人民郵電出版社《科技英語》教程 unit 2 Biology課件

Unit2BiologyEnglishforScienceandTechnologyTextA--Comprehension1.WhattruthdidDNAstudiesfindoutabouttraditionalspecies?(Line1,Para.2)2.WhydidNowak’steamchoosesevenspeciesofinsectslivinginthemountainstreamofcentralEurope?(Line2,Para.3)3.Whatcouldtheevolutionarypotentialdotospeciesonceitislost?(Line1,para.7)4.Althoughthestudyshowshowclimatechangemayleadtothelossofgeneticdiversity,whatisstillunclearaccordingtothetext?(Line1,para.9)5.WhathashappenedandwillhappenintheMediterraneanregion?(para.11,12)6.Whatinternationalefforthasbeenandisbeingdonetocopewiththeproblem?(para.14,15)Glossaryhit

/h?t/

1.V-T

Ifyou

hit

someoneorsomething,youdeliberatelytouchthemwithalotofforce,withyourhandoranobjectheldinyourhand.打例：Findtheexactgripthatallowsyoutohittheballhard.找到能讓你大力擊球的準(zhǔn)確握拍方法。2.V-T

Whenonething

hits

another,ittouchesitwithalotofforce.猛撞例：Thecarhadapparentlyhitatrafficsignbeforeskiddingoutofcontrol.汽車顯然在失控滑出前猛地撞到了一個交通指示牌。3.V-T

Ifabombormissile

hits

itstarget,itreachesit.(炸彈或?qū)?擊中例：...multiple-warheadmissilesthatcouldhitmanytargetsatatime.…可以一次擊中多個目標(biāo)的多彈頭導(dǎo)彈。4.V-T

Ifsomething

hits

aperson,place,orthing,itaffectsthemverybadly.對…造成嚴(yán)重影響例：Theplantochargemotoriststousethemotorwayisgoingtohitmehard.向汽車駕駛員收取高速公路使用費(fèi)這一方案會嚴(yán)重影響到我。大約兩百人在那場襲擊秘魯北部的地震中喪生。AbouttwohundredpeoplediedintheearthquakewhichhitnorthernPplicate

['k?mplikeit]V-T

To

complicate

somethingmeanstomakeitmoredifficulttounderstandordealwith.使復(fù)雜化例：Whatcomplicatestheissueistheburdenofhistory.使問題復(fù)雜化是歷史的重負(fù)。他說那天的事件只會使維和部隊(duì)的任務(wù)復(fù)雜化。Theday'sevents,hesaid,wouldonlycomplicatethetaskofthepeacekeepingforces.assessment

[?'sesm?nt]1.N-VAR

An

assessment

isaconsiderationofsomeoneorsomethingandajudgmentaboutthem.評估例：Thereislittleassessmentofthedamagetothenaturalenvironment.幾乎沒有有關(guān)自然環(huán)境破壞的評估。2.N-VAR

An

assessment

oftheamountofmoneythatsomethingisworthorthatshouldbepaidisacalculationorestimateoftheamount.估算例：Taxassessmentisallaboutcomparingvaluesofsimilarproperties.稅金估算就是比較類似房產(chǎn)的價值。preserve

[pri'z?:v]1.V-T

Ifyou

preserve

asituationorcondition,youmakesurethatitremainsasitis,anddoesnotchangeorend.維護(hù)例：Wewilldoeverythingtopreservepeace.我們將竭盡全力維護(hù)和平。2.N-UNCOUNT

維護(hù)preservation例：...thepreservationofthestatusquo.…現(xiàn)狀的維護(hù)。3.V-T

Ifyou

preserve

something,youtakeactiontosaveitorprotectitfromdamageordecay.保護(hù)例：Weneedtopreservetheforest.我們需要保護(hù)森林。5.V-T

Ifyou

preserve

food,youtreatitinordertopreventitfromdecayingsothatyoucanstoreitforalongtime.保藏例：Iliketomakepuree,usingonlyenoughsugartopreservetheplums.我喜歡做果醬，只用足夠的糖來保藏李子。6.N-PLURAL

Preserves

arefoodsmadebycookingfruitwithalargeamountofsugarsothattheycanbestoredforalongtime.果醬例：ShedecidedtomakepeachpreservesforChristmasgifts.她決定做桃子果醬作圣誕禮物。vulnerable

['v?ln?r?bl]1.ADJ

Someonewhois

vulnerable

isweakandwithoutprotection,withtheresultthattheyareeasilyhurtphysicallyoremotionally.易受傷害的例：老人是我們社會中特別容易受到傷害的成員。Oldpeopleareparticularlyvulnerablemembersofoursociety.2.N-VAR

脆弱vulnerability例：Davidacceptshisownvulnerability.戴維承認(rèn)自己的脆弱。3.ADJ

Ifaperson,animal,orplantis

vulnerable

to

adisease,theyaremorelikelytogetitthanotherpeople,animals,orplants.容易患…病的例：Peoplewithhighbloodpressureareespeciallyvulnerabletodiabetes.血壓高的人尤其容易患糖尿病。potential

[p?u'ten??l]1.ADJ

Youuse

potential

tosaythatsomeoneorsomethingiscapableofdevelopingintotheparticularkindofpersonorthingmentioned.潛在的例：Thecompanyhasidentified60potentialcustomers.該公司已確定了60位潛在的客戶。我們意識到了潛在的問題，已經(jīng)采取了一切防范措施。Weareawareofthepotentialproblemsandhavetakeneveryprecaution.2.ADV

潛在地potentially例：Clearlythisisapotentiallydangeroussituation.顯然這是一種具有潛在危險的局勢。3.N-UNCOUNT

Ifyousaythatsomeoneorsomethinghas

potential,youmeanthattheyhavethenecessaryabilitiesorqualitiestobecomesuccessfulorusefulinthefuture.潛力;潛質(zhì)例：Theboyhasgreatpotential.這個男孩有很大的潛力。學(xué)校力圖因材施教，并幫助每位學(xué)生發(fā)揮他們的全部潛能。Theschoolstrivestotreatstudentsasindividualsandtohelpeachonetoachievetheirfullpotential.4.N-UNCOUNT

Ifyousaythatsomeoneorsomethinghas

potential

for

doingaparticularthing,youmeanthatitispossibletheymaydoit.Ifthereis

thepotentialfor

something,itmayhappen.潛在性例：JohnseemedashorrifiedasIabouthispotentialforviolence.和我一樣，約翰對他的暴力傾向感到恐懼。project

[?pr?d??kt

pr??d??kt]1.N-COUNT

A

project

isataskthatrequiresalotoftimeandeffort.項(xiàng)目例：MoneywillalsogointolocaldevelopmentprojectsinVietnam.資金也會流入越南本地開發(fā)項(xiàng)目。...aninternationalscienceproject.…一個國際科研項(xiàng)目。2.N-COUNT

A

project

isadetailedstudyofasubjectbyastudent.(學(xué)生研究的)課題例：Studentscompleteprojectsforapersonaltutor,workingathomeattheirownpace.學(xué)生們?yōu)閭€人導(dǎo)師完成課題研究，在家里按自己的速度工作。extinct

[ik'sti?kt]1.ADJ

Aspeciesofanimalorplantthatis

extinct

nolongerhasanylivingmembers,eitherintheworldorinaparticularplace.絕種的例：Atthecurrentrateofdecline,manyoftherainforestanimalscouldbecomeextinctinlessthan10years.按照目前的下降速度，許多雨林動物不到十年就會絕種。2.ADJ

Ifaparticularkindofworker,wayoflife,ortypeofactivityis

extinct,itnolongerexists,becauseofchangesinsociety.不復(fù)存在的例：HerbalismhadbecomeanallbutextinctskillintheWesternworld.草藥醫(yī)術(shù)在西方世界幾乎已成了一項(xiàng)絕跡的技術(shù)。3.ADJ

An

extinct

volcanoisonethatdoesnoteruptorisnotexpectedtoeruptanymore.死的(火山)例：Itstallestvolcano,longextinct,isOlympusMons.它最高的火山是已死很久的奧林匹斯山。hinder

['hind?]1.V-T

Ifsomething

hinders

you,itmakesitmoredifficultforyoutodosomethingormakeprogress.阻礙例：Furtherinvestigationwashinderedbythelossofalldocumentationonthecase.由于有關(guān)此案的材料全部丟失，進(jìn)一步的調(diào)查受到了阻礙。2.V-T

Ifsomething

hinders

yourmovement,itmakesitdifficultforyoutomoveforwardormovearound.牽制例：Athighinjuryincreasinglyhinderedhermobility.大腿上的傷愈發(fā)束縛了她的活動自由。dispersal

/d??sp??s?l/1.N-UNCOUNT

Dispersal

isthespreadingofthingsoverawidearea.(對廣闊地區(qū)的)噴散例：Plantshavedifferentmechanismsofdispersalfortheirspores.對不同植物的孢子有不同的噴散裝置。2.N-UNCOUNT

The

dispersal

of

acrowdinvolvessplittingitupandmakingthepeopleleaveindifferentdirections.(對人群的)驅(qū)散例：Thepoliceorderedthedispersalofthecrowdsgatheredaroundthebuilding.警方下令驅(qū)散聚集在建筑旁的人群。disperse

[dis'p?:s]1.V-T/V-I

Whensomething

disperses

orwhenyou

disperse

it,itspreadsoverawidearea.使分散;擴(kuò)散例：Theoilappearedtobedispersing.油看上去正在擴(kuò)散。2.V-T/V-I

Whenagroupofpeople

disperses

orwhensomeone

disperses

them,thegroupsplitsupandthepeopleleaveindifferentdirections.驅(qū)散;散開例：Policefiredshotsandusedteargastodispersethedemonstrators.警察開槍并使用了催淚瓦斯來驅(qū)散示威人群。factorin

1.PHRASALVERB

Ifyou

factor

aparticularcostorelement

into

acalculationyouaremaking,orifyou

factor

it

in,youincludeit.將…因素包括進(jìn)來例：You'dbetterconsiderthisandfactorthisintoyourdecisionmaking.你最好考慮這一因素并在決策時將其包括進(jìn)來。3.V-T

Ifapieceofwriting,aworkofart,oraremark

isattributed

to

someone,peoplesaythattheywroteit,createdit,orsaidit.認(rèn)為(文章、作品等)出自…例：This,andtheremainingfrescoes,arenotattributedtoGiotto.這個，還有那些殘存的壁畫，被認(rèn)為不是喬托的作品。4.N-COUNT

An

attribute

isaqualityorfeaturethatsomeoneorsomethinghas.特性例：Crueltyisanormalattributeofhumanbehaviour.殘忍是人類行為的一種正常的特性。applicable

['?plik?bl,?'plik?-]1.ADJ

Somethingthatis

applicable

to

aparticularsituationisrelevanttoitorcanbeappliedtoit.適用的例：Whatisareasonablestandardforonefamilyisnotapplicableforanother.對一個家庭合理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對于另一個家庭并不適用。endanger

[in'deind??]1.V-T

To

endanger

somethingorsomeonemeanstoputtheminasituationwheretheymightbeharmedordestroyedcompletely.危害例：ThedebatecouldendangertheproposedMideastpeacetalks.這場爭論可能會危害中東和談的倡議.他這樣的犯法行為極大地危及公共安全。Such

offences

as

his

profoundly

endanger

public

security.

retreat

[ri'tri:t]1.V-I

Ifyou

retreat,youmoveawayfromsomethingorsomeone.退出;離開例："I'vealreadygotajob,"Isaidquickly,andretreatedfromtheroom.“我已經(jīng)有了工作，”我迅速說道，然后就從房間里退了出來。2.V-I

Whenanarmy

retreats,itmovesawayfromenemyforcesinordertoavoidfightingthem.撤退例：TheFrench,suddenlyoutnumbered,wereforcedtoretreat.法軍在人數(shù)上突然處于劣勢，被迫撤退了。3.N-VAR

Retreat

isalsoanoun.撤退例：InJune1942,theBritish8thArmywasinfullretreat.1942年6月，英軍第8軍全線撤退。4.V-I

Ifyou

retreat

from

somethingsuchasaplanorawayoflife,yougiveitup,usuallyinordertodosomethingsaferorlessextreme.放棄例：Sheretreatedfrompubliclife.她放棄了社會生活。compromise

['k?mpr?maiz]1.N-VAR

A

compromise

isasituationinwhichpeopleacceptsomethingslightlydifferentfromwhattheyreallywant,becauseofcircumstancesorbecausetheyareconsideringthewishesofotherpeople.折衷例：Encourageyourchildtoreachacompromisebetweenwhathewantsandwhatyouwant.鼓勵你的孩子在他想要的和你想要的之間折衷。2.V-RECIP

Ifyou

compromise

with

someone,youreachanagreementwiththeminwhichyoubothgiveupsomethingthatyouoriginallywanted.Youcanalsosaythattwopeopleorgroups

compromise.妥協(xié)例："Nine,"Isaid."Ninethirty,"hereplied.Wecompromisedon9:15.“9點(diǎn)，”我說?！?：30，”他回答道。我們各讓一步定在9:15。adapt

[?'d?pt]1.V-T/V-I

Ifyou

adapt

to

anewsituationor

adapt

yourselfto

it,youchangeyourideasorbehaviourinordertodealwithitsuccessfully.適應(yīng)例：Theworldwillbedifferent,andwewillhavetobepreparedtoadapt

tothechange.這個世界將會不同，所以我們必須準(zhǔn)備好適應(yīng)變化。2.V-T

Ifyou

adapt

something,youchangeittomakeitsuitableforanewpurposeorsituation.改裝例：Shelveswerebuilttoadaptthelibraryforuseasanoffice.做了個書架，以便將這個圖書館改作一個辦公室用。highlight

['hailait]1.V-T

Ifsomeoneorsomething

highlights

apointorproblem,theyemphasizeitormakeyouthinkaboutit.強(qiáng)調(diào);使注意例：LastyearCollinswroteamovingballadwhichhighlightedtheplightofthehomeless.去年柯林斯寫了一首感人的敘事詩，突出描寫了無家可歸者的苦境。2.V-T

To

highlight

apieceoftextmeanstomarkitinadifferentcolour,eitherwithaspecialtypeofpenoronacomputerscreen.(用不同顏色)標(biāo)出;(在電腦屏幕上)突出顯示例：Highlightthechosenareabyclickingandholdingdowntheleftmousebutton.通過點(diǎn)擊鼠標(biāo)左鍵并摁住以突出顯示所選區(qū)域。3.N-COUNT

The

highlights

of

anevent,activity,orperiodoftimearethemostinterestingorexcitingpartsofit.最精彩的部分例：...amatchthatislikelytoproveoneofthehighlightsofthetournament.…可能是本屆錦標(biāo)賽最精彩的賽事之一。initiative

[i'ni?i?tiv,-??tiv]1.N-COUNT

An

initiative

isanimportantactorstatementthatisintendedtosolveaproblem.(重要的)法案;倡議例：Localinitiativestohelpyoungpeoplehavebeeninadequate.當(dāng)?shù)貙δ贻p人的扶助法案一直不夠完善。2.N-SING

Inafightorcontest,ifyouhave

theinitiative,youareinabetterpositionthanyouropponentstodecidewhattodonext.主動權(quán)例：Wehavetheinitiative;weintendtokeepit.我們擁有主動權(quán)；我們想要保持主動權(quán)。3.PHRASE

Ifyou

taketheinitiative

inasituation,youarethefirstpersontoact,andarethereforeabletocontrolthesituation.采取主動例：Wearetheonlypowerwillingtotaketheinitiativeinthelongstruggletoendthewar.在旨在結(jié)束戰(zhàn)爭的長期斗爭中，我們是惟一愿意首先采取行動的國家。3.V-T

Ifyou

commit

moneyorresources

to

something,youdecidetousethemforaparticularpurpose.調(diào)撥(錢、資源)例：TheycalledonWesternnationstocommitmoremoneytothepoorestnations.他們號召西方國家為最貧困國家撥更多的款。4.V-T/V-I

Ifyou

commit

yourselfto

something,yousaythatyouwilldefinitelydoit.Ifyou

commit

yourselfto

someone,youdecidethatyouwanttohavealong-termrelationshipwiththem.使(自己)致力于;使(自己)承諾(與某人的長期關(guān)系)例：IwouldadvisepeopletothinkverycarefullyaboutcommittingthemselvestoworkingSundays.我會建議人們認(rèn)真考慮答應(yīng)周日工作。sustain

[s?'stein]1.V-T

Ifyou

sustain

something,youcontinueitormaintainitforaperiodoftime.保持例：Hehassustainedhisfiercesocialconsciencefromyoungadulthoodthrougholdage.他從青年時代到晚年一直保持著強(qiáng)烈的社會良知。2.V-T

Ifsomething

sustains

you,itsupportsyoubygivingyouhelp,strength,orencouragement.支撐例：Thecashdividendstheygetfromthecashcropwouldsustainthemduringtheleanseason.他們從經(jīng)濟(jì)作物中得到的那些現(xiàn)金紅利能支撐他們度過歉收季節(jié)。sustainable

/s??ste?n?b?l/

1.ADJ

Youuse

sustainable

todescribetheuseofnaturalresourceswhenthisuseiskeptatasteadylevelthatisnotlikelytodamagetheenvironment.可持續(xù)的例：...themanagement,conservationandsustainabledevelopmentofforests.…森林的管理、保護(hù)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展。ADVsustainably"Hunting

sustainably

and

humanely

is

something

we

have

done

forthousands

ofyears

and

continueto

doso,"

she

said.

她說：“可持續(xù)的、人道的狩獵是我們幾千年來一直在做的、并將繼續(xù)做的事情?！眀oost

[bu:st]1.V-T

Ifonething

boosts

another,itcausesittoincrease,improve,orbemoresuccessful.促進(jìn)例：Lowerinterestratescanboosttheeconomybyreducingborrowingcostsforconsumersandbusinesses.低利率可以通過為消費(fèi)者和商家降低借貸成本來促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。2.N-COUNT

Boost

isalsoanoun.推動力例：Itwouldgettheeconomygoingandgiveustheboostthatweneed.這會推動經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展并帶給我們所需要的推動力。commit

[k?'mit]1.V-T

Ifsomeone

commits

acrimeorasin,theydosomethingillegalorbad.犯(罪);做(壞事)例：Ihavenevercommittedanycrime.我從沒有犯過任何罪。這是個犯了謀殺罪的男人。Thisisamanwhohascommittedmurder.2.V-T

Ifsomeone

commits

suicide,theydeliberatelykillthemselves.進(jìn)行(自殺)例：Thereareunconfirmedreportshetriedtocommitsuicide.有未經(jīng)證實(shí)的報道說他曾企圖自殺。3.V-T

Ifsomething

boosts

yourconfidenceormorale,itimprovesit.增強(qiáng)(信心、士氣)例：Weneedabigwintoboostourconfidence.我們需要一個大的勝利來增強(qiáng)我們的自信心。4.N-COUNT

Boost

isalsoanoun.(信心、士氣的)增強(qiáng)例：Itdidgivemeaboosttowinsuchabigevent.贏了這么一場大型比賽，的確使我士氣大振。5.N-COUNT

Ifyougivesomeonea

boost,youpushorliftthemfrombehindsothattheycanreachsomething.推;托例：Hecuppedhishandsandgaveheraboostuptotheledge.他雙手?jǐn)n作杯狀把她托上了窗臺。reimburse

[,ri:im'b?:s]1.V-T

Ifyou

reimburse

someone

for

something,youpaythembackthemoneythattheyhavespentorlostbecauseofit.報銷;償還例：I'llbehappytoreimburseyouforanyexpens