大學英語六級閱讀真題

1、大學英語六級閱讀真題大學英語六級閱讀真題大學英語六級閱讀真題2015年12月大學英語六級閱讀真題&答案Asitis,sleepissoundervaluedthatgettingbyonfewerhourshasbecomeabadgeo?Plus,weliveinaculturethat36tothelatenighter,from24-hourgrocerystoreto?shoppingsitethatthen,thatmorethanhalfofAmericanadultsneverclose.getthe7toIts9hoursnosurprise,ofshut-eyeeveryni

2、ghtas37bysleepexperts.Whetherornotwecancatchuponsleepontheweekend,say-isahotly38amongsleepresearchers.Thelatestevidencesuggeststhatwhileitisnt39,itmight?whenLiu,theUCLAsleepresearcherandprofessorofmedicine,brought40sleep-restpeopleintothelabforaweekendofsleepduringwhichtheylaggedabout10hourspernight

3、.?showed41intheabilityofinsulin(胰島素)toprocessbloodsugar.Thatsuggests?upsleepmayundosomebutnotallofthedamagethatsleep42causes,whichisencouraging?givenhowmanyadultsdontgetthehourstheyneedeachnight.Still,Liuisnt43toendthehabitofsleepinglessandmakingupforitlater.Sleepingpills,whilehelpfulforsome,arenot4

4、4aneffectiveremedyeither.“Asleepingpillwill45oneareaofthebrain,buttheresnevergoingtobeaperfectsleepingpill,becauseyoucouldntreallyreplicate（復(fù)制）thedifferentchemicalsmovinginandoutofdifferentparts?thebraintogothroughthedifferentstagesofsleep,directoroftheEm?UniversitySleepCenter.”saysDr.NancyCollop,al

5、ternativelyI)negotiatedcatersJ)piercechronicallyK)presumptiondebatedL)readydeprivationM)recommendedidealN)surpassesimprovementsO)targetnecessarily答案：BMDFOGELHJClimatechangemaybereal,butitsstillnoteasybeinggreenHowdoweconvinceourinnercavemantobegreener?Weasksomeoutstandingsocialscientists.A)Theroadto

6、climatehellispavedwithourgoodintentions.Politiciansmaytacklepolluterswhilescientistsdobattlewithcarbonemissions.Butthemostpervasiveproblemislessobvious:ourownbehaviour.Wegetdistractedbeforewecanturndowntheheating.WebreakourpromisenottoflyafterhearingaboutaneighborsriptoInUltimately,wecantbebotheredt

7、ochangeourattitude.Fortunatelyfortheplanet,socialscienceandbehavioraleconomicsmaybeabletodothatforus.B)Despitemournfulpolarbearsandcartsshowingcarbonemissionssoaring,motpeoplefindithardtobelievethatglobalwarmingwillaffectthempersonally.RecentpollsbythePewResearchCentreinWashington,DC,foundthat75-80p

8、ercentofparticipantsregardedclimatechangeasanimportantissue.Butrespondentsrankeditlastonalistofpriorities.C)Thisinconsistencylargelystemsfromafeelingofpowerlessness.actuallyremovethesourceofourfear,wetendtoadaptpsychologicallybyadoptingarangeofdefensemechanisms,”saysTomCrompton,changestrategistforth

9、e“WhenwecanenvironmentalorganizationWorldWideFundforNature.D)Partofthefaultlieswithourinnercaveman.Evolutionhasprogrammedhumanstopaymostattentiontoissuesthatwillhaveanimmediateimpact.“Weworrymostaboutnowbecauseifwedontsurviveforthenextminute,werenotgoingtobearoundintenyearstime,”saysProfessorElkeWeb

10、eroftheCentreforResearchonEnvironmentalDecisionsatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.IftheThameswerelappingaroundBigBen,Londonerswouldfaceuptotheproblemofemissionsprettyquickly.Butinpractice,ourbraindiscountstherisksandbenefitsassociatedwithissuesthatliesomewayahead.E)MatthewRushworth,oftheDepartmentofExpe

11、rimentalPsychologyattheUniversityofOxford,seesthisinhislabeveryday.“Oneofthewaysinwhichallagentsseemtomakedecisionsisthattheyassignalowerweightingtooutcomesthataregoingtobefurtherawayinthefuture,”hesays.“Thisisaverysensiblewayforananimaltomakedecisionsinthewildandwouldhavebeenveryhelpfulforhumansfor

12、thousandsofyears.”F)Notanylonger.Bythetimewewakeuptothethreatposedbyclimatechange,itcouldwellbetoolate.Andifwerenotgoingtomakenationaldecisionsaboutthefuture,othersmayhavetohelpustodoso.G)FewpoliticallibrariesarewithoutacopyofNudge:ImprovingDecisionsAboutHealth,WealthandHappiness,byRichardThalerandC

13、assSunstein.Theyarguethatgovernmentsshouldpersuadeusintomakingbetterdecisionssuchassavingmoreinourpensionplansbychangingthedefaultoptions.ProfessorWeberbelievesthatenvironmentalpolicycanmakeuseofsimilartactics.If,forexample,buildingcodesincludedgreenconstructionguidelines,mostdeveloperswouldbetoolaz

14、ytochallengethem.H)Defaultsarecertainlypartofthesolution.Butsocialscientistsaremostconcernedaboutcraftingmessagesthatexploitourgroupmentality(心態(tài)).”Weneedtounderstandwhatmotivatespeople,whatitisthatallowsthemtomakechange,”saysProfessorNeilAdger,oftheTyndallCentreforClimateChangeResearchinNorwich.”Iti

15、sactuallyaboutwhattheirpeersthinkofthem,whattheirsocialnormsare,whatisseenasdesirableinsociety.”Inotherwords,ourinnercavemaniscontinuallylookingoverhisshouldertoseewhattherestofthetribeareupto.I)Thepassiveattitudewehavetoclimatechangeasindividualscanbealteredbycountingusinandmeasuringusagainstourpee

16、rgroup.“Socialnormsareprimitiveandelemental,”saysDr.RobertCialdini,authorofInfluence:ThePsychologyofPersuasion.“Birdsflocktogether,fishschooltogether,cattleherdtogetherjustperceivingnormsisenoughtocausepeopletoadjusttheirbehaviorinthedirectionofthecrowd.”J)Thesenormscantakeusbeyondgoodintentions.Cia

17、ldiniconductedastudyinSanDiegoinwhichcoathangersbearingmessagesaboutsavingenergywerehungonpeoplesdoors.Someofthemessagesmentionedtheenvironment,somefinancialsavings,otherssocialresponsibility.Butitwastheonethatmentionedtheactionsofneighboursthatdrovedownpoweruse.K)Otherstudiesshowthatsimplyproviding

18、thefacilityforpeopletocomparetheirenergyusewiththelocalaverageisenoughtocausethemtomodifytheirbehaviour.TheConservativesplantoadoptthisstrategybymakingutilitycompaniesprinttheaveragelocalelectricityandgasusageonpeoplesbills.L)Socialsciencecanalsoteachpoliticianshowtoavoidourcollectivecapacityforself

19、-destructivebehaviour.EnvironmentalcampaignsthattellushowmanypeopledriveSUVsunwittingly(不經(jīng)意地)implythatthisbehaviouriswidespreadandthuspermissible.Cialdinirecommendssomecarefulframingofthemessage.“Insteadofnormalisingtheundesirablebehaviour,themessageneedstomarginaliseit,forexample,bystatingthatifeve

20、nonepersonbuysyetanotherSUV,itreducesourabilitytobeenergy-independent.”M)Tappingintohowwealreadyseeourselvesiscrucial.Themostsuccessfulenvironmentalstrategywillmarrythegreenmessagetoourownsenseofidentity.Takeyouraveragetradeunionmember,chancesaretheywillbepoliticallymotivatedandbeusedtocollectiveact

21、ionmuchlikeEricaGregory.AretiredmemberofthePublicandCommercialServicesUnion,sheissettinguponeof1,100actiongroupswiththesupportofClimateSolidarity,atwo-yearenvironmentalcampaignaimedattradeunionists.N)Ericaisproofthatagreat-grandmothercanhelptoleadtherevolutionifyourgetthepsychologyrightinthiscase,by

22、matchingherenthusiasmfortheenvironmentwithafondnessfororganisinggroups.“Ithinktheremustbesomethinginit.”Sheisexpupto20peopleatthefirstmeetingshehascalled,atherlocalpubintheCornishvillageofPolperro.O)NickPerks,projectdirectorforClimateSolidarity,believesthissortofactivityiswherethefutureofenvironment

23、alactionlies.“UsingexistingcivilsocietystructuresornetworksisamoreeffectivewayofcreatingchangeandobviouslytradeunionsareoneofthebiggestcivilsocietynetworksintheUK,”hesays.The“LoveFood,HasteWaste”campaignenteredintoacollaborationlastyearwithanothersuchnetworktheWomensInstitute.LondonerRachelTalorjoin

24、edthecampaignwiththeaimofmakingnewfriends.Ayearon,themeetingshavemadelastingchangestowhatshethrowsawayinherkitchen.“Itsalwaysmoreofanincentiveifyouredoingitwithotherpeople,shesays.“Itmotivatesyoumoreifyouknowthatyouvegottoprovidefeedbacktoagroup.”Thepowerofsuchsimplepsychologyinfightingclimatechange

25、isattractingattentionacrossthepoliticalestablishment.IntheUS,theHouseofRepresentativesScienceCommitteehasapprovedabillallocating$10millionayeartostudyingenergy-relatedbehaviour.IntheUK,newstudiesareindevelopmentandsocialscientistsareregularlyspottedinBritishgovernmentoffices.Withthehelpofpsychologis

26、ts,thereisfreshhopethatwemightgogreenafterall.46.Whenpeoplefindtheyarepowerlesstochangeasituation,theytendtolivewithit.Tobeeffective,environmentalmessagesshouldbecarefullyframed.Itisthegovernmentsresponsibilitytopersuadepeopleintomakingenvironment-friendlydecisions.Politiciansarebeginningtorealizeth

27、eimportanceofenlistingpsychologistsinfightingclimatechange.Tofindeffectivesolutionstoclimatechange,itisnecessarytounderstandwhatmotivatespeopletomakechange.Intheirevolution,humanshavelearnedtopayattentiontothemosturgentissuesinsteadoflong-termconcerns.52.Onestudyshowsthatourneighborsactionsareinflue

28、ntialunchangingourbehavior.Despiteclearsignsofglobalwarming,itisnoteasyformostpeopletobelieveclimatechangewillaffecttheirownlives.54.Wewouldtakeourfutureintoconsiderationinmakingdecisionsconcerningclimatechangebeforeitistoolate.55.Existingsocialnetworkscanbemoreeffectiveincreatingchangeinpeoplebehav

29、iour.答案：CLGPHDJBFOPassageOneMorethanadecadeago,cognitivescientistsJohnBransfordandDanielSchwartz,boththenatVanderbiltUniversity,foundthatwhatdistinguishedyoungadultsfromchildrenwasnottheabilitytoretainfactsorapplypriorknowledgetoanewsituationbutaqualitytheycalled“preparationforfuturelearning.”Theask

30、edresearchersfifthgradersandcollegestudentstocreatearecoveryplantoprotectbaldeaglesfromextinction.Shockingly,thetwogroupscameupwithplansofsimilarquality(althoughthecollegestudentshadbetterspellingskills).Fromthestandpointofatraditionaleducator,thisoutcomeindicatedthatschoolingandfailedtohelpstudents

31、thinkaboutecosystemsandextinction,majorscientificideas.Theresearchersdecidedtogodeeper,however.Theyaskedbothgroupstogeneratequestionsaboutimportantissuesneedtocreaterecoveryplans.Onthistask,theyfoundlargedifferences.Collegestudentsfocusedoncriticalissuesofinterdependencebetweeneaglesandtheirhabitats

32、(棲息地).Fifthgraderstendedtofocusonfeaturesofindividualeagles(big“areHowthey?”and“Whatdotheyeat?”).Thecollegestudentshadcultivatedtheabilitytoaskquestions,thecornerstoneofcriticalthinking.Theyhadlearnedhowtolearn.Museumsandotherinstitutionsofinformallearningmaybebettersuitedtoteachthisskillthanelement

33、aryandsecondaryschools.AttheExploratoriuminSanFrancisco,werecentlystudiedhowlearningtoaskgoodquestionscanaffectthequalityofpeoplescientificinquiry.Wefoundthatwhenwetaughtparticipantstoaskif?”and“What“Howcan?”questionsthatnobodypresentwouldknowtheanswertoandthatwouldsparkexploration,theyengagedinbett

34、erinquiryatthenextexhibitaskingmorequestions,performingmoreexperimentsandmakingbetterinterpretationsoftheirresults.Specifically,theirquestionsbecamemorecomprehensiveatthenewexhibit.Ratherthanmerelyaskingaboutsomethingtheywantedtotry,theytendedtoincludebothcauseandeffectintheirquestion.Askingjuicyque

35、stionsappearstobeatransferableskillfordeepeningcollaborativeinquiryintothesciencecontentfoundinexhibits.Thistypeoflearningisnotconfinedtomuseumsorinstitutionalsettings.Informallearningenvironmentstoleratefailurebetterthanschools.Perhapsmanyteachershavetoolittletimetoallowstudentstoformandpursuetheir

36、ownquestionsandtoomuchgroundtocoverinthecurriculum.Butpeoplemustacquirethisskillsomewhere.Oursocietydependsonthembeingabletomakecriticaldecisionsabouttheirownmedicaltreatment,say,orwhatwemustdoaboutglobalenergyneedsanddemands.Forthat,wehavearobustinformallearningsystemthatgivesnogrades,takesallcomer

37、s,andisavailableevenonholidaysandweekends.56.Whatistraditionaleducatorsinterpretationoftheresearchoutcomementionedinthefirstparagraph?A)Studentsarenotabletoapplypriorknowledgetonewproblems.B)Collegestudentsarenobetterthanfifthgraderinmemorizingfacts.C)Educationhasnotpaidenoughattentiontomajorenviron

38、mentalissues.D)Educationhasfailedtoleadstudentstothinkaboutmajorscientificideas.57.Inwhatwayarecollegestudentsdifferentfromchildren?Theyhavelearnedtothinkcritically.Theyareconcernedaboutsocialissues.Theyarecuriousaboutspecificfeatures.Theyhavelearnedtoworkindependently.58.Whatisthebenefitofaskingque

39、stionswithnoreadyanswers?A)Itarousesstudentsinterestinthingsaroundthem.B)Itcultivatesstudentsabilitytomakeientificscinquiries.C)Ittrainsstudentsabilitytodesignscientificexperiments.D)Ithelpsstudentsrealizenoteveryquestionhasananswer.Whatissaidtobetheadvantageofinformallearning?A)Itallowsforfailures.

40、B)Itchargesnotuition.C)Itisentertaining.D)Itmeetspracticalneeds.Whatdoestheauthorseemtoencourageeducatorstodoattheendofthepassage?A)Trainstudentstothinkaboutglobalissues.B)Designmoreinteractiveclassroomactivities.C)Makefulluseofinformallearningresources.D)IncludecollaborativeinquiryinthecurriculumPa

41、ssageTwo“Theresanoldsayinginthespaceworld:amateurstalkabouttechnology,professionalstalkaboutinsurance.”InaninterviewlastyearwithTheEconomist,GeorgeWhitesides,chiefexecutiveofspace-tourismfirmVirginGalactic,wasplacinghiscompanyinthelattercategory.ButinsurancewillbecoldcomfortfollowingthefailureonOcto

42、ber31stofVSSEnterprise,resultinginthedeathofonepilotandthesevereinjurytoanother.Ontopofthetragiclossoflife,theaccidentinCaliforniawillcastalongshadowoverthefutureofspacetourism,evenbeforeithasproperlybegun.Thenotionofspacetourismtookholdin2001witha&29millionflightaboardaRussianspacecraftbyDennisTito

43、,amillionaireengineerwithanadventurousstreak.Justhalfadozenholiday-makershavereachedorbitsincethen,forsimilarlyastronomicalpricetags.Butmorerecently,companieshavebeguntoplanmoreaffordable“suborbital”flightsbrieferventuresjusttotheedgeofspacesvastdVirginGalactichad,priortothisweeksaccident,seemedclos

44、ettostartingregularflights.Thecompanyhasalreadytakendepositsfromaround800wouldbespacetourists,includingStephenHawking.Afterbeingdoggedbytechnicaldelaysforyears,SirRichardBranson,VirginGalacticsfounder,hadrecentlysuggestedthataSpaceShipTwocraftwouldcarryitsfirstpayingcustomersassoonasFebruary2015.Tha

45、tnowseemsanimpossibletimeline.InJuly,asistercraftofthecrashedspaceplanewasreportedtobeabouthalf-finished.Theotherhalfwillhavetowait,asauthoritiesofAmericasFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)andNationalTransportationSafetyBoardworkoutwhatwentwrong.Inthemeantime,theentirespacetourismindustrywillbeonten

46、terhooks(如坐針氈).The2004CommercialSpaceLaunchAmendmentsAct,intendedtoencourageprivatespacevehiclesandservices,prohibitsthetransportationsecretary(andtherebytheFAA)fromregulatingthedesignoroperationofprivatespacecraft,unlesstheyhaveresultedinaseriousorfatalinjurytocreworpassengers.ThatmeansthattheFAAco

47、uldsuspendVirginGalacticslicensetofly.Itcouldalsoinsistoncheckingprivatemannedspacecraftasthoroughlyasitdoescommercialaircraft.;Whilethatmaymakesuborbitaltravelsafer,itwouldaddsignificantcostandcomplexitytoanemergingindustrythathasuntilnowoperatedlargelyastheplaygroundofbillionairesanddreamyengineer

48、s.HowVirginGlactic,regulatorsandthepublicrespondtothismostrecenttragedywilldeterminewhetherandhowsoonprivatespacetravelcantranscendthatplayground.Thereisnodoubtthatspaceflightentailsrisks,andtopioneeranewmodeoftravelistofacethoserisks,andtoreducethemwiththebenefitofhard-wonexperience.Whatissaidabout

49、thefailureofVSSEnterprise?A)ItmayleadtothebankruptcyofVirginGalactic.B)Ithasastrongnegativeimpactonspacetourism.C)Itmaydiscouragerichpeoplefromspacetravel.D)Ithasarousedpublicattentiontosafetyissues.Whatdowelearnaboutthespace-tourismfirmVirginGalactic?A)Ithasjustbuiltacraftforcommercialflights.B)Ithassenthalfadozenpassengersintospace.C)Itwasaboutreadytostartregularbusiness.D)Itisthefirsttolaunch“suborbital”flights.Whatisthepurposeofthe2004CommercialSpaceLaunchAmendmentsAct?A)Toensurespacet