校本講座英語(yǔ)句子成分及練習(xí)課件

1、語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)- 句子成分語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)-一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：二）主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ) (Subject)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。（但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。）主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如：二）主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ) (Subject)Three plus two is five. It is a great pleasure

2、 to swim in the river Smoking does harm to the health. There are many students in my class. Are you a student? Here comes the bus.He can do it and so can I .Who will attend the meeting has not been decided. （主語(yǔ)從句）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（三）謂語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) (Predicate) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂

3、語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： We are students.（三）謂語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) (Predicate) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作謂語(yǔ) 體現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí):

4、過(guò)去時(shí): 一般過(guò)去時(shí): 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí): 過(guò)去完成時(shí)： 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：將來(lái)時(shí): 一般將來(lái)時(shí): 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí): 將來(lái)完成時(shí):語(yǔ)態(tài)Is /am/are+-或does/doIs/am/are+doingHas/have +doneHas/have+been+doingWas/were+-或didWas/were+doingHad+doneWould/should+doShall/will+doShall/will+be+doingShall/will+have+doneIs/am/are+Is /am/are+being+Has/have+been+-Was/were+Was/were+being+Had+

5、been+Would/should+be+Shall/will+be+-Shall/will+have+been+done（與非謂語(yǔ)比較）謂語(yǔ) 體現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。 過(guò)去時(shí): 將來(lái)時(shí): He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock. You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. We are students. He practices running非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞to doto have doneto be doingto be

6、doneto have been donedoinghaving donedonebeing donehaving been done主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)表語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)不定式動(dòng)名詞分詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞to dodoing主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)表語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)不定式She found the door closed.2. Having been told many times, he made the same mistake.3. Given more time, we could do it much better.4. Walking on the street ,he came across his former t

7、eacher.5. The meeting being held is very important.6. A big fire broke out in a shop, causing 100 deaths.She found the door closed.（四）表語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ)(Predicative)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、 副詞、不定式、動(dòng)詞ing、介詞短語(yǔ)及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如： （四）表語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ)(Predicative)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)

8、的性質(zhì)1.The weather has turned cold. 2. The speech is exciting. 3. His job is to teach English. 4. The meeting is of great importance. 5. Time is up. The class is over. 6. The truth is that he has never been abroad.1.The weather has turned cold.（五）賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)（Object）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如： 1.They went

9、to see an exhibition yesterday.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（名詞）（代詞、動(dòng)名詞）（名詞、數(shù)詞）（五）賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)（Object）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，一般5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（不定式短

10、語(yǔ)）（動(dòng)詞ing短語(yǔ)）（賓語(yǔ)從句）5.He pretended not to see me.（六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（Object Complement），才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等)+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如： （六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，1.His father named him Dongming.2.They painted their boat white.3. Let the fresh a

11、ir in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We often hear the song sung by him.7.We found everything in the lab in good order.8.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名詞）（形容詞）（副詞）（不定式短語(yǔ)）（現(xiàn)在分詞）（介詞短語(yǔ)）（從句）1.His father named him Dongmin（七）定語(yǔ) 修飾名詞或代詞的

12、詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)(Attribute)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city. 2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（七）定語(yǔ) 修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)(Attr5.Our monitor is always the first to enter

13、the classroom.6.He is reading an article about how to learn English.7.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons. 5.Our monitor is always the fi（八）狀語(yǔ) 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3

14、.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副詞及副詞性詞組）（介詞短語(yǔ)）（不定式短語(yǔ)）（八）狀語(yǔ) 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Once you begin, you must continue.（分詞短語(yǔ)）（狀語(yǔ)從句）4.He is in the room making a m9種狀語(yǔ)種類(lèi)如下： 1. How about meeting again at six? when I come b

15、ack.2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. because it rained.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. where we once lived.5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care. As I do.（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）（原因狀語(yǔ)）（條件狀語(yǔ)）（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）（方式狀語(yǔ)）9種狀語(yǔ)種類(lèi)如下： 1. How about meet

16、ing She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. In order that he can catch with the others7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.（伴隨狀語(yǔ)）（目的狀語(yǔ)）（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）（讓步狀語(yǔ)）（比較狀語(yǔ)） She c

17、ame in with a dictionary （九）同位語(yǔ)（Appositive）對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋?zhuān)ǔＳ擅~、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如： 1.This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. 2. Many students, about 60, are in my class. 3.The fact that our team won the game has been known to all.（十）插入語(yǔ)（Parenthesis）對(duì)一句話(huà)做一些附加的解釋?zhuān)ǔＳ衪o be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，

18、如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you. （九）同位語(yǔ)（Appositive）對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞句子成分詳解表句子成分意義充當(dāng)詞類(lèi)例句主語(yǔ)表示句子說(shuō)的是什么人或什么事名，代，數(shù)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，短語(yǔ)或句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么，是什么或怎么樣動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組She is dancing under the tree.賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象同主語(yǔ)Both of us like English.表語(yǔ)與聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征同主語(yǔ)Her father is a c

19、hemist.His words sound reasonable.定語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞形，代，數(shù)，名, 副，介詞短語(yǔ)或句子We have eight lessons every day.狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，目的，方式，結(jié)果等副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或句子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)邏輯上與賓語(yǔ)是主謂關(guān)系形容詞，名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)等She always keeps the house clean.主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)是基礎(chǔ)，賓表定狀補(bǔ)輔助。賓主來(lái)自名代數(shù)，動(dòng)詞作謂不可無(wú)！句子成分詳解表句子成分意義

20、充當(dāng)詞類(lèi)例句主語(yǔ)表示句子說(shuō)的是什么第一種：S+Vi (主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)第二種：S+Vt+O (主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)) 第三種：S+V+P (主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ))第四種：S+Vt+InO+DO (主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ))第五種：S+Vt+O+OC (主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))第一種：S+Vi 基本句型漢譯英練習(xí)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（S十V）本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語(yǔ)加不及物的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成, 常用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作。 如：The sun rises.主語(yǔ)可有修飾語(yǔ)-定語(yǔ)，如，The red sun rises.謂語(yǔ)可有修飾語(yǔ)-狀語(yǔ)，如，The red sun rises in the east. 基本句

21、型漢譯英練習(xí)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（S十V）2S十Vt十O主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu) Ilove you. Theytookgoodcareofthechildren 2S十Vt十O主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu) 3. S十V十P主系表結(jié)構(gòu) I am a student. 3. S十V十P主系表4.S十Vt十O十C主謂賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) 說(shuō)明: 用賓補(bǔ)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)，才能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意念，若無(wú)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則句意不完整。 You make me happy.4.S十Vt十O十C主謂賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) 說(shuō)明: 5.S十Vt十O1十O2主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu) I teach you English.5.S十Vt十O1十O2主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu) I teach yo練習(xí)（一）.指出下列句

22、子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.練習(xí)（一）.指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：With very little contact between China and the West,it is not s

23、urprising that people in a rich powerful place like Venice could not believe his stories, nor in the idea of huge, rich city states inhabited by millions of people.With very little contact betwe6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be a

24、n American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.S.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.6. His job is to train swimm

25、er14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.O.Attribut

26、eParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative14. Do you have anything else 指出下列諸句中畫(huà)線部分是什么成分：On the left of my house is an old church.Why could the boiling point of water be lower at the top of a mountain?3. I am not going to work today.4. This thing is for peeling potatoes.5.What

27、 time will you arrive?6.The Genie promised that if anyone should come and set him free, he would make him very rich.7. What nationality are you?S.S.V.Prep.O.Adv.O.C.Predicative指出下列諸句中畫(huà)線部分是什么成分：S.S.V.Prep.O.8. I couldnt understand why he had decided to retire at 50. 9. I am terribly confused by all t

28、his information.10. We had already reached 9000 feet by then.11. She reminded me to switch off all the lights.12. Ill be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons.13. I love swimming. It keeps me fit.14. It is obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.AdverbialV.O.C.O.O.C.S.O.8. I co

29、uldnt understand why h(二)。劃分句子成分1.we are working .2.I can swim very well .3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .4.Why does the wind blow .5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music .7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone .8.You must

30、get the car ready by tomorrow .(二)。劃分句子成分9.I have a lot of clothes to wash . I have a lot of clothes to be washed .10.He gave his son some advice on reading .11.Read me the first paragraph .12.Ive ordered some soup for you .13.He began leaning English ten years ago .14.My being late worried my teach

31、er .15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us .16.April Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone .9.I have a lot of clothes to w17.He usually takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit .18.I found the book in the corner of the room.19.he finished lunch and