外貿(mào)英語（第三版）參考答案和參考譯文

《外貿(mào)英語》（第三版）參考答案與參考譯文

參考答案Chapter1ReadingMaterial(1)Theyhopetokeepitspricehighwithoutimprovingthequalityofitsproducts.(2)Othercountriesmayretaliatewithtraderestrictionsoftheirown.Consumersandbusinessesinbothcountriesarethenforcedtobuypoorlymadeandexpensivedomesticproducts.(3)Quotas,tariffs,andsubsidies.(4)Yes,itcan.(5)Asufficientnumberofcountriesjoinintheblockadetomakeiteffective.Chapter22.1Questions:1.AtradetermreferstousingabriefEnglishconceptorabbreviationtoindicatetheformationoftheunitpriceanddeterminetheresponsibilities,expensesandrisksbornebytwopartiesaswellasthetimeofthepassingofthepropertyinthegoods.Forexample,USD500perM/TCIFLondon,inwhich“CIFLondon”isatradeterm.2.Therearefourinternationaltradepracticesrelatedtotradeterms:Warsaw-OxfordRules1932,RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1990，Incoterms2000andIncoterms?2010.Terminologypractice1.Negotiation2.Duty3.Incoterms4.Tradeterms2.2Discussion1:FOBTianjinisnotsuitablebecauseunderthemodeofcontainertransport,therisktransferredwhenthegoodsweredeliveredtothecarrier.Caseanalysis:TheChinesecompanyshallbearlossesandresponsibilities.UnderthetradetermCFR,shippingadviceisreallyimportantforthebuyer.Thebuyercancoverinsuranceforgoodsafterreceivingtheshippingadvice.Thesalesmanforgottosendingshippingadvice.Discussion2:ItmeansthatthesellershalldeliverthegoodsduringAugustandpaycarriagetoLianyungangrailwaystation.Questions1.Similarities:(1)Themodeoftransportation:seaorinlandwaterwaytransport.(2)Theplaceofdeliveryandriskstransferonboardthevesselatthenamedportofshipment.(3)Thesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverthegoodsatthenamedportofshipmentwithinthestipulatedtime.(4)Thesellerclearsthegoodsforexportandthebuyerclearsthegoodsforimport.(5)Thesellerprovidescommercialdocumentsforthebuyer.(6)Thesellergivessufficientnoticetothebuyeraftershipment.Differences:(1)Theformationoftheunitprice:FOB,cost;CFR,costandfreight;CIF,costinsuranceandfreight.(2)ThesellercontractsforthecarriageofthegoodsunderCFRandCIF;thebuyerdoesitunderFOB.(3)ThesellercoversinsuranceforthebuyerunderCIF;thebuyercoversinsuranceunderFOBandCFR.(4)TheCIFtermiscalledsymbolicdeliveryordocumenttransaction,andundertheterm,expensesandrisksareseparated.2.Similarities:(1)Modeoftransportation:seaorinlandwaterwaytransport.(2)Thesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverthegoodsatthenamedportofshipmentwithinthestipulatedtime.(3)Thesellerclearsthegoodsforexportandthebuyerclearsthegoodsforimport.(4)Thesellerprovidescommercialdocumentsforthebuyer.(5)Thesellergivessufficientnoticetothebuyeraftershipment.(6)Thebuyershallcontractforthecarriageofthegoodsandalsocoverinsuranceforthegoods.Differences:Theplaceofdeliveryandrisktransfer:underFOB,thesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverthegoodsonboardthevesselatthenamedportofshipment;whileunderFAS,thesellershalldeliverthegoodsalongsidetheshipandthecarriertakechargeofit.3.Similarities:(1)Thesellerclearsthegoodsforexportandthebuyerclearsthegoodsforimport.(2)Thesellerprovidescommercialdocumentsforthebuyer.(3)Thesellergivessufficientnoticetothebuyeraftershipment.(4)Thesellershallcontractforthecarriageofthegoods.(5)Thebuyershallcoverinsuranceforthegoods.(6)Theformationofunitprice:costandfreight.Differences:(1)Modeoftransportation:CFR,seaorinlandwaterwaytransport;CPT,anymodeoftransportation.(2)Theplaceofrisktransfer:underCFR,theriskstransferonboardthevessel;underCPT,theriskstransferfromthetimewhengoodsaredeliveredtocarrier.Terminologypractice1.ImportLicense2.Risks3.Expenses4.Responsible5.Formalities2.3Discussion:UnderEXW,thesellerbearstheminimumobligation;underDDP,thebuyerbearstheminimumobligation.Questions:1.Similarities:(1)Allaresymbolicdelivery,andthecorrespondingcontractsareshipmentcontracts.(2)Thesellerisresponsibleforexportclearance,andthebuyerisresponsibleforimportclearance.Differences:(1)FCA,CPTandCIParesuitableforallmodesoftransportation,includingrail,road,air,sea,inlandwaterwayandmultimodaltransport.FOB,CFRandCIFcanbeusedonlyforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.(2)UnderFCA,CPTandCIP,theriskstransferwhenthegoodsaredeliveredtothecarrier;underFOB,CFRandCIF,theriskstransferonboardthevesselatthenamedportofshipment.(3)UnderFCA,CPTandCIP,thecarrierisresponsibleforloadingandunloading,andtherearenovariations;underFOB,CFRandCIF,therearevariationsastotheloadingandunloadingexpenses.(4)UnderFCA,CPTandCIP,thecarrierissuesdifferenttransportationdocumentsunderdifferentmodeoftransportation;underFOB,CFRandCIF,theshippingcompanyissuesB/L.2.DAT（DeliveredatTerminal）meansthatthesellershallfulfilhisobligationofdeliveringthegoodsafterdischargingthegoodsanddeliveringthegoodstothebuyeratterminalofnamedplaceorportofdestination（exceptimportexpenses）.DAP(DeliveredatPlace)meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeronthearrivingmeansofcarriagereadyforunloadingatthenamedplaceofdestination.3.Incoterms?2010includes11tradeterms:AnyModeofTransportCIP–CarriageandInsurancePaidtoCPT–CarriagePaidtoDAP–DeliveredatPlaceDAT–DeliveredatTerminalDDP–DeliveredDutyPaidEXW–ExWorksFCA–FreeCarrierSeaandInlandWaterwayTransportOnlyCFR–CostandFreightCIF–CostInsuranceandFreightFAS–FreealongsideShipFOB–FreeonBoardTerminologypractice1.Quay2.Disposal3.Frontier4.Tax2.4Questions:(1)Adaptingtothemodesoftransportation.(2)AvoidingrisksTerminologypractice1.Book2.Gangup3.BulkcargoBasicSkillTrainingⅠ1.Warsaw-OxfordRules19322.EXW,DDP3.FOBLinerTerms,FOBUnderTackle,FOBStowed,FOBTrimmed.4.Cost,insurance,freight5.Symbolicdelivery/documenttransaction6.CPT,CPT7.theseller8.seller,seller9.thebuyer10.export,dplaceoftheseller’spremise,namedplaceofdestination12.DAP,DAF,DES,DDU;DAT,DEQⅡCIF班輪條件運(yùn)輸終端交貨卸貨費(fèi)用運(yùn)輸終端象征性交貨目的地交貨CFR吊鉤下交貨海關(guān)手續(xù)documenttransaction,exportlicense,InternationalChamberofCommerce,seaorinlandwaterwaytransport,takedeliveryofthegoodsⅢ1.a2.b3.a4.b5.a6.abcde7.abc8.bce9.bCaseAnalysis1.翻譯：一進(jìn)出口公司按照CIF條件出口一批貨物。賣方準(zhǔn)時把貨物裝到了船上并繕制了全套必要的單據(jù)。但是，輪船在起航后幾小時觸礁沉沒。第二天，當(dāng)賣方憑全套與合同相符的單據(jù)請求買方付款時，買方拒絕接受單據(jù)并拒絕付款，因為它的貨物已經(jīng)滅失。請問：買方這樣做合理嗎？為什么？答案：Itisn’treasonableforthebuyertodoso.Thereasonsareasfollows:(1)UndertheCIFterm,thepointofrisktransferisonboardthevesselatthenamedportofshipment.(2)TheCIFtermiscalleddocumenttransaction.(3)UnderCIFterm,thesellercoversinsuranceonthebuyer’sbehalf.Insuchcases,thebuyershouldclaimontheinsurancecompanyagainsttheinsurancepolicy.2.翻譯：我國某進(jìn)出口公司同德國某進(jìn)口公司欲達(dá)成一筆核桃仁交易，其中使用的價格條件為CIFHamburg,支付方式為不可撤銷的即期信用證。由于核桃仁是季節(jié)性商品，主要在12月份的圣尼古拉節(jié)上銷售，交貨延遲會影響售價。因此，對方要求在合同中明確：“賣方須于10月份在中國上海裝運(yùn)，并保證貨物于11月份之前到達(dá)漢堡，否則，買方有權(quán)撤銷合同，并要求損害賠償，如果買方已經(jīng)支付貨款，賣方應(yīng)將所得貨款退還給買方。”試問：我方能否滿足對方要求，為什么？答案：No,wecan’t.Becausethebuyer’srequirementisnotreasonable.ThebuyerchangethenatureoftheCIFcontract,anditbecomesthearrivalcontract.ReadingMaterial1.FOBmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheship'srailatthenamedportofshipment.Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsfromthatpoint.2.Thebuyershallclearthegoodsforimportathisownexpenses.3.Thebuyershallcontractforthecarriageofthegoodsandcoverinsuranceathisownexpenses.4.Thepointofriskstransferisdifferent.UnderIncoterms2000,theriskstransferontheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment;whileunderIncoterms?2010,riskstransferonboardthevesselatthenamedportofshipment..Chapter33.1 Discussion1:Thesellershallchoosetheaveragegoodsasthesample.少一份答案少一份答案Discussion2:(1)salebyspecification(2)salebysample(3)salebybrandortrademarkQuestions1.Themethodsoftenusedaresalebysample,salebyactualqualityandsalebydescription.Salebysampleincludesthreecases,i.e.,salebytheseller’ssample,salebythebuyer’ssampleandsalebycountersample.Salebydescriptionincludessalebyspecification,salebygrade,salebystandard,salebydescriptionandillustration,salebybrandandtrademarkandsalebynameoforigin.2.Thequalitytoleranceisusedinthetradeofindustrialproducts,whichmeansthatthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellerisallowedtohavecertaindifferenceswithinacertainrangesincesuchdifferencesareusuallyunavoidableandcommonlyacceptedastheusageofthesamespecialtrade.Thequalitylatitudemeansthatthequalityindexesofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybecontrolledflexiblywithinacertainlatitude.Terminologypractice1.Trademark2.Sample3.Specification4.Description3.2Discussion:IfIamtheseller,Iwilldeliverblackbean5%lessthanthecontractquantity.Questions1.(1)ByGrossWeight.(2)ByNetWeight:byactualtare,byaveragetare,bycustomarytare,andbycomputedtare.(3)ByConditionedWeight.(4)ByTheoreticalWeight.2.Themoreorlessclauseisoftenusedinthetradingofagriculturalormineralproduct.Itmeansthatthesellermaydeliverthegoodswithacertainpercentagemoreorlessinquantityandamountaccordingtotheagreedquantitylatitude.Terminologypractice1.Excess2.Grossweight3.F.A.Q.4.Tareweight3.3Questions1.Packingcanbeclassifiedintotransportpacking(outerpacking),salespacking(innerpacking).2.Therearefivetypesofpackingmarks:shippingmark,additionalmark,indicativemark,warningmarkandoriginmark.3.Shippingmarkisusuallymadeupofsimpledesign,someletters,numbersandsimplewords,andmainlycontains:codeofconsignorandconsignee;nameorcodeofdestination;andpiecenumber,serialnumber,contractnumberetc.Terminologypractice1.Consignee2.Countryoforigin3.Bulkcommodities4.NudepackedgoodsBasicSkillTrainingⅠ1.salebysample,salebyactualquality,salebydescription.2.industrialproducts3.Indicativemark4.transportpacking,salespacking5.Moreorlessclause6.conditionedweight7.F.A.Q.8.play9.from10.shippingmarkⅡ包裝條款附加性標(biāo)志警告性標(biāo)志品質(zhì)公差品質(zhì)機(jī)動幅度溢短裝條款salebybuyer’ssamplesalebydescriptionconditionedweightgrossweightF.A.Q.by-productcomputedtareshippingmarkGrossfornetⅢ1.T,2.F,3.F,4.T,5.T,6.F,7.TⅣ(F)mineraloreA.sample(A)ordinarygarmentsB.manual(D)fishC.F.A.Q.(E)HairwashingmachinesD.G..M.Q.(B)medicalapparatusE.famousbrand(C)wheatF.specification(G)calligraphicworksG.inspection(H)powerplantgeneratorH.drawingordiagramⅤ(A)cottonA.bale(F)fertilizerB.carton(B)dailyconsumerproductsC.tinbox(H)acidfluidD.crate(G)woolE.barrel(E)petrolF.plasticbag(D)vegetableG.chest(C)teaH.carboyCaseAnalysis1.翻譯：我國某出口公司在某次交易會上與外商當(dāng)面談妥出口大米10000公噸，每公噸USD275FOBSHANGHAI。但我方公司在簽約時，合同上只籠統(tǒng)地寫了10000噸（ton）。后來，外商來證要求按長噸（longton）供貨（1長噸=1.016公噸）。于是，雙方發(fā)生爭議。問題：請分析爭議發(fā)生的原因。答案：ThedisputesarisedbecausetheChinesecompanyignoredthemeasurementsystem.Longtonandmetrictonaredifferentsystem.2.翻譯：我國某進(jìn)口公司向國外某出口公司訂購50公噸貨物，合同規(guī)定A﹑B﹑C﹑D﹑E這5種規(guī)格按同等數(shù)量搭配，賣方按合同開立發(fā)票，買方憑發(fā)票和其他單據(jù)付款。貨到后發(fā)現(xiàn)所有50噸貨物均為A規(guī)格，買方只同意接收其中的1/5，拒收其余的4/5，并要求退回4/5的貨款，賣方拒絕。問題：你認(rèn)為賣方這樣做有理嗎？答案:AccordingtoUnitedNationsConventionsonContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods,thesellershoulddeliverthegoodsasrequiredinthecontract,otherwisethebuyermayrejectthegoodsandcancelthecontract.Inthiscase,theexporterdeliveredthegoodsnotinconformitywiththecontract,sotheimporterhastherighttorefundandtheexportercouldn’trefused.3.翻譯：我國某出口公司與國外成交紅棗一批，合同與來證上均寫的是“三級品”，但到發(fā)貨時才發(fā)現(xiàn)三級紅棗庫存不夠，于是改以二級品交貨，并在發(fā)票上加注“二級紅棗仍按三級計價”。問題：這種以好頂次、原價不變的做法是否妥當(dāng)？答案:AccordingtoUnitedNationsConventionsonContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods,thesellershoulddeliverthegoodsasrequiredinthecontractotherwisethebuyermayrejectthegoodsandcancelthecontract.Soitisn’tgoodforthesellertodoso.4.翻譯：在一份罐裝食品的銷售合同中，規(guī)定：24000罐食品包裝在1000個木箱里，其中每罐500克，一個木箱中裝24罐。當(dāng)買方收到貨物后發(fā)現(xiàn)：每罐500克，但一個箱中裝有48罐，共裝了500箱。因此買方拒收貨物。問題：買方是否有權(quán)這樣做？答案：Thebuyerisentitledtorejectthegoodsbecausethesellerviolatedthepackingtermofthecontract.Practice1.翻譯：合同中規(guī)定“about5000MT”and“5000MT5%moreorless”條款，對買賣雙方有無區(qū)別？“5000MT5%moreorless”的含義是什么？賣方可以交多少數(shù)量的貨物？答案：Twoclausesaredifferent.“about5000MT”meansthequantityisallowedatolerancenottoexceed10%moreor10%lessthanthequantitytowhichtheyrefer.“5000MT5%moreorless”meansthesellermaydeliverthegoods5%moreorlessthanthequantitytowhichtheyrefer.Thequantitydeliveredcanrangefrom4750to5250metrictons.2.翻譯：ABC公司與丹麥客商CodmanCo.達(dá)成了2500件布鞋的出口合同，并簽訂了合同，合約號為98BF01DK03，貿(mào)易術(shù)語CIFCopenhagen.根據(jù)所給信息資料制作一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嘜頭。答案：CodmanCo.CodmanCo.CopenhagenContractNo.:98BF01DK03Nos1~2500ReadingMaterial(1)Packingcanbeusedtoprotectthegoods;packingmakesitconvenientforconsumerstoselect，carry，orusethegoods；packingcanalsobeautifythecommodity，attractconsumers，expandsalesandincreasethegainsonforeignexchange;packingincarnatesthelevelofacountry’seconomicconstruction，scienceandtechnology，cultureandart，etc.(2)Weshouldgreatlystrengthentheresearchintopackingmaterials,packingcontainsandpackingmethods;carefullystudythepackingcharacteristics,developingtendencyandrelativepackingregulationsanddecreesininternationalmarkets;strengthenthestudyofthedesignforpackagingdecorations,improvepackingtechniques,blazenewtrails,andcontinuouslyincreasetheartisticlevelofpacking;realizethestandardizationofourexportingcommoditypackingandunificationofmaterials,specifications,capacities,standardsandsealingmethods;properlymakeacquisitionofadvancedtechnologyfromabroad.(3)Amoredurableandexpensivepackagewillberequired.(4)Theretailerisconcernedaboutshelfstorageanddisplay.

Chapter44.1Discussion1.Coalsandgrainsaresuitableforchartertransport.2.IftheB/LiscleanB/L,thebuyershouldclaimagainstthecarrier,insurancecompanyorthecontainerfreightstation;iftheB/LisfoulB/L,thebuyershouldclaimagainsttheseller.Questions1.Alinerisavesselwithregularsailingroutesandstatedtimetablebetweenspecificports.Contrarily,atrampisafreight-carryingvesselwhichhasnoregularrouteorscheduleofsailingsbuttradinginallpartsoftheworldinsearchofcargo,primarilybulkshipments.2.Voyagecharteristhehireofashipforaparticularvoyage.Itincludessinglevoyagecharter,returnvoyagecharterandsuccessivevoyagecharter.Timechartermeansthechartererrentstheshipforacertainperiod.Duringtheperiodofchartering,thechartererisresponsibleforaseriesofworkandalotofexpensesappearedduringthetransit.Bareboatcharterissimilartotimecharter,buttherearesomedifferences.Underthebareboatcharter,theship-owneronlyprovideshischartererwithabareboatduringtheperiodofchartering,andthecharterershallemploythecrewbyhimself.3.Themainstandardsare:accordingtotheWeightTon(WT);accordingtotheMeasurementTon(MT);accordingtothevalueofthecargo,i.e.A.V.;accordingtounit;accordingtothetemporaryagreement.4.(1)Containertransportoffersadoor-to-doorserviceunderFCL/FCL(FullContainerLoad/FullContainerLoad),doortocontainerfreightstation(CFS)serviceunderFCL/LCL(FullContainerLoad/LessContainerLoad),CFStoCFSserviceunderLCL/LCL,orCFStodoorserviceunderLCL/LCLconditions.(2)Itcanbehandledquicklyandeasilybystandardizedequipmentandcanthussavelaborsandloadingandunloadingcharges.(3)Thelowriskofgoodsdamageandpilferageenablesmorefavorablecargopremiumstobeobtained,comparedwithbreak-bulkcargoshipments.(4)Lesspackingisrequiredforcontainerizedconsignments.Insomecases,particularlywithspecializedISO(InternationalStandardsOrganization)containerssuchasrefrigeratedonesortanks,nopackingisrequired.Thisgreatlysavescostininternationaltransitandraisesservicequality.(5)Fastertransits,coupledwithmorereliablemaritimeschedules,ultimatelyincreaseservicefrequency,producesavingsinwarehouseaccommodationneeds,lessenrisksofobsolescentstockandspeedupcapitalturnover.5.Airtransportservicesincludethreetypes:scheduledairlines,charteredcarriers,andconsolidatedconsignments.6.Therearefourwaystostipulatetheloadingandunloadingcharges:(1)Linerterms:thefreightincludesloadingandunloadingcharges.Theship-ownershallberesponsibleforloadingandunloading.(2)Freeout:thefreightincludesloadingcharges.Theship-ownerisresponsibleforloading.(3)Freein:thefreightincludesunloadingcharges.Theship-ownerisresponsibleforunloading.(4)Freeinandout:theship-ownerisneitherresponsibleforloadingnorforunloading.Terminologypractice(1)CharterParty(2)BareboatCharter(3)Liner(4)LandBridgeTransport(5)Demurrage4.2Discussion1.It’snotsuitablebecauseit’sdifficultforthesellertodeliveratthatday.2.Undervoyagecharter.CaseanalysisThebankwillmakepaymentbynegotiationbecausethesellershippedthegoodsaccordingtothestipulationofL/C.Questions1.Donotchooseaportinacountrywithwhichourgovernmentdoesn’tpermittodobusiness.Thestipulationontheportofdestinationshouldbedefiniteandclear.Ifthegoodshavetobetransferred,weshouldstipulate“transshipmentallowed”inthecontract.Theportofdestinationshallbetheoneatwhichthevesselmaysafelyarriveandbealwaysafloat.Weusuallydonotacceptaninlandcityasaplaceofdestination.2.(1)Stipulatethedefiniteorfixeddate.(2)Stipulateafixedperiodoftime.(3)StipulateshipmentistobemadesomedaysormonthsafterreceiptoftheL/C.Terminologypractice(1)Transshipment(2)PartialShipment(3)PhysicalDelivery(4)SymbolicDelivery4.3Discussion1.Forthecarrier,AdvancedB/Lismuchriskier.2.ThebankwillnotacceptFoulB/LandreceivedforshipmentB/L.If“StaleB/Lisacceptable”isindicatedintheL/C,thebankwillsurelyacceptit.Questions1.BillofLadingisadocumentthatisissuedbyashippingcompany,acarrieroraship-ownertoashipper,uponacceptanceofgoodsforshipment.Itservesthreepurposes:(1)Asacontractforshipmentbetweenthecarrierandshipper;(2)Asareceiptfromthecarrierforshipment;(3)Asacertificateofownershiportitletothegoods.2.Importantitemsare:(1)Thenameofthesteamercarryingthecargo.(2)Theportofloadingandtheportofdischarge.(3)Thenameoftheshipperorconsignor.(4)Thenameoftheconsigneeorhisorder(assigns).(5)Thepartytobenotified.(6)Freightandcharges,prepaidornot,andsoon.Terminologypractice(1)OceanB/L(2)OrderB/L(3)StraightB/L(4)OnBoardB/L(5)ShippingDocumentBasicSkillTrainingⅠ1.called2.close3.vessel4.loading5.deliver6.goods7.speed8.transport9.routes10.charter,timeⅡ提單尺碼噸定程租船運(yùn)費(fèi)嘜頭轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)清潔提單多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù)指示提單發(fā)貨人收貨人WTLinershippingCharterpartyPartialshipmentLaydaysDemurrageDispatchmoneyLiner’sCompanyFreightTariffBareboatcharterLandbridgetransportAirwayBillThroughBillofLadingTrampⅢ1.T2.T3.T4.F5.F6.T7.F8.T9.FCaseanalysis1.2014年秋，我方某貿(mào)易公司與非洲一老客戶達(dá)成了一筆大米銷售生意，交貨條件為2014年12月起至2015年6月，每月按等量裝運(yùn)大米，憑即期信用證自提單日后60天付款?？蛻舭磿r開來信用證，信用證上有關(guān)商品品名、規(guī)格、單價、總金額和總數(shù)量均與合同相符，但裝運(yùn)條件只規(guī)定“最遲裝運(yùn)期為6月30日，分?jǐn)?shù)批裝出”。我貿(mào)易公司經(jīng)辦人員于12月按合同原定的等量裝出第一批貨物。因為經(jīng)辦人員沒有在信用證中發(fā)現(xiàn)“按等量裝運(yùn)”的規(guī)定，為了早出口早收匯，他不顧合同的原定裝運(yùn)條款，在2015年1月將一季度的數(shù)量一批裝清，二月第三次裝船，將第二季度應(yīng)交數(shù)量一批裝清。同時我方銀行憑單議付，先后向開證行索匯，開證行審核單證認(rèn)可無誤。非洲客戶接到裝船通知后，發(fā)現(xiàn)第二批和第三批數(shù)量與合同不符，即向我公司提出違背裝運(yùn)條款的索賠。索賠金額包括租倉費(fèi)、利息和其他增加的費(fèi)用等。經(jīng)過雙方反復(fù)協(xié)商，最后我貿(mào)易公司接受對方意見，同意第二批和第三批貨款推遲4個月后結(jié)算，這意味著我貿(mào)易公司比原定時間推遲幾個月才能收到貨款。按當(dāng)時國際市場價算，我貿(mào)易公司遭受了10%的損失。問題：（1）信用證與交易合同之間的關(guān)系是什么？（2）交易雙方履行自身義務(wù)的依據(jù)是什么？答案：（1）Accordingtothebusinessprocedureinforeigntradetransactions，afterthetwopartiessignedthecontract，thebuyermayapplytothebankforopeningtherelevantletterofcreditaccordingtothespecificationsstatedinthecontract.Allitemsintheletterofcreditmustbeincompliancewiththecontract，thatistosay，theletterofcreditmadeoutshouldbeonthebasisofthecontract.Butfromlegalopinion，businesscontractandletterofcreditaretworespectivelyseparatelegaldocuments.（2）ItisstipulatedinArticle4oftheUniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCreditsthat“increditoperationsallpartiesconcerneddealindocuments，andnotingoods，serviceand/orotherperformancetowhichthedocumentsmayrelate”.Thatistosaytheessentialfunctionoftheletterofcreditisthatbankissuingletterofcreditdealsindocumentsnotinmerchandiseandhasnothingtodowiththecontract.Theyhavenolegalobligationwhetherthegoodscomplywiththecontract.Therefore，thecontractistheprooftotherightsandobligationsofthetwopartiesconcerned.2.2014年我進(jìn)出口公司向英國一公司出口核桃，價格條件為CIF；支付條件為不可撤銷即期信用證方式；交貨條件為賣方保證貨物在2014年12月2日到達(dá)阿文矛斯港。這是一項特別條款，正是因為我方違背了這一條款，導(dǎo)致了經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。合同的基本條款如下：裝運(yùn)：于2014年10月間由中國口岸運(yùn)往阿文矛斯港。買方須于2014年9月前將有關(guān)信用證開到賣方。賣方保證載運(yùn)船只不遲于2014年12月2日抵達(dá)阿文矛斯港。載運(yùn)船只抵達(dá)目的港的實際日期，將以有關(guān)承運(yùn)人或代理人所證實載運(yùn)船只抵達(dá)目的港的實際日期為準(zhǔn)。特別價格條款：(1)如果載運(yùn)船只早于2014年11月26日抵達(dá)阿文矛斯港，買方將付給賣方發(fā)票總值0.2%的價格溢價。(2)如果載運(yùn)船只晚于2014年12月2日抵達(dá)阿文矛斯港，在買方要求下，賣方須同意取消合同，如貨款已收進(jìn)，則將所收進(jìn)的貨款退還買方。買方對上述取消合同的要求，應(yīng)在載運(yùn)船只到達(dá)阿文矛斯港后48小時內(nèi)向賣方提出，否則將理解為買方接受了到貨。雙方簽訂合同后，我公司通過外運(yùn)代理租賃了一瑞典輪船。該船在2014年10月5日裝貨后駛離裝運(yùn)港，正常情況下預(yù)計于12月2日抵達(dá)目的港。不幸的是，航行中該船的發(fā)動機(jī)出了問題無法行駛，考慮到出口貨物數(shù)量巨大，我公司派了一艘拖輪拖帶該船繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。但該船抵達(dá)阿文矛斯港時比合同規(guī)定時間（2014年12月2日）晚了幾個小時?？吹胶颂覂r格在當(dāng)?shù)厥袌鱿碌?，買方通知我公司拒絕提貨。我方不得不要求代理在當(dāng)?shù)劁N售此貨以便減少損失。在此交易中，我方大約損失6000美元。問題：（1）核桃是季節(jié)性商品，通常在圣誕節(jié)前銷售。當(dāng)出口這類商品時，你認(rèn)為哪個因素比較重要。（2）在本例中，合同的性質(zhì)由裝運(yùn)合同變?yōu)榈竭_(dá)合同，為什么？答案：(1)Thetwopartiesshouldstateclearlytheproblemofcompensationforthiskindofseasonalmerchandisewhenitspricegoesdown.(2)Becausethecontractespeciallystipulatedthatifthegoodscouldnotarriveontime,thebuyercouldcancelthecontractandwithdrawthepaymentforthegoods.Thepaymentisnotsubjecttoourpresentationoftheshipmentdocuments,onlysubjecttothedeliverytermsatthedestinationport.3.我國某公司向俄羅斯出口茶葉6000箱，合同和信用證均規(guī)定：“茶葉于5月、6月、7月分三期平均裝運(yùn)?！蔽曳接?月份裝2000箱，6月份沒裝，7月份裝2000箱，8月份裝2000箱。問題：我方能夠收回貨款嗎？答案：Theexporteronlycanreceivethepaymentof2000casesoftea.AccordingtotherelevantstipulationsofUCP600,ifanyinstallmentisnotshippedwithintheperiodallowedforthatinstallment,thecreditceasestobeavailableforthatandanysubsequentinstallments,unlessotherwisestipulatedinthecredit.BecauseofnoshipmentinJune,theexportercan’treceivethepaymentofJuneandJuly.Practice1.150箱五金從大連運(yùn)到埃及亞歷山大，每箱體積20cm×30cm×40cm，毛重25公斤，運(yùn)費(fèi)計收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)W/M，貨物等級10級，基本運(yùn)費(fèi)率每公噸388港元。燃油附加費(fèi)30%，港口擁擠附加費(fèi)10%，請計算運(yùn)費(fèi)。答案：TotalFreight=BasicFreight+AdditionalFeesThebasicfreight:150×25×388=HKD1455000Additionalfees:1455000×30%+1455000×10%=HKD582000Totalfreight:1455000+582000=HKD20370002.（1）ABC有限公司將15000公斤的綠豆從大連出口到蘇丹，燃油附加費(fèi)40%。（2）ABC有限公司將100箱工具從大連出口到馬薩瓦，每箱體積0.45立方米，重量510公斤。燃油附加費(fèi)40%，港口擁擠附加費(fèi)10%。表4-1某船公司的貨物分級表表4-2大連至東非某主要港口的運(yùn)費(fèi)率貨名計算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等級農(nóng)機(jī)W/M8豆類W3零件M10五金及工具W/M10玩具M(jìn)11等級單位運(yùn)費(fèi)（元）124322543264428010443根據(jù)所給信息，請計算班輪運(yùn)費(fèi)。答案:(1)TotalFreight=BasicFreight+AdditionalFeesTheBasicFreight=15000×264=CNY3960000TheAdditionalFees=3960000×40%=CNY1584000TotalFreight=3960000+1584000=CNY5544000(2)TotalFreight=BasicFreight+AdditionalFeesM=0.45cubicmetersW=0.51metrictonW>MTheBasicFreight=0.51×443=CNY225.93TheAdditionalFees=225.93×（40%+10%）=CNY112.97TotalFreight=(225.93+112.97)×100=CNY33890ReadingMaterial(1)Becauseitisarelativelylow-costwaytotransportgoods,anditcaneasilyhandlelargeshipments.(2)Forexample,railandtruckshipmentsdonotconstituteasignificantportionoftheexporttransactionsoftheUnitedStates,exceptperhapsforthosethatinvolvebuyersinCanada.Incontrast,thesetransportmodescarrylargeamountsofexportgoodsamongthecountriesofEurope.(3)Themethodoftransportationisusuallyselectedbytheimporter.Chapter55.1Discussion(1)and(3)goodslossesbeforetheshipfloatedoff.Questions1.ActualTotalLossmeansthattheinsuredcargoistotallyandirretrievablylostordamagedortotallyvaluelessonarrival.IncaseofActualTotalLoss,theinsuredcangetindemnityagainstthetotallossoftheinsuredvalueofcargo.WhileConstructiveTotalLossisestimatedthattheactualtotallossofcargoisinevitableorthecostofsalvageorrecoverycouldhaveexceededthevalueofthecargo.WhenConstructiveTotalLossoccurs,mostinsurancepoliciesprovideforthepaymentofatotallossuptotheinsuredamount.2.GeneralAveragereferstoacertainspecialsacrificeandextraexpenseintentionallyincurredforthegeneralinterestsoftheship-owner,theinsurer,andtheownersofthevariouscargoesaboardtheship.Thislossisbornebyallthepartiesconcernedmentionedaboveinproportion.WhileParticularAveragemeansthatapartiallosswhichissufferedbytheonewhosegoodsarepartlylostordamaged.Whenthereisaparticularaverageloss,otherinterestsinthevoyagedon’tcontributetothepartialrecoveryoftheonesufferingtheloss.Thecargoownerwhosegoodsaredamagedorlostshouldrefertohisinsurancecompany,ifhispolicycoversthespecifictypeoflosssuffered.3.Sueandlaborchargesaretheexpensesarisingfrommeasuresproperlytakenbytheinsuredorhisagentortheemployeeforminimizingoravoidinglossescausedbytheriskscoveredintheinsurancepolic