。 我咳了一夜。我們很少在外邊吃飯。昨天發(fā)生了事故。You sing beautifully.

5、I coughed all night. We seldom dine out. The accident occurred yesterday. 10練習(xí) 你唱得很美。You sing beautifully.練習(xí)一個(gè)來自美國(guó)的老人午夜時(shí)分在他寬大的臥室里快樂地跳著舞。At midnight, an old man who comes from America was dancing happily in his own big bedroom.11練習(xí)一個(gè)來自美國(guó)的老人午夜時(shí)分在他寬大的臥室里快樂地跳著舞。基本句型 二 基本句型 二 主系表 此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂語動(dòng)詞都不能

6、表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類：be, look, feel, smell, taste, sound等屬一類，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn, go等屬另一類，表示變化。be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義，如：stay, prove, remain, stand12基本句型 二 基本句型 二 主系表此句型的句子有 Mr. Brown is an English teacher. 主語 系動(dòng)詞 表語 1). be 動(dòng)詞 解釋說明主語的

7、性質(zhì)或特征等 2). 感官動(dòng)詞： look, sound,feel, taste, smell等 3).表”變化”的詞：become, get, turn等； 還有seem, keep, stay等。13 13（是系動(dòng)詞）(表語)1. This 2. The dinner3. He 4. Everything5. He 6. The book 7. The weather 8. His face is smells(聞)fell looks is is becameturned an English dictionary. good. happy. different. tall and st

8、rong. interesting.warmer. red. 14(表語)1. This is an English d1). His parents are in the kitchen now.2). You looked happy yesterday.3). This song doesnt sound beautiful.4). Did your father get angry?151). His parents are in th找出下列句子中的表語： The old man was feeling very tired. A B C D Why is he worried? A

9、 B The leaves have turned yellow. A B C D They all became interested in the subject. A B C D She was the first to learn about it. A B C D16找出下列句子中的表語：16練習(xí)今天我感覺不太舒服。他看上去很累。你的湯味道很好。她似乎對(duì)計(jì)劃不感興趣。I dont feel very well today.He looks very tired. Your soup tastes very good. She doesnt seem very interested i

10、n the plan. 17練習(xí)今天我感覺不太舒服。I dont feel very 練習(xí)天越來越冷了。孩子不久就睡著了。他長(zhǎng)得相當(dāng)高了。聽到這消息她臉色變得蒼白。 Its getting cold. Soon the child fell asleep.She went pale at the news. He has grown quite tall.18練習(xí)天越來越冷了。Its getting cold. So 基本句型 三 主謂賓 此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞

11、。19 基本句型 三 主謂賓19（實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）(賓語) 1. Who 2. She 3. He 8. He 5. They 6. Danny 7. I 4. He knows laughed at understands made ate likes want said the answer? her. English. cakes. some apples. donuts.to have a cup of tea. Good morning. 20（實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）(賓語) 1. Who knows My brother didnt do his homework. People all over

12、the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? c21 My brother didnt do hi They dont know who Father Christmas is. Some of the students in the school want to go swimming. The old man said he was ill. You will find it when you get home. 22 They dont know who Fathe過去二十年我們?nèi)〉昧撕艽蟮某删?/p>

13、。他們很快控制了病情。他們只是在建空中樓閣。Weve achieved a lot in the past twenty years. They soon controlled the disease.They are just building castles in the air. 練習(xí)23過去二十年我們?nèi)〉昧撕艽蟮某删?。Weve achieved 我十分欣賞你們的表演。 顧客要求退款。 這會(huì)造成錯(cuò)誤的印象。我們總是交換圣誕節(jié)禮物的。 I enjoyed every minute of your performance. The customer demanded a refund. We

14、 always exchange Christmas gifts. That will create a wrong impression. 練習(xí)24 我十分欣賞你們的表演。 I enjoyed eve基本句型 四 主謂間賓直賓 此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)：謂語動(dòng)詞必須跟有兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個(gè)賓語一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者，另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接承受者。通常這一間接承受者用一個(gè)介詞來連接，當(dāng)動(dòng)作的間接承受者在動(dòng)作的直接承受者之前時(shí)，這一介詞往往被省略。25基本句型 四 主謂間賓直賓25 She gave me her telephone number. 主語 謂語 間接賓語 直接賓語或：

15、 She gave her telephone number to me. 主語 謂語 直接賓語 間接賓語 間接賓語放后面時(shí)要在其前加”to” 或 “for”26 She gave me 1） I showed him the photo yesterday. I showed the photo to him yesterday. 2 ） He passed us the papers. = He passed the papers to us.27 1） I showed him thMy parents bought me a new bag. = My parents bought a

16、 new bag for me.2）She cooked us a big meal. = She cooked a big meal for us.28My parents bought me 常帶雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的動(dòng)詞（分為A、B兩類） A：動(dòng)詞后加to give , show , send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promiseB： 動(dòng)詞后加for make, buy, do, get, play, order, sing, pay2929她給我們唱了一首英文歌曲。我

17、去給你沏點(diǎn)新鮮茶。這會(huì)省去你很多麻煩。請(qǐng)幫我把今天的報(bào)紙拿來。She sang us an English song. Ill make you some fresh tea. That will save you a lot of trouble.Please fetch me todays paper. 練習(xí)30她給我們唱了一首英文歌曲。She sang us an En把車鑰匙遞給我。把你們的計(jì)劃用傳真發(fā)給我們。你可否把書單用電子郵件發(fā)給我？把那本書扔給我。Hand me the car key. Please fax us your plans. Throw me that book.

18、 Can you e-mail me the book list?練習(xí)31把車鑰匙遞給我。Hand me the car key. P基本句型 五 主謂賓賓補(bǔ) 此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。32基本句型 五 主謂賓賓補(bǔ) 32 補(bǔ)語 補(bǔ)語是用于補(bǔ)充說明主語或賓語的身份或特征?？梢杂米鲅a(bǔ)語的有名詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語等. Everyone calls him Jack. （賓補(bǔ)）He is called Jack.（主補(bǔ)）33 補(bǔ)語補(bǔ)語是用于補(bǔ)充說明主語或賓語的身份或特征。33主語及物

19、動(dòng)詞賓語賓補(bǔ)1. We 2. They3. They 4. They5. What 6. We 7. He 8. I keep painted call found makes saw asked saw the table the door supper the house him him me them clean. green. dinner. dirty. sad? out. to come back soon. getting on the bus. 34主語及物動(dòng)詞賓語賓補(bǔ)1. We keep the tableThey elected me captain of the team

20、.We try to make our country strong. We found everything in good order there. I should advise you to get the chance.I saw him going upstairs. They found the house broken in.名詞形容詞介詞短語to do 不定式現(xiàn)在分詞 doingdone 過去分詞35They elected me captain of the主語補(bǔ)足語 如果上述結(jié)構(gòu)變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，原賓語成為主語，原賓語補(bǔ)足語相應(yīng)地變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語 I was elected c

21、aptain of the team.Our country will be made strong.36主語補(bǔ)足語 如果上述結(jié)構(gòu)變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，原賓語成為主語，原They called their daughter Alice. His new job was found boring.She was seen chatting with Nancy. I want you to help me with the housework. 賓語補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語主語補(bǔ)足語主語補(bǔ)足語37They called their daughter 我們把窗框漆成了黃色。她把連衣裙染成淡藍(lán)色。3 他發(fā)現(xiàn)這工作很

22、有意思。4 什么使你這樣生氣？We painted the window frames yellow.She dyed her dress light blue. He found the job quite interesting. What made you so angry?練習(xí)38我們把窗框漆成了黃色。We painted the wind 我們必須在半小時(shí)內(nèi)把晚飯做好 你們必須保持房間干凈。 我認(rèn)為這沒有必要。 不久他們就把她釋放了。 We must get the supper ready in half an hour. You must keep the room clean.

23、Soon they set her free. I dont think it necessary. 練習(xí)39 我們必須在半小時(shí)內(nèi)把晚飯做好We must get the在此句型中有時(shí)可以有“it”作形式賓語，把真正的賓語放到最后。此時(shí)作賓語的常是動(dòng)詞不定式“to do”, 動(dòng)詞的“ing” 形式或賓語從句; I still find it hard to make good friends with her. We thought it no use doing that. Didnt I make it clear to you that I was not coming?40在此句型中有

24、時(shí)可以有“it”作形式賓語，把真正的賓語放到最后He found it difficult to stop smoking I think it best that you should do more exercise.She thought it no good worrying about himHe found it difficult to st it 用作形式賓語 當(dāng)不定式（短語）、動(dòng)名詞（短語）或從句在句子中作賓語時(shí)，為保持平衡，避免句式結(jié)構(gòu)的混亂，常用it作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放在句尾。此時(shí)it只起引導(dǎo)作用，無意義。S + v + it+adj.n(for sb) to d

25、o sth.從句doing sth+ it 用作形式賓語 當(dāng)不定式（短語）、動(dòng)名詞（短語 find possibleS+ think + it + necessary +( for sb. ) to do sth. /clause. feel important Sentence patterns:形式賓語 a rule2. S+ V + it + ones duty + ( for sb. ) to do sth. /clause an honour 3. S + V + it + no good + doing sth. no use 43 完成句子（1） They _（發(fā)覺難） to f

26、inish their work in two days. （2） We _（認(rèn)為是我們的職責(zé)） to clean our classroom every day. （3） It is important _（對(duì)她來說） to cometo the party. found it difficultthink it our dutyfor her 44完成句子found it difficultthink it為了記憶方便我們把該句型總結(jié)為6123結(jié)構(gòu)。 6 指主句中常用的動(dòng)詞：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel； 1 指的是形式賓語 it；

27、2 指的是賓補(bǔ)的兩種形式：形容詞或名詞； 3 指的是真正賓語的三種形式：to do，v-ing或從句We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day. He felt it important learning English well. They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days. 456 指主句中常用的動(dòng)詞：think, believe, ma缺乏耐心使得她很難在英語上取得進(jìn)步。我認(rèn)為掌握一門外語沒有足夠的練習(xí)是不可能的。Lacking

28、patience made it difficult for her to make progress in English learning. I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without enough practice.46缺乏耐心使得她很難在英語上取得進(jìn)步。我認(rèn)為掌握一門外語沒有足1.They work hard. 主 + 謂2.The flower is dead. 主 + 系 + 表3.Plants need water. 主 + 謂 + 賓4.He gives me some seeds. 主 + 謂 +

29、 直賓 + 間賓5.We should keep the plants in the shade. 主 + 謂 + 賓 + 賓補(bǔ)6.Many animals live in trees. 主 + 謂471.They work hard.477. He kept me a dictionary. 主+謂+間賓+直賓8. Shall I leave you the camera? 主+謂+間賓+直賓9. We find the book very interesting. 主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)10. My uncle bought me an e-dictionary. 主+謂+間賓+直賓11. Si

30、nging makes me happy. 主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)12. Daming calls his cat Mimi . 主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)13. Youmustlistentoher. 主+謂+賓14. Heisascientist. 主+系+表48487.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal. 主+謂+間賓+直賓8.Hebroughtadictionary for you. 主+謂+直賓+間賓9.Theyappointedhimmanager. 主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)10. HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish. 主+謂+形式賓語+賓補(bǔ)

31、+賓語11.Theboyintheclassroomsat there quietly . 主+謂12. Learningnewwordsisveryuseful. 主+系+表497.Shecookedherhusbandade定語：用來修飾限定_.用來修飾名詞或 代詞的，形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、 介詞短語、不定式或相當(dāng)于形容詞的 詞或短語都可以擔(dān)任定語。定語的位置很靈活。單詞作定語時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的名詞之前；短語和從句作定語時(shí)則放在它所修飾的名詞之后。定語名詞50定語：用來修飾限定_.用來修飾名詞或 定語名詞5They are woman workers. Toms father did

32、nt write home until yesterday. Mary is a beautiful girl. The play has three acts. This is her first trip to Europe. China is a developing country. I have nothing to eat. Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here. 名詞名詞所有格形容詞 adj數(shù)詞形容詞 /序數(shù)詞 /to do 不定式現(xiàn)在分詞 doingto do 不定式從句51They are wom

33、an workers. 名詞名詞所有1.Guilin is a beautiful city.2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country. 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.52525.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.6.The teaching plan for next

34、term has been worked out.7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.8.She is the girl who sings best in my class. 535.Our monitor is always the fi用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞.一般表示發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、方式、程度等意義。一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式、或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語來表示。狀語一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。 狀語54用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞.一般表示發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、9種狀語種類如下： 1. How

35、about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（時(shí)間狀語）（原因狀語）（條件狀語）（地點(diǎn)狀語）（方式狀語）559種狀語種類如下： 1. How about meeting5.She came in with a

36、dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.（伴隨狀語）（目的狀語）（結(jié)果狀語）（讓步狀語）（比較狀語）565.She came in with a dictionar1. The best fish swim near the bottom.

37、2. I left the village five years ago. 3. I arrived late because of the traffic jam .4. Well send a car to fetch you. 5. The fish can eat a person in two minutes , leaving only bones6. The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing.7. If he goes, so will I . 8. Though he is a child, he kno

38、ws a lot. 地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)間狀語原因狀語目的狀語結(jié)果狀語伴隨狀語條件狀語讓步狀語571. The best fish swim near the 對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋，通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任;This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.The president of America, Obama, will visit China next month.同位語 （Appositive） 58 對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋，通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、 對(duì)一句話做一些附加的解釋，不影響句子成分；通常有to be honest , I think /su

39、ppose / believe)等;To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.插入語 （Parenthesis） 59 對(duì)一句話做一些附加的解釋，不影響句子成分；插入語 （P一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting tog

40、ether early in the morning.主語 定語 間 接 賓 語謂語 狀語 定語狀語 狀語60一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：主語 定語 間 6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.定語 表語賓語 狀語 主語61定語 表語賓語 狀語 主語619. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English. 謂 語主