2022年考研考博-考博英語-首都經濟貿易大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號42

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-首都經濟貿易大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Despitehisdisappointingrecordthisyear,I（）feelheisthebestmaninourteam.

問題1選項

A.however

B.therefore

C.nonetheless

D.otherwise

【答案】C

【解析】Normal07.8磅02falsefalsefalseEN-USZH-CNX-NONE

考查副詞詞義辨析。A選項however表示“然而，可是”，表轉折，后面必須用逗號隔開；B選項therefore表示“所以，因此”；C選項nonetheless表示“盡管如此，但是”；D選項otherwise表示“否則”。由Despite“盡管”可知，空缺處應表轉折關系，因此只有C符合句意。A項however雖然也表示轉折，但后面必須用逗號隔開；【句意】雖然他今年的成績差強人意，但我仍然覺得他是我們隊最好的球員。

2.單選題

Ifapersonfailstoconformtoconventionalbehavior,heislikelytobebyothers.

問題1選項

A.preserved

B.instructed

C.avoided

D.selected

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)關鍵信息failstoconformtoconventionalbehavior可知，這種行為不合常規(guī)。那么別人有可能會因此生厭，敬而遠之。詞組beavoidedbyothers表示“被他人遠離（或排擠）”，最符合句意，A選項preserved表示“保護，保存”；B選項instructed表示“指示，教育，指導”；C選項表示“”；D選項selected表示“選擇，挑選”。因此，本題正確答案為C項?！揪湟狻咳绻粋€人行為不合常規(guī)，那么別人很可能對他敬而遠之。

3.單選題

Itisreportedthatfewerandfeweroftoday'sworkersexpecttospendtheirworkinglivesinthesamefield,（）thesamecompany.

問題1選項

A.muchworse

B.letalone

C.allelse

D.lesslikely

【答案】B

【解析】動詞辨析題。A選項muchworse“更糟糕的是...”；B選項letalone“更不用說，聽任，不打擾”；C選項allelse“其他所有”；D選項lesslikely“最不可能的”。句意：據(jù)報道，如今越來越少的工人希望自己的職業(yè)生涯都在同一領域工作，更不用說同一家公司了。選項B符合句意。

4.單選題

Theotherdayanacquaintanceofmine,anoutgoingandcharmingman,toldmehehadfoundhimselfunexpectedlyaloneinNewYorkforanhourortwobetweenappointments.HewenttotheWhitneyandspentthe“empty”timelookingatthingsin（1）solitarydelight.Forhimitprovedtobeashocknearlyasgreatasfallingin（2）todiscoverthathecouldenjoyhimselfsomuchalone.Whathadhebeenafraidof,I（3）myself?That,suddenlyalone,hewoulddiscoverthatlieboredhimself,orthattherewas,quitesimply,noselftheretomeet?Buthavingtakentheplunge,heisnowonthebrinkof（4）;heisabouttobelaunchedintohisowninnerspace,spaceasimmense,unexploredandsometimesfrighteningasouterspacetotheastronaut.Hiseveryperceptionwillcometohimwithanewfreshnessand,foratime,seemstartlinglyoriginal.Foranyone（5）canseethingsforhimselfwithanakedeyebecomes,foramomentortwo,somethingofagenius.Withanotherhumanbeingpresentvisionbecomesdoublevision,inevitably.Wearebusywondering,whatdoesmycompanionseeorthinkofthis,andwhatdoIthinkofit?The（6）impactgetslost,ordiffused.Lonelinessismostacutelyfeltwithotherpeople,forwithothers,（7）withaloversometimes,wesufferfromourdifferencesoftasteandmood.Alonewecanaffordtobewhollywhateverweareandtofeelwhatever（8）feelabsolutely.Thatisagreatluxury!Formethemostinterestingthingaboutasolitarylife,andminehasbeenthatforthelasttwentyyears,isthatitbecomesincreasinglyrewarding.When1canwakeupandwatchthesunriseovertheocean,asIdomostdays,andknowthatIhaveanentiredayahead,uninterrupted,inwhichto（9）afewpages,takeawalkwithmydog,liedownintheafternoonforalongthink(whydoesonethinkbetterina（10）position?),readandlistentomusic,Iamfloodedwithhappiness.

問題1選項

A.very

B.such

C.so

D.much

問題2選項

A.love

B.emotion

C.fancy

D.passion

問題3選項

A.pondered

B.enquired

C.asked

D.thought

問題4選項

A.activity

B.adventure

C.excitement

D.danger

問題5選項

A.who

B.whom

C.that

D.they

問題6選項

A.original

B.basic

C.clear

D.lonely

問題7選項

A.although

B.still

C.even

D.but

問題8選項

A.one

B.they

C.us

D.we

問題9選項

A.inscribe

B.compose

C.cut

D.write

問題10選項

A.horizontal

B.vertical

C.painless

D.motionless

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

第6題:A

第7題:C

第8題:D

第9題:D

第10題:A

【解析】1.考查邏輯關系。A選項very表示“非常，很；完全”；B選項such表示“這樣的，如此的”；C選項so表示“如此，這么；確是如此”；D選項much表示“非常，很”。第一句中出現(xiàn)了unexpectedlyalone，而空格后的solitary（a.孤獨的；獨居的）再次提及“孤獨”，因此空格處應表示“如此的，這樣的”。so和such都可表示“如此的，這樣的”。so是副詞，修飾形容詞和副詞；而such是形容詞，修飾名詞。二者后面都接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，但用法不同。so的用法為：so+adj.+a（an）+n.；such的用法為：such+a（an）+adj.+n.。如果后面接復數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，則只能用such，故B項符合句意。因此，本題正確答案為B項。

2.考查邏輯關系。由第一句中的appointments以及空缺前的great可知這種感覺應宛如“墜入愛河”一般美好，故可構成“fallinlove墜入愛河”的A項正確。B選項emotion表示“情感；情緒”；C選項fancy表示“幻想；想象力；愛好”；D選項passion表示“激情；熱情”。

3.考查邏輯關系。根據(jù)空缺前“Whathadhebeenafraidof”可知，這是作者反問自己，故C選項ask符合句意。A選項ponder表示“仔細考慮；思考；衡量”；B選項enquire表示“詢問；打聽；調查”；D選項think表示“想；認為；想起”。

4.考查邏輯關系。A選項activity表示“活動；行動；活躍”；B選項adventure表示“冒險；冒險精祌；投機活動”；C選項excitement表示“興奮；刺激；令人興奮的事物”；D選項danger表示“危險；危險物；威脅”。根據(jù)空格前havingtakentheplunge（在冒險嘗試后）可知，他現(xiàn)在是在冒險，故B選項“冒險”符合句意。

5.考查語法知識?？杖碧幖爸蟮腸anseethingsforhimselfwithanakedeye屬于空缺前anyone的后置定語從句。因此，空缺處應為可充當定語從句主語的關系代詞，故A項who正確。

6.考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項original表示“最初的；開始的；獨創(chuàng)的；新穎的”；B選項basic表示“基本的；基礎的”；C選項clear表示“清楚的；清澈的；晴朗的；無罪的”；D選項lonely表示“寂寞的；偏僻的”。由上文中的seemstartinglyoriginal以及后文中的Wearebusywondering,whatdoesmycompanionseeorthinkofthis,andwhatdoIthinkofit?可知，如果旁邊有別人，我們會急于想知道自己同伴的看法以及自己的觀點，因此最初的印象就消失了。故original符合句意，本題正確選項為A項。

7.考查詞義辨析。A選項although表示“盡管；雖然；但是；然而”；B選項still表示“仍然；但是；盡管如此”；C選項even表示“甚至；即使”；D選項but表示“但是；然而”。根據(jù)句意可知，空缺處后的lover應為空缺前others的進一步說明，故C選項“even”符合語境，因此本題正確答案為C項。

8.考查邏輯關系。And連接兩個并列部分，由空缺前“whateverweare”可知，后文應為“whateverwefeel”，故D項we正確。因此，本題正確答案為D項。

9.考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項inscribe表示“題獻；銘記;雕”；B選項compose表示“構成；創(chuàng)作，排版；使平靜”；C選項cut表示“切割；剪短；釋放”；D選項write表示“書寫；寫信給；著述”。由空缺后afewpages可知，D選項write符合句意，故本題正確答案為D項。

10.考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項horizontal表示“水平的；地平線的；同一階層的”；B選項vertical表示“垂直的；頂點的；縱向的”；C選項painless表示“無痛的；不痛的”；D選項motionless表示“靜止的；不運動的”。由空缺前l(fā)iedown以及thinkbetter可知，躺著的時候可以更好地思考，故A項horizontal符合句意。因此，本題正確答案為A項。

5.單選題

ThefamousmovieTitanic（）itsaudience.

問題1選項

A.thoughtintermswith

B.touchedachordin

C.hadconfidencein

D.hadatastefor

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項thinkintermswith表示“結合……思考”；B選項touchachordin表示“觸動……的心弦”；C選項haveconfidencein表示“對……有信心”；D選項haveatastefor表示“對……感興趣；愛好……”。根據(jù)“Titanic”（《泰坦尼克號》）可知，這部電影應當是觸動了觀眾的心弦，故B項最符合句意。因此，本題正確答案為B項。

6.單選題

Inordertorepairbarns,buildfences,growcrops,andcareforanimals,afarmermustindeedbe（

）.

問題1選項

A.restless

B.skilled

C.strong

D.versatile

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。restless“坐立不安的，不耐煩的”；skilled“有技能的，熟練的”；strong“強壯的，強健的”；versatile“多才多藝的，多用途的”。句意：為了修繕谷倉、建立柵欄、種植莊稼以及飼養(yǎng)牲畜，事實上，農民必須是多才多藝的。根據(jù)句意可知，農民應該是多才多藝的，故答案選D。

7.單選題

AmongthespeciesofseabirdsthatusethewindsweptcliffsoftheAtlanticcoastofCanadainthesummertomate,layeggs,andreartheiryoungarecommonmurres,Atlanticpuffins,black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets.Ofallthebirdsonthesecliffs,theblack-leggedkittiwakegullisthebestsuitedfornestingonnarrowledges.Althoughitsnestinghabitsaresimilartothoseofgullsthatnestonflatground,thereareanumberofimportantdifferencesrelatedtothecliff-nestinghabit,

Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.Thisimmunityhasbeenfollowedbyarelaxationofthedefenses,andkittiwakesdonotreacttopredatorsnearlyasfiercelyasdoground-nestinggulls.AcolonyofBonaparte'sgullsrespondstotheappearanceofapredatoryherringgullbyflyingupasagroupwithaclamorofalarmcalls,followedbyconcertedmobbing,butkittiwakessimplyignoreherringgulfs,sincetheyposelittlethreattonestsoncliffs.Neitherdokittiwakesattempttoconcealtheirnest.Mostgullskeepthenestareaclearofdroppings,andremoveemptyeggshellsafterthechickshavehatched,sothatthelocationofthenestisnotgivenaway.Kittiwakesdefecateovertheedgeofthenest,whichkeepsitclean,butthispractice,aswellastheirtendencytoleavethenestlitteredwitheggshells,makesitslocationveryconspicuous.

Ontheotherhand,nestingonanarrowledgehasitsownpeculiarproblems,andkittiwakebehaviorhasbecomeadaptedtoovercomethem.Thefemalekittiwakesitswhenmating,whereasothergullsstand,sothepairwillnotoverbalanceandfallofftheledge.Thenestisadeepcup,madeofmudorseaweed,toholdtheeggssafely,comparedwiththeshallowscrapeofothergulls,andthechicksareremarkablyimmobileuntilfullygrown.Theydonotrunfromtheirnestswhenapproached,andiftheyshouldcomeneartothecliffedge,theyinstinctivelyturnback.

1.Whataspectofthekittiwakegulldoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Theword“immunity”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto（）.

3.Whyisitdifficultforravenstostealthekittiwakes'eggs?

4.Theauthormentionsthateggshellslitterthenestsofkittiwakesinorderto（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingbirdsconcealtheirnest?

問題1選項

A.Itsdefensivebehavior

B.Itinteractionswithothergullspecies

C.Itsnestinghabits

D.Itsphysicaldifferencefromothergullspecies

問題2選項

A.distance

B.transition

C.protection

D.reminder

問題3選項

A.Thekittiwakescanseetheravensapproachingthenest.

B.Theravenscannotlandonthenarrowledgeswherekittiwakesnest.

C.Thekittiwakes'eggsaretoobigfortheravenstocarry.

D.Thefemalekittiwakesrarelyleavethenest.

問題4選項

A.demonstratethatkittiwakesarenotconcernedaboutpredators

B.provehowbusykittiwakesareincaringfortheiroffspring

C.showasimilaritytoothertypesofgulls

D.illustratekittiwakes’lackofconcernfortheirchick

問題5選項

A.Bonaparte’sgulls

B.Atlanticpuffins

C.Kittiwakegulls

D.Northerngannets

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。分析文章內容可知，第一段主要講不同于其它海鷗，三趾鷗習慣在峭壁上筑巢；第二段講三趾鷗在峭壁上筑巢的優(yōu)勢；最后一段講了三趾鷗如何適應在峭壁上筑巢。由此可知，本文敘述的主要內容是三趾鷗的筑巢習慣。因此，本題正確答案為C項。

詞匯題。

2.由原文第二段Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealegg可知，三趾鷗在在懸崖上筑巢的一大好處就是更安全，可以躲避無法攀登峭壁的狐貍和那些難以在陡峭巖石上立足的烏鴉和其他鷗類，防止鳥卵被偷走。因此，本題的正確答案為C項。

3.細節(jié)事實題。由原文第二段Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.可知，烏鴉無法偷走三趾鷗鳥卵的原因是它們難以在三趾鷗的巢邊落腳。因此，本題正確答案為B選項。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第二段Kittiwakesdefecateovertheedgeofthenest,whichkeepsitclean,butthispractice,aswellastheirtendencytoleavethenestlitteredwitheggshells,makesitslocationveryconspicuous可知，三趾鷗會在巢邊排便，以保持巢內干凈，但這種做法以及它們傾向于在鳥窩里亂丟蛋殼的行為，使得它們巢的位置非常顯眼。這里的描述是為和大多數(shù)海鷗作對比，說明三趾鷗也不會試著去隱藏它們的巢（Neitherdokittiwakesattempttoconcealtheirnest）。根據(jù)上下文可知三趾鷗之所以這樣做是因為它們在峭壁上筑巢比在地面上筑巢更有優(yōu)勢，無需在意捕獵者，因此本題正確答案為A項。

5.推理判斷題。原文第二段中指出，三趾鷗對捕食者的反應不像在地面筑巢的海鷗那么強烈。接著舉出了Bonaparte’sgulls的例子，說明Bonaparte’sgulls和三趾鷗的筑巢習慣不同。大多數(shù)的海鷗在平地上筑巢，所以它們在雛鳥出生后會把蛋殼拿走，盡量不暴露鳥巢的位置。因此，可推測Bonaparte’sgulls也是這樣的習慣，所以才會暴露自己的位置。由此可知，本題正確答案為A項。

8.單選題

Ahealthytradingsystemrequiresthatcountriesbebotheagerexportersandimporters.Ifnationsdon’tspendwhattheyearnabroad—orifweakeconomiesmakethemweakimporters-thenthetradingsystemwillcollapse.Thatistoday’sproblem.

Wherewillfuturetradeexpansioncomefrom?Europeseemsadoubtfulcandidate.Withfeebleeconomicgrowth,itwon’tbuyalotmoreexports.LatinAmericaisinasimilarposition.Manybigcountries(Argentina,Brazil)aresoburdenedbydebtthattheirgrowthishobbledandtheystriveforexportsurpluses-earningpreciousdollars-torepaytheirinternationalloans.AsforAfrica,it’ssopoorthatithardlymattersinglobaltrade.

Well,whataboutAsia?Itoughttosavetheglobaltradingsystem,butitmaydojusttheopposite.Thesecountriesareferociousexporters;theyseemtostriveforpermanenttradesurplusesandhoardtheirexcessexportearnings.Considerwhat’shappenedtotheirforeignexchangereserves.Since1996,theforeignexchangereservesofsomemajorAsiancountrieshavejumpedfromabout$500billiontomorethan$1.3trillion.Thesefundsaretypicallyleftinsafeinvestments,suchasU.S.Treasurysecurities.AlotofattentionhasfocusedonChina,buttheproblemislargerthanChinaalone.

Asaresult,thetradingsystemlackscircularity.Thejustificationforfreetradeisthateveryoneultimatelybenefits.Countriesdowhattheydobest.Poorcountriessellinexpensivelabor-intensivegoodstowealthycountriesandbuysophisticatedknowledge-intensivegoods.Livingstandardsinallcountriesrise.Someworkersandindustriesmaytemporarilylose,butmostconsumersbenefitandmostworkersareultimatelyre-employedintrade-competitiveindustries.Tradedoesn’tpermanentlydestroyjobs;spendingiscircular.

Iftoomanycountrieshoard,thelogicoffreetradecollapses.Tradecanbecomeaneconomicdepressantandjobdestroyer.Toomanysellerschasetoofewbuyers.Countriescompeteforbiggersharesofstagnantmarketsandtrytoshiftunemploymentabroad.Agreat,ifsilent,strugglehasbegun.Fordecades,expandingtradepromotedglobalprogress.Itreducedpovertyandspreadprosperity.Butifthetradingsystemcan’tsolveitsbasicproblem-over-relianceontheUSmarketitcouldfosterpoliticaldivisionandeconomicvulnerabilityforall.Tradingpatternsmustbecomemorebalancedandsustainable.

1.SomebigLatinAmericacountriesare（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcertainregionaleconomyisTRUE?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,thefreetradesystemwillcollapsewhen（）.

4.Theauthorstronglyadvocatesthatasustainablefreetradesystem（）.

5.Thelastparagraphmainlydealswith（）.

問題1選項

A.exportingmoreforenoughforeigncurrencytopaytheirdebt

B.exportingsurplusesastoreserveenoughpreciousUSdollars

C.usingUSdollarstopayalltheirinternationalanddomesticdebts

D.usingexportingasaneffectivewayfortheireconomicprosperity

問題2選項

A.Europemayhelpthefutureworldtradeexpansion.

B.LatinAmerica'sdebtwouldhinderitsexportcapacity

C.Asiamayenhancetradeexpansionbutnotspendingmuch

D.Africafindsithardtoemergeinworld-tradeexpansion

問題3選項

A.tradebecameeconomicdepressantandjobdestroyer

B.countriestriedtoshifttheirunemploymenttoothernations

C.worldtradeoverreliedonthevulnerableU.S.market

D.toomanycountriesarenotimportingmuchfromothercountries

問題4選項

A.shouldbechangedthroughinternationalcollaborations

B.willdefinitelybecomeaneconomicdepressantworldwide

C.requiresacircularityofbothimportingandexporting

D.shouldencouragebuyingmorefromtrade-competitiveindustries

問題5選項

A.economicbalanceandsustainability

B.economiccollapseandpotentialcrisis

C.tradecompetitionagainstU.S.market

D.worldwideeconomicachievementtoday

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第二段LatinAmericaisinasimilarposition.Manybigcountries(Argentina,Brazil)aresoburdenedbydebtthattheirgrowthishobbled,andtheystriveforexportsurpluses-earningpreciousdollars—torepaytheirinternationalloans.可知，拉丁美洲也處于類似的境地。許多大國(比如阿根廷，巴西)都背負著沉重的債務，經濟增長舉步維艱，他們努力爭取出口盈余——賺取寶貴的美元——以償還國際貸款。因此，選項A“出口更多賺外幣來償還債務”符合原文，故本題正確答案為A項。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第三段Thesecountriesareferociousexporters;theyseemtostriveforpermanenttradesurplusesandhoardtheirexcessexportearnings可知，這些國家都是出口大國；他們似乎在爭取永久的貿易順差，并囤積過剩的出口收入。因此，可推測選項C“亞洲可能加強貿易擴張，但不會花太多”正確。

3.推理判斷題。題干詢問：根據(jù)作者觀點，當……時，自由貿易系統(tǒng)會崩潰。根據(jù)原文最后一段Iftoomanycountrieshoard,thelogicoffreetradecollapses可知，如果太多國家囤積，自由貿易的邏輯就會崩潰。因此，結合上下文可推測D選項“太多國家從沒有從其他國家大量進口”正確。

4.推理判斷題。由原文第四段Asaresult,thetradingsystemlackscircularity.Thejustificationforfreetradeisthateveryoneultimatelybenefits可知，以往的交易系統(tǒng)缺乏循環(huán)性。自由貿易存在的正當之處就是大家最終都能受益。這說明作者認為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的自由貿易具有循環(huán)性。因此，可推測C選項“要求進口和出口的循環(huán)”正確。故本題正確答案為C項。

5.推理判斷題。題干詢問，最后一段主要講的內容是什么？綜合分析可知，文章最后一段主要討論了貿易在何時會崩潰以及目前國際貿易太依賴美國市場所導致的隱含危機。因此，B選項“經濟崩潰和潛在危機”最符合題意，故本題正確答案為B選項。

9.單選題

Theinnocentchildobjectedto（

）likethis.

問題1選項

A.treating

B.betreated

C.havebeentreated

D.beingtreated

【答案】D

【解析】考察固定搭配。objectto后面要接doing，因此to在這里是介詞。根據(jù)前后文可知這些無辜的孩子是“被對待”，所以要用被動語態(tài)，因此選項D符合題意。句意：那些無辜的孩子反對被這樣對待。

10.單選題

Theuniversity（）fiveschoolsandtwenty-fivedepartments.

問題1選項

A.beconsistedof

B.consistsof

C.beconsistedby

D.beconsistedin

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞用法。動詞consist表示“由組成”，為不及物動詞，無被動式。詞組consistof表示“（整體）由（部分）組成”。句意：這所大學由4個學院和25個部門組成。因此，本題正確答案為B項。

11.單選題

Throughtheyears,ourviewofwhatleadershipisandwhocanexerciseithaschangedconsiderably.Leadershipcompetencieshaveremainedconstant,butourunderstandingofwhatitis,howitworks,andthewaysinwhichpeoplelearntoapplyithasshifted.Wedohavethebeginningofageneraltheoryofleadership,fromhistoryandsocialresearchandaboveallfromthethoughtsofreflectivepractitionerssuchasMoses,JuliusCaesar,andJamesMadison,andinourowntimefromsuchdisparatesourcesofwisdomasGandhi,WinstonChurchill,MaoTse-tung,andHenryKissinger,whohaveverylittleincommonexceptthattheyhavenotbeentherebuttriedwithsomefairnesstospeculateonpaperaboutit.

Buttalesandreflectiveobservationarenotenoughexcepttoconvinceusthatleadersarephysicallystrongandabnormallyhardworkers.Todaywearealittleclosertounderstandinghowandwhopeoplelead,butitwasn'teasygettingthere.Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelast75yearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations.

Neverhavesomanylaboredsolongtosaysolittle.Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist,eachprovidingafragmentofinsightbuteachremaininganincompleteandwhollyinadequateexplanation.Mostofthesedefinitionsdon'tagreewitheachother,andmanyofthemwouldseemquiteremotetotheleaderswhoseskillsarebeingexamined.Definitionsreflectfashions,politicaltidesandacademictrends.Theydon'talwaysreflectrealityandsometimestheyjustrepresentnonsense.It'sasifwhatBraqueoncesaidaboutartisalsotrueofleadership:"Theonlythingthatmattersinartisthepartthatcannotbeexplained."

Manytheoriesofleadershiphavecomeandgone.Somelookedattheleader.Somelookedatthesituation.Nonehasstoodthetestoftime.Withsuchatrackrecord,itisunderstandablewhyleadershipresearchandtheoryhavebeensofrustratingastodeservethelabel"thelaBreaTarPits"oforganizationalinquiry.LocatedinLosAngeles,theseasphaltpitshousetheremainsofalongsequenceofprehistoricanimalsthatcametoinvestigatebutneverleftthearea.

1.Severalbignamesarementionedinthefirstparagraphmainlytoshowtheir（）.

2.Accordingtothewriter,people'sopinionsofleadershipareonthewholequite（）.

3.Thewriterthinksthat（）.

4."ThelaBreaTarPits"probablysignifiesthingsthat（）.

5.Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith（）?

問題1選項

A.differentstylesofleadership

B.effectiveexerciseofleadership

C.contributionstothetheoryofleadership

D.wisdominapplyingthetheoryofleadership

問題2選項

A.divided

B.original

C.misleading

D.sophisticated

問題3選項

A.manypeoplehavelaboredtobeleaders

B.leadersarebeyondourunderstanding

C.theessenceofleadershiphasnotbeengrasped

D.thedefinitionsofleadershipshouldvary

問題4選項

A.canbetracedbacktotheprehistoricage

B.aretrapsforthosewhowanttoinquire

C.arelocatedinoneplaceforever

D.don'tdeservefullinvestigation

問題5選項

A.theinaccuratedefinitionsofleadership

B.thefamousleadersandtheirtheories

C.thechangesinthetrendofleadership

D.theinconsistenttheoriesofleadership

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問：第一段中提到這幾位偉人的名字是為了表明什么？根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段，由第一段最后一句可知，我們對領導力的初識源于歷史和社會的研究，尤其是從反思性實踐者的思想而來，譬如摩西、凱撒大帝和詹姆斯?麥迪遜；在我們自己的時代就來源于甘地、溫斯頓?丘吉爾、毛澤東和亨利?基辛格等人的截然不同的思想。由此可知，第一段提及多位領導人的目的，是想表明他們對于領導力理論的貢獻。因此本題正確答案選C。

2.觀點態(tài)度題。題干詢問：作者認為，人們對領導力的看法總體上是怎樣的。根據(jù)原文第三段Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist...以及Mostofthesedefinitionsdon'tagreewitheachother可知，人們對領導力存在多種解釋并且大多數(shù)的定義都不一致。因此，作者認為人們對于領導力的觀點是分化的，故本題正確答案為A項。

3.觀點態(tài)度題。由原文第二段Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelast75yearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations.可知，幾十年的學術分析為我們提供了350多種領導力的定義。僅在過去的75年里，人們就對領導者進行了成千上萬的實證研究，但對于如何區(qū)分領導者和非領導者，或許更重要的是如何區(qū)分有效的領導者和無效的領導者，以及有效的組織和無效的組織，卻沒有明確的認識。由此可知，C選項“領導力的本質還沒有被掌握”符合題意，故本題正確答案為C項。

4.詞匯題。將thelaBreaTarPits定位到原文最后一段，由后文信息LocatedinLosAngeles,theseasphaltpitshousetheremainsofalongsequenceofprehistoricanimalsthatcametoinvestigatebutneverleftthearea.可知，這些瀝青坑位于洛杉磯，里面存放著一長串史前動物的遺骸，這些動物前來調查，但從未離開過這個地區(qū)。由此可知，這些瀝青坑是那些想要問問題的人的陷阱。故本題正確答案為B選項。

5.主旨大意題。文章第一段講述了多年來，我們對什么是領導以及誰能行使領導職能的看法發(fā)生了很大變化；第二段雖然我們對領導力的認識有了更進一步的認識，但是這樣的研究還遠遠不夠；最后兩段講了關于領導力的解釋五花八門，但這些解釋都不充分且互相抵觸，許多理論都只是暫時的，經不住時間的考驗。由此可知，文章主要闡述的是對于領導力的理論不一致，故本題正確答案為D項。

12.單選題

Modernformsoftransportationandcommunicationhavedonemuchto（

）theisolationoflifeinAlaska.

問題1選項

A.breakthrough

B.breakdown

C.breakinto

D.breakout

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞組辨析。A項breakthrough表示“突破，突圍”；B項breakdown表示“打破；出故障”；C項breakinto表示“闖入”；D項breakout表示“突發(fā)，爆發(fā)”。根據(jù)Modernformsoftransportationandcommunication以及isolation可知，句意應為現(xiàn)代交通運輸和通信方式非常有利于打破阿拉斯加生活的閉塞，因此本題正確答案為B項。

13.單選題

Thepolicemandeclaredthattheblowonthevictim'shead（

）frombehind.

問題1選項

A.shouldhavebeenmade

B.musthavebeenmade

C.wouldhavebeenmade

D.oughttohavebeenmade

【答案】B

【解析】考查語法中情態(tài)動詞表推測的用法。A項shouldhavedone表示“本該做某事（其實沒做）”；B項musthavedone表示“—定做了某事”；C項wouldhavedone表示“將會做某事”，常用于表達虛擬語氣；D項oughttohavedone表示“本該做某事”，比shouldhavedone語氣強，意思為根據(jù)責任或者義務應該做。句意：警察宣稱受害者頭上的傷一定是從后面猛擊造成的。故本題正確答案為B項。

14.單選題

Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.

Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagricultureliaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrients（營養(yǎng)成分）capturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.

Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitat（棲息地）Iossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.

What'smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050,yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.

Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe‘‘zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.

Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandcons(正反兩方而)ofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.

Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.

1.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?

2.Specializationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin（

）.

3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfanningpractices?

4.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcentury?

5.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?

問題1選項

A.Byitsproductivity

B.Byitssustainability

C.Byitsimpactontheenvironment

D.Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth

問題2選項

A.Localizedpollution

B.theshrinkingoffarmland

C.competitionfromoverseas

D.thedecreaseofbiodiversity

問題3選項

A.Theyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturies.

B.Theyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowth.

C.Theyarenotnecessarilysustainable.

D.Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly.

問題4選項

A.Itwillgothroughradicalchanges

B.Itwillsupplymoreanimalproducts

C.Itwillabandontraditionalfanningpractices

D.Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment

問題5選項

A.Toremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopment.

B.Tosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproduction.

C.Toadvancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogress.

D.Tourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureis.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞measureprogressinagriculture定位至第一段:Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives(這一點在農業(yè)領域表現(xiàn)得尤為突出，在該領域中，人們常常在未從歷史、文化的角度予以適當考慮的情況下，認為可持續(xù)發(fā)展史衡量農業(yè)進步的唯一方法),因此B項“可持續(xù)性”正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞Specialization和increaseyields定位至第三段:Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields(來自海外的競爭壓力使得農民們不得不進行專門的研究來增加作物的產量),該段還指出:However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatlossandtodiminishingbiodiversity(但是，這些變化也導致棲息地的損失和生物多樣性的不斷減少),故選D“生物多樣性的減少”。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞traditionalfanningpractices定位至第五段:Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpractices